Introduction To T-SQL Querying

Module 1
Introduction to T-SQL Querying

Module Overview
• Introducing T-SQL
• Understanding the Logical Order of Operations in
SELECT Statements
Lesson 1: Introducing T-SQL
• About T-SQL
• Categories of T-SQL Statements
• T-SQL Language Elements
• T-SQL Language Elements: Predicates and Operators
• T-SQL Language Elements: Functions
• T-SQL Language Elements: Variables
• T-SQL Language Elements: Expressions
• T-SQL Language Elements: Control of Flow, Errors, and
Transactions
• T-SQL Language Elements: Comments
• T-SQL Language Elements: Batch Separators
• Demonstration: T-SQL Language Elements
About T-SQL
• Structured Query Language (SQL)

• Developed by IBM in the 1970s
• Adopted by ANSI and ISO standards bodies
• Widely used in the industry
• PL/SQL (Oracle), SQL Procedural Language (IBM),
Transact-SQL (Microsoft)
• Transact-SQL is commonly referred to as T-SQL
• The querying language of SQL Server 2016
• SQL is declarative
• Describe what you want, not the individual steps
Categories of T-SQL Statements
DML* DDL DCL
• Data Manipulation • Data Definition • Data Control

Language Language Language
• Used to query and • Used to define • Used to manage

manipulate data database objects security
permissions
• SELECT, INSERT, • CREATE, ALTER,
UPDATE, DELETE DROP • GRANT, REVOKE,
DENY
*DML with SELECT is the focus of this course

T-SQL Language Elements
• Predicates and Operators

• Functions
• Variables
• Expressions
• Batch Separators
• Control of Flow
• Comments
T-SQL Language Elements: Predicates and
Operators
Elements: Predicates and Operators:
ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE,

Predicates
OR, SOME
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>, !=, !>,
Comparison Operators
!<
Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT
Arithmetic Operators *, /, %, +, -,
Concatenation +
T-SQL Language Elements: Functions
String Date and Time Aggregate

Functions Functions Functions
• SUBSTRING • GETDATE • SUM

• LEFT, RIGHT • SYSDATETIME • MIN
• LEN • GETUTCDATE • MAX
• REPLACE • DATEADD • AVG
• REPLICATE • DATEDIFF • COUNT
• UPPER, LOWER • YEAR • COUNT_BIG
• LTRIM, RTRIM • MONTH • STDEV
• STUFF • DAY • STDEVP
• SOUNDEX • DATENAME • VAR
• DATEPART
• ISDATE
T-SQL Language Elements: Variables
• Local variables in T-SQL temporarily store a value

of a specific data type
• Name begins with single @ sign
• @@ reserved for system functions
• Assigned a data type
• Must be declared and used within the same
batch
• In SQL Server 2016, you can declare and initialize
a variable in the same statement
DECLARE @search varchar(30) = 'Match%';
T-SQL Language Elements: Expressions
• Combination of identifiers, values, and operators

evaluated to obtain a single result
• Can be used in SELECT statements
• SELECT clause
• WHERE clause
• Can be single constant, single-valued function, or

variable
• Can be combined if expressions have the same
data type
SELECT YEAR(orderdate) + 1 ...
SELECT qty * unitprice ...
T-SQL Language Elements: Control of Flow,
Errors, and Transactions
Control of Flow Error Handling Transaction Control
• IF … ELSE • TRY • BEGIN

• WHILE • CATCH TRANSACTION
• BREAK • THROW • ROLLBACK
• CONTINUE TRANSACTION
• BEGIN … END • COMMIT
• WAITFOR TRANSACTION
• ROLLBACK WORK
• SAVE
TRANSACTION
The above are used in programmatic code objects

T-SQL Language Elements: Comments
• Two methods for marking text as comments

• A block comment, surround text with /* and */
/*
All the text in this paragraph will be treated as
comments by SQL Server.
*/
• An inline comment, precede text with --

-- This is an inline comment
• Many T-SQL editors will color comments as above

T-SQL Language Elements: Batch Separators
• Batches are sets of commands sent to SQL Server

as a unit
• Batches determine variable scope, name
resolution
• To separate statements into batches, use a
separator:
• SQL Server tools use the GO keyword
• GO is not an SQL Server T-SQL command
• GO [count] executes the preceding batch [count] times
Demonstration: T-SQL Language Elements
Demonstration: T-SQL Language Elements
Lesson 3: Understanding the Logical Order of
Operations in SELECT Statements
• Elements of a SELECT Statement

• Logical Query Processing
• Applying the Logical Order of Operations to
Writing SELECT Statements
• Demonstration: Logical Query Processing
Elements of a SELECT Statement
Element Expression Role
SELECT <select list> Defines which columns to return
FROM <table source> Defines table(s) to query
Filters returned data using a

WHERE <search condition>
predicate
GROUP BY <group by list> Arranges rows by groups
HAVING <search condition> Filters groups by a predicate
ORDER BY <order by list> Sorts the results

Logical Query Processing
5. SELECT <select list>

1. FROM <table source>
2. WHERE <search condition>
3. GROUP BY <group by list>
4. HAVING <search condition>
6. ORDER BY <order by list>
The order in which a query is written is not the order in which it is

evaluated by SQL Server
Applying the Logical Order of Operations to
Writing SELECT Statements
USE TSQL;
SELECT EmployeeId, YEAR(OrderDate) AS OrderYear

FROM Sales.Orders
WHERE CustomerId = 71
GROUP BY EmployeeId, YEAR(OrderDate)
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
ORDER BY EmployeeId, OrderYear;
Demonstration: Logical Query Processing
Demonstration: Logical Query Processing

Introduction To T-SQL Querying

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Module 1

Introduction to T-SQL Querying

• Structured Query Language (SQL)

DML* DDL DCL

• Data Manipulation • Data Definition • Data Control

• Used to query and • Used to define • Used to manage

*DML with SELECT is the focus of this course

• Predicates and Operators

Elements: Predicates and Operators:

ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE,

Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT

String Date and Time Aggregate

• SUBSTRING • GETDATE • SUM

• Local variables in T-SQL temporarily store a value

• Combination of identifiers, values, and operators

• Can be single constant, single-valued function, or

Control of Flow Error Handling Transaction Control

• IF … ELSE • TRY • BEGIN

The above are used in programmatic code objects

• Two methods for marking text as comments

• An inline comment, precede text with --

• Many T-SQL editors will color comments as above

• Batches are sets of commands sent to SQL Server

• Elements of a SELECT Statement

Element Expression Role

SELECT <select list> Defines which columns to return

FROM <table source> Defines table(s) to query

Filters returned data using a

GROUP BY <group by list> Arranges rows by groups

HAVING <search condition> Filters groups by a predicate

ORDER BY <order by list> Sorts the results

5. SELECT <select list>

The order in which a query is written is not the order in which it is

SELECT EmployeeId, YEAR(OrderDate) AS OrderYear

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