izdj.

k lgkos

^fuoMd ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy vkbZ %

235
 izdj.k lgkos
^fuoMd ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy vkbZ %
lkekftd o ok³~e;hu ewY;ekiu*
vuqØef.kdk
01- izkLrkfod
02- Hkkjrh; lektkph fLFkrhxrh
02-1- lekt % Lo#i vkf.k O;k[;k
02-2- lkekftd leL;kaph dkj.ks
03- xzkeh.k ^vkbZ*P;k lkekftd leL;kps fp=.k
03-1- nkfjnzî vkf.k csdkjh
03-2- dqekjh ekrk vkf.k ySafxd leL;k
03-3- fookgleL;k
03-3-1- gqaMkcGh
03-3-2- fir`lRrkd i)rh vkf.k lklqjokl
03-3-3- oka>i.kk
03-3-4- eqyxk gks.;kpk vÍgkl
03-3-5- oS/kO; vkf.k iqufoZokg
04- ^dqVqac* % Lo#i vkf.k O;k[;k
05- xzkeh.k dqVqackrhy ^vkbZ*ps LFkku
05-1- d`f"kiwoZ laLd`rhrhy ekr`lRrkd dqVqacO;oLFkk
05-2- d`f"klaLd`rhrhy iq:"klRrkd dqVqacO;oLFkk
05-3- vkS|ksfxd ;qxkrhy efgyk lcyhdj.k
05-4- vk/kqfud dkGkrhy L=h l’kDrhdj.k
06- egkjk"Vªkrhy xzkeh.k dqVqackph oSf’k"Vîs
236
07- dqVqackrhy vkbZps Js"BRo
08- ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh % vkbZph Hkwfedk
08-1- drZO;n{k
08-2- eqykaps laxksiu
08-3- dqVqackph ekxZn’kZd
09- xzkeh.k vkbZph L=h Eg.kwu fLFkrh
09-1- irh&iRuhe/khy r.kko
09-2- lklw lqusP;k ukR;krhy r.kko
09-3- yknyh xsysyh ckGari.ks
10- ok<R;k ’kgjhdj.kkr xzkeh.k vkbZph Hkwfedk
10-1- ’ksrhyk nq¸;e LFkku
19-2- dqVqackps fo?kVu
10-3- ’kgjkps vkd"kZ.k
10-4- O;fDrLokra«;kps Hkku vkf.k cnyrh xzkeh.k ^vkbZ*
11- lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy vkbZph fofo/k #is
11-1- ’ksrkr jkc.kkjh vkbZ
11-2- ^pwy vkf.k ewy* ;kr lkaHkkG.kkjh vkbZ
11-3- nfyr vkbZ
11-4- fo/kok vkbZ
11-5- nsonklh vkbZ
11-6- jktdkj.kkrhy vkbZ
11-7- va/kJ)kGw vkbZ
11-8- eqykauk f’kf{kr o uksdjnkj dj.kkjh vkbZ
12- lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhph Hkkf"kd oSf’k"Vîs
237
 12-1- xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy Hkkf"kd fofo/krk
12-2- lkfgR;kps lkeF;Z ok<fo.kkjh xzkeh.k Hkk"kk
12-3- izns’kfu"B Hkk"kspk izHkkoh okij
12-4- xzkeh.k okLro ekaM.kkjh Hkk"kk
12-5- Hkk"ks}kjs xzkeh.k LoHkkon’kZu
12-6- xzkeh.k dknacjh % xzkeh.k thouizsj.kspk vkfo"dkj
13- fu"d"kZ
14- lanHkZ Vhik

238
 izdj.k lgkos
^fuoMd ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy vkbZ %
lkekftd o ok³~e;hu ewY;ekiu*
01- izkLrkfod
Hkkjr gk d`f"kiz/kku ns’k vlwu lax.kd ;qxkP;k vktP;k dkGkrgh ns’kkrhy cgqrka’k
dqVqacs [ksMîkr jkgwu ’ksrh fdaok ’ksrh’kh fuxMhr dkes djrkr- ;keqGsp Hkkjrkyk ^[ksMîkapk
ns’k* Eg.kwu lacks/kys tkrs- Hkkjrh; laLd`rhe/;s iq:"kiz/kku dqVqacO;oLFkk vlY;keqGs vkfFkZd
vkf.k brj lkjs fu.kZ; dqVqackrhy iq:"k ?ksrkr- fL=;kauk fu.kZ;izfØ;sr lgHkkxh dsys tkr
ukgh- R;kaps er fopkjkr ?ksrys tkr ukgh- fczfV’k jktoVhuarj fL=;kaP;k iz’ukaoj dkgh
lq/kkj.kk >kY;k vkf.k ns’k Lora= >kY;koj vusd dk;ns >kys- lektlq/kkjd vkf.k lektlsoh
la?kVukaP;k nckokeqGs lkekftd lq/kkj.kkauk osx vkyk- f’k{k.kkP;k izlkjkeqGs fL=;kae/;s
vkReHkku vkys- L=hoknh fopkj/kkjk izcG >kyh- gs lkjs vlys rjh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr v|kigh
fL=;kaP;k LFkkukr Qkj Qjd iMyk vkgs] vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh-
xzkeh.k fL=;kaph gh fLFkrhxrh lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhus fpf=r dsysyh
igko;kl feGrs- rlsp lkBksRrjh] uOonksRrjh vkf.k ,dfolkO;k ’krdkrhy dkGkr ;k
ifjfLFkrhr dkgh cny >kyk; dk; \ fL=;kaP;k vkkfFkZd] lkekftd fdaok /kkfeZd Lokra«;kr
fdrh Qjd iMyk vkgs] ;kpk rqyukRed vH;kl ;k izdj.kkr dsyk vkgs-
02- Hkkjrh; lektkph fLFkrhxrh
izkjaHkhP;k dkGkr ek.kwl HkVds thou txr vls- ek= ’ksrhpk ’kks/k ykxY;kuarj rks
gGwgGw ,dk tkxh fLFkj jkgw ykxyk- lkgftdp ’ksrhph dkes] xjtkaph iwrZrk vkf.k taxyh
izk.kh o ’k=wxVkaiklwu laj{k.k gks.;klkBh R;kyk la?kfVr gks.;kph xjt okVw ykxyh- R;krwup
dqVqacO;oLFkspk mxe >kyk- v’kh vusd dqVqacs ,d= ;k;yk ykxyh- ,desdkauk xjtsizek.ks
enr d: ykxyh vkf.k ;k dqVqackaps ,d=hdj.k Eg.ktsp ^xko* fdaok ^[ksMs* vkdkjkyk vkys-
izkjaHkhP;k dkGkr L=h o iq:"k ;kaP;kr dks.krkgh Hksn dsyk tkr uls- i.k fLFkj
>kysY;k dqVqackae/;s uSlfxZdi.ks dkekph okV.kh >kyh vkf.k ;k Hksnkyk izkjaHk >kyk- iq:"k
dkeklkBh ckgsj iMys] ’ksrhcjkscjp f’kdkj vkf.k laj{k.kkRed dkj.kkalkBh y<k;kr rs lgHkkxh

239
gksr vlr- R;kposGh eqykauk tUe ns.ks] R;kaps laxksiu dj.ks] ?kj lkaHkkG.ks] ?kjkrhy dkes
dj.ks ;kr fL=;k xqarr xsY;k- gGwgGw dqVqac vkf.k lektkr iq:"kkaP;k rqyusr fL=;kaps LFkku
nq¸;e gksr xsys- iq:"kkaps opZLo ok<r tkÅu lkekftd ikrGhoj iq:"kiz/kku laLd`rh
vkdkjkyk vkyh-
02-1- lekt % Lo#i vkf.k O;k[;k
vkiY;k ns’kkr vlysY;k ygkueksBîk [ksMîkauk ,desdkaph xjt Hkklw ykxyh vkf.k
R;krwu lektkph fufeZrh >kyh- R;klkBh ijLij lkeatL;kus th vkpkjlafgrk cuoyh xsyh]
fryk laLd`rhps Lo#i izkIr >kys- v’kk xjtsrwu fuekZ.k >kysY;k lektkP;k Lo#iklaca/kh
vusd fopkjoarkuh dsysY;k dkgh O;k[;k ;sFks vH;klY;k vkgsr-
ßekuokauh ¼ok brj dks.kR;kgh lekt’khy izk.;kauh½ ,d nqlÚ;k’kh izLFkkfir dsysys loZ
izdkjps o ek=sps laca/k lektkr lekfo"B vkgsr-Þ vls eWdk;Ogjus EgVys vkgs] rj R;kp
vuq"kaxkus ßlekt gk O;Drhapk xV ok la?kVuk vkgs- ;krhy O;Drhaps laca/k] Lo#i c) vlwu
R;k ijLij lgdk;kZP;k Hkkousus c) vlrkr-Þ vls er fxfMXtus O;Dr dsysys vkgs-
Øsap o d`pfQYM ;kauh ßT;kaP;k fØ;k leku mfÌ"Vkaoj dsafnzr >kysY;k vlrkr o T;k
lkekU; fo’okl /kkj.kk o dk;Ziz.kkyhps voyacu djrkr] v’kk ijLij fØ;kae/;s c)
vl.kkÚ;k O;Drhaps la?kVu Eg.kts lekt-Þ v’kkizdkjs foLr`r ekaM.kh dsyh vkgs-
Eg.ktsp lekt O;DrhaP;k ,desdkaP;k xjtsrwu fuekZ.k >kysyk vkgs- ekuokpk
vkti;Zar >kysyk pkaxyk okbZV fodkl gk ;k lektkrwup gksr vkyk vkgs- izR;sd
lektxVkph ,d Lora= laLd`rh vlrs vkf.k rks lektxV R;k laLd`rhP;k pkSdVhr txr
vlrks-
xzkeh.k lektxVkph v’khp ,d laLd`rh fuekZ.k >kyh vkf.k R;kaP;k #<h] ijaijk]
J)k] va/kJ)k] pkyhjhrh ;k brjkais{kk fHkUu vkgsr- R;kaph fof’k"V thouiz.kkyh vkgs- xzkeh.k
ek.klkaP;k leL;k vkf.k xjtkgh ’kgjh laLd`rhis{kk dkgh izek.kkr osxGîk vkgsr-
02-2- lkekftd leL;kaph dkj.ks
lektkps nSuafnu O;ogkj lqjGhr lq: vlrkuk fof’k"V ewY;s vkf.k ijaijsr cny
?kMfo.;kpk iz;Ru >kyk dh lkekftd leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr- f’kok; yksdkaP;k vfHko`Rrhrhy
cnykaeqGsgh dkgh iz’u fuekZ.k gksrkr- Hkkjrkr vusd /keZ] iaFk] tkrh] tekrhps yksd okLrO;
240
djrkr- R;kaph laLd`rh fHkUu vkgs- vkpkjfopkj] #<h] ijaijkae/;s osxGsi.k vkgs- Hkkjrh;
laLd`rh [kwi izkfpu vlwu ifjiDo vkgs- fofo/k #<h] iajijk vkf.k ewY;s yksdkaP;k eukr
[kksyoj #tysyh vkgsr- rFkkfi] yksdkaoj /kkfeZd fopkjkapk izHkko tkLr vlwu oSKkfud
n`f"Vdks.kkrwu fopkj deh gksrks- lkekftd leL;kaps eqG gs va/kJ)k] vKku vkf.k /kkfeZd
izHkko gsp vlY;kpsgh y{kkr ;srs-
izk-lqeu ikVs ;kaP;k erkuqlkj] ßlkekftd leL;k Eg.kts lektke/;s fuekZ.k >kysyh
v’kh ifjfLFkrh dh ftP;keqGs lektkr dkgh dkG xksa/kG fdaok ladV fuekZ.k gksrs o R;k
ifjfLFkrhdMs osGhp y{k ns.ks Hkkx vlrs-Þ 01 ;kf’kok; dsl ;k fopkjoarkps er vls vkgs
dh] ßv’kh lkekftd ifjfLFkrh dh th lektkrhy cgqla[; fopkjoarkaps o fujh{kdkaps y{k
os/krs- ;k ifjfLFkrhoj lektkrhy cgqla[; yksdkauh ,d= ;sÅu mik;;kstuk d:u lektkph
iwoZor fLFkrh fuekZ.k dsyh ikfgts] vls fopkj fopkjoarkae/;s mRiUu djrs-Þ
Eg.ktsp] uhrh] ewY;knh izFkk] ijaijkaP;k fojks/kkr fØ;k ?kMY;kl lkekftd leL;k
fuekZ.k gksrkr vkf.k fudksi lektklkBh R;kps osGhp fujkdj.k dj.ks xjtsps vlr-
euq";izk.kh dqVqacoRly gksÅu tlktlk fLFkjkor xsyk t’khr’kh L=h o iq:"kkae/khy
lkekftd vf/kdkjkaph njh #ankor xsyh- lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkf.k /kkfeZd dk;kZr fL=;kauk
fuEu LFkku fnys tkÅ ykxys- dqVqackrhy vkf.k lektkrhy fu.kZ;izfØ;sr fryk Mkoyys xsys-
frps dk;Z{ks= ^pwy vkf.k ewy* ,o<îkiqjrs e;kZfnr dsys xsys-
fczfV’kkaP;k vkxeukuarj vkf.k Lokra«;izkIrhuarj ns’kkr vusd lektlq/kkjdkaP;k
iz;Rukarwu dkSVqafcd] ’kS{kf.kd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkf.k vkfFkZd ikrGhoj gh njh deh >kyh
vlyh rjh iw.kZi.ks L=h&iq:"k lekurk vktgh ukgh] gs lR; vkgs- L=h iq:"k lekurk
ulY;kus L=h;kalkBh osxosxGh ewY;s okijyh tkrkr o R;krwu fL=;kaP;k leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr-
;kps izfrfcac lkfgR;kr iM.ks lkgftd gksrs- ;k ifjizs{;kr xzkeh.k L=h] frph vkbZ Eg.kwu
vlysyh izfrek vkf.k frP;k leL;kaps fp=.k lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k ejkBh dknacjh dls djrs] gs
ikg.ks egRRokps vkgs-

241
03- xzkeh.k ^vkbZ*P;k lkekftd leL;kps fp=.k
lekt xfr’khy vlrks- ;k lektkr ’kh?kz ifjorZukeqGs yksdkaps orZu vkf.k lkekftd
ewY;s ;kr ,dlkj[ksi.kk tk.kor ukgh- R;keqGs vfuf’prrk vkf.k xksa/kG fuekZ.k gksrks- izR;sd
lektkr /keZ vkf.k fofo/k tkrhaP;k osxosxGîk #<h] iaFkk ijaijk vlrkr- Hkkjrh; fir`lRrkd
i)rheqGs ;k #<h o ijaijkaph ca/kus lokZr tkLr fL=;kaoj yknyh tkrkr- fL=;k fucqZ)
vlrkr] R;k vcyk vklrkr] R;kapk tUe iq:"kkauk lq[k ns.;klkBh vkf.k R;kph lsok
dj.;klkBh >kysyk vlrks] v’kk lksbZLdj xSjletqrh lektkr vlrkr- ;krwu fL=;kaP;k
orZukoj vkf.k Lora«;koj e;kZnk iMrkr- nq¸;ei.kkph okx.kqd feGkY;keqGs fL=;kaP;k leL;k
vk.k[kh ok<rkr- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy fL=;k] fo’ks"kr% vkbZph gh th ?kqleV gksrs] R;kekxph dkgh
dkj.ks vH;kl.;kpk iz;Ru ;sFks dsysyk vkgs-
03-1- nkfjnzî vkf.k csdkjh
dks.kR;kgh O;Drhyk vkiY;k ewyHkwr xjtkaph iqrZrk u djrk ;s.ks] letkrhy brjkaP;k
rqyusus o vis{ksizek.ks u txrk ;s.ks vkf.k vkiY;k bPNk o vkdka{kkapk cGh nsÅu txkos
ykx.ks gh lkjh nkfjnzîkph y{k.ks vkgsr-
O;DrhtoG vlysY;k ’kkjhfjd o ckSf)d dkS’kY;kizek.ks R;kyk dke dj.;kl u
feG.ks] R;kyk dkekf’kok; jgkos ykx.ks ;kykp csdkjh Eg.krk ;srs- csdkjheqGs dkS’kY; vlwugh
R;kpk vkiY;k o dqVqackP;k mnjfuokZgklkBh mi;ksx djrk ;sr ukgh- fo’ks"kr% fL=;kauk ;k
leL;syk tkLr lkeksjs tkos ykxrs-
lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k dknacÚ;karwu nkfjnzî o csdkjheqGs mn~Hko.kkÚ;k leL;kaps n’kZu
okpdkauk ?kMrs- ok<rh yksdla[;k] dqVqackrhy dekoR;k yksdkais{kk [kk.kkjh tkLr rksaMs] vkfFkZd
leL;k] uSlfxZd vkiRrh] O;lukf/kurk] ’ksrh mRiknukyk feG.kkjk deh Hkko v’kk vusd
leL;k xzkeh.k ek.klkyk lrkorkr- ;kph ifgyh cGh Bjrs rh ;k dqVqackrhy L=h-
lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k dknacÚ;kaP;k vH;klkuarj vkbZ Eg.kwu vusd fL=;kauk v’kk izdkjP;k
leL;kauk lkeksjs tkos ykxysys fnlrs- ^^rkjk*] dkSfrd*] ^ikjcrh*] ^/kqjih*] xksd.kkZ*] ^y{eh*]
^jRuk*] ^jkedksj*] ^Hkkekdkdw* vkf.k ^eFkh* v’kk dkgh fL=;kauk nkfjnzîkr thou txrkuk
vusd ladVkapk lkeuk djkok ykxY;kps fnlrs- d"V dj.;kph {kerk ulrkukgh lalkjklkBh

242
vkf.k eqGkckGkaP;k iksVklkBh ;k fL=;kauk dke djkosp ykxrs- nkfjnzîkeqGs ukrslaca/kkrgh r.kko
fuekZ.k gksrks-
^>ksach* e/khy ^rkjk*pk uojk dkgh dke djhr ukgh- rjh rh ,dVh d"V d:u lalkj
mHkk djrs- xfjcheqGs vktkj o v’kDri.kk vkysY;k rkjkP;k eqyh lqanjk o panzk ;k viax
tUerkr- ßd"V d:u fpikMklkj[;k >kysY;k rkjkyk nw/k ulrs- frP;k eqyh fcunq/kkP;k
ok<rkr-Þ ¼^>ksach*] i`- 132½
nkfjnzîkeqGs xzkeh.k fL=;kauk ldl vkgkj feGr ukgh- lkgftdp R;kauk gks.kkjh
viR;s fujksxh o l’kDr gksr ukghr- viaxRo] vktkj] dqiks"k.kkps rs cGh Bjrkr- dqVqackrhy
eqykaph la[;k ok<Y;keqGs R;kaP;k vkjksX;kdMs y{k fnys tkr ukgh- lrrP;k vks<krk.kheqGs irh
iRuhe/;s r.kko jkgrks- ^ikpksGk* e/khy ikjcrh v’kkp dkj.kkauh vxfrd >kysyh fnlrs-
ßikjcrh osGksosGh tqGrs ?ksÅu ifjfLFkrh lko: ikgrs- ^xjMkiq<s vkiqu rj dk; fuOoG
ikpqGîkokuh* ;kph tk.kho fryk vkgs- ijarq] uoÚ;kP;k gsds[kksj LoHkkokeqGs dkGth
dj.;kifydMs frP;k gkrkr dkgh jkgr ukgh-Þ 02 ,danjhr nkfjnzî vkf.k csdkjheqGs ?kjkr
leL;k mn~HkoY;kl iziap lkoj.;klkBh vkbZYkkp ?kjkr uers ?;kos ykxrs-
^ikpksGk* e/khy ikjcrh lksf’kd vkgs- lrrP;k d"VkeqGs rh grk’k >kysyh vkgs-
vkiY;k eqykyk rkyqD;kyk f’ko.kdke f’kd.;klkBh ikBok;ps vlrkuk iS’kkvHkkoh iz’u fuekZ.k
gksrks] rsOgk rh Eg.krs] ßdkbZ ykxya lojya rj ysdjkua ekxkoa dq.kkyk \ R;ks rj ikjk;k
eqyq[k- dq.kh ukR;krya uk xksR;krya- i;lk QsdY;koj lena feGra [kja ij i;lk rjh dqBa
dqBa Qsdkok \Þ ¼^ikpksGk*] i`- 22½ dsoG xfjcheqGs xzkeh.k dqVqackyk rksaM |kO;k ykx.kkÚ;k
leL;kauh xzkeh.k vkbZ gSjk.k gksrs] grcy gksrs-
nkfjnzîkeqGs lektkr xqUgsxkjh vkf.k fHk{kko`rh ok<hl ykxrs- vkiY;k eqykaP;k
mnjfuokZgklkBh izlaxh eqykauk okeekxkZoj tk.;kl ikydp izo`Rr djrkr- ^uVjax* e/khy
vkbZ ;equkckbZ iksVklkBh vkiY;k eqyhyk rek’kkr ukp.;kl izo`Rr djrkuk fnlrs- eqykaps
f’k{k.k o [kpZ Hkkxfo.;klkBh rh gs d`R; djrs- eqykauh f’kdkos vkf.k eksBs Ogkos gh bPNk
vlwugh nkfjnzîkeqGs eqys f’k{k.kkiklwu oafpr jkgrkr- d"V d:u f’k{k.k ?ksrysp rj uksdjh
ykxr ukgh- ghlq)k eksBh lkekftd leL;k vkgs- eqykaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy
vkbZps ;ksxnku eksBs vlrs- ^jFkpØ* e/khy vkbZ eqykP;k f’k{k.kklkBh vaxkojhy lksus eksMrs-
243
nqljhdMs ^cksM[kh* e/khy vkbZ dkSlY;k xfjcheqGs vkf.k uojk rq:axkr vlY;keqGs eqykauk
f’kdow ’kdr ukgh-
^ckjksekl* ;k dknacjhr ’ksoarkek;pk eqyxk f’kdyk vkgs- ek= uksdjhlkBh Hkjk;yk
iSsls ukghr- rks csdkj fQjrks- ’ksoarkek; Eg.krs] ßvkrk dk; djko ,dukFk \ rqgîk
f’k{ks.kkik;h FkksMa lkslya dk vkeh \ Qyk.;kua lkslya] E;k lkslya- Qyk.kk jk=afnol dke
d: d: rqeP;k iS’kk;ph cjkscjh djs- eh vk/;kZ jkrh mBwu rqeps Mcs d:u ns;s- eax vkrk
dk; djkoa ukbZ uodjh ykxwu jkgîyh ra----Þ ¼^jFkpØ*] i`- 95½ eqykaP;k f’k{k.kklkBh
d"V dsY;koj vkrk uksdjhlkBh iSls Hkj.ks frP;k vkokD;kckgsjps vkgs- xfjch vkf.k csdkjh
;kaps gs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy usgehpsp tx.ks vkgs- ^>xMk* e/khy Hkkekdkdwyk eqykph ’kkGsph Qh
Hkj.ksgh vo?kM gksrs- iksVkph Hkwd Hkkxo.;klkBh nqlÚ;kP;k ’ksrkr jkc.kkÚ;k Hkkekdkdwph
rkjkacG ikgwu f’k{kdp eqykph Qh Hkjrkr-
nkfjnzîkeqGs ek.kls O;lukaP;k vkgkjh tkrkr- nSuafnu fpark folj.;klkBh rs v’kk
O;lukaph f’kdkj gksrkr- R;keqGs vkiys loZLo xeko.;kph osG ;srs- iq:"kkaP;k ;k O;lukapk
QVdkgh fL=;kaukp clrks-
^xka/kkjh*rhy ’ksoark] lkjtkckbZ ;kapk uojk nk:Mk vkgs- R;keqGs R;kaP;k lalkjkph
/kqG/kk.k gksrs- ,danjhr nkfjnzî vkf.k csdkjheqGs xzkeh.k fL=;kauk vusd leL;kauk rksaM |kos
ykxrs-
03-2- dqekjh ekrk vkf.k ySafxd leL;k
Hkkjrh; lektkr dqVqacO;oLFkk vkgs vkf.k R;krhy irh o iRuhps ukrs fookgO;oLFksus
LFkkfir gksrs- fookg >kysY;k L=h&iq:"kkauk larrh mRiUu dj.;kl lektekU;rk vlrs- rFkkfi]
dks.kkgh L=h vFkok iq:"kkus fookgiwoZ fdaok fookgckgî laca/k Bso.ks lekt ekU; djhr ukgh-
lektkP;k ;k ijaijseqGs dkgh ySafxd leL;k fuekZ.k gksrkr- MkW- ,l~- ,e- Hkkslys Eg.krkr]
ßizse gh laKk O;ogkjkr vfr’k; yofpd vlwu L=h&iq:"k izsekps mxeLFkku dkeHkkouk vkgs -
i.k dkeHkkouk o dkeokluk ,d uOgsr- dkeokluk Fk;Fk;kVh rj dkeHkkouk laFk] ’kgk.kh-
dkeoklusr ’kjhjkyk] R;kP;k Hkksx.;kyk egRRo vkgs rj dkeHkkouk nsgkis{kk euk’kh fuxMhr
vkgs- dkeokluk oknGh] QqQkVh Lo:ikph] mrw tk.kkjh rj dkeHkkouk caf/kr] lnkloZdkyhd]
fVdkÅ vkf.k ’kk’or vlrs- frps Lo#i jkuVh ulwu ekuoh vkgs- vuSlfxZd ulwu uSlfxZd
244
vkgs- lgt LokHkkfod vkgs-Þ 03 lektkr oSokfgd laca/k dkeHkkousrwu O;Dr gksrkr rj
fookgckgî laca/k dkeoklusrwu fuekZ.k gskrkr] vls letys tkrs-
^vkbZ* gh lektkr nsorkLo#i ekuyh vkgs- nsokyk izR;sd ekuoki;Zar iksgksprk ;sr
ukgh- R;keqGs R;kus vkbZph fufeZrh dsyh vkgs] v’kh lektekU;rk vkgs- ;ko:u vkbZph egrh
y{kkr ;koh- ek= vkbZ gks.;klkBh R;k L=hps yXu >kysys vl.k vko’;d vlrs- fookgkiwohZp
,[kknh L=h vkbZ gks.ks lektkyk ekU; gksr ukgh- nsokP;k ukokus lksMysY;k nsonklhaph yXus
gksr ukghr- lkgftdp R;kauk vkbZ cu.;kpk vf/kdkjgh feGr ukgh-
^egkuank* e/khy dY;k.kh gh Hkkoh.k vlwu fryk yXu dj.;kpk vf/kdkj ukgh- ek=
fryk eqys gksÅ ’kdrkr- ek= frP;k eqyhykgh yXu u djrk vkbZizek.ksp lektkph lsok
djkoh ykxrs- dknacjhph ukf;dsyk ek= yXu djk;ps vlwu frph vkbZp lektkP;k fHkrhus
yXukyk udkj nsrs- ßHkkoh.k Bsoyh rjh nsokpk dksi uk; gksr-Þ ¼^egkuank*] i`- 48½ vls
lektkps vkf.k Lor% Hkkfo.khpsgh er curs- Hkkfo.khoj lkÚ;k xkokph lRrk vlrs- ;keqGs ;k
fL=;kaph yXus gksr ukghr ek= R;k vkbZ gksrkr- eqykaps laxksiu djrkr vkf.k R;kauk iqUgk
R;kp pØO;qgkr <dyrkr-
^bFks Qqykauk ej.k tUerk* ;k dknacjhrhy jek gh eqyxh uol QsM.;klkBh eBkr
lksMyh tkrs- nsokyk viZ.k dsysyh vlY;keqGs rh yXu d: ’kdr ukgh- lkgftdp vkbZ gksÅ
’kdr ukgh- jekyk ek= ekr`Rokph izpaM vks< vkgs- fryk brj fL=;kaizek.ks yXu d:u lalkj
djkok okVrks] vkbZ Ogkos okVrs- R;keqGs rh ijiq:"kk’kh laca/k Bsowu xjksnj jkgrs- vkbZ
gks.;kps LoIu mjk’kh ckGxrs- ek= ;kyk lektkr ekU;rk feG.kkj ulrs- fryk dqekjh ekrk
Eg.kwu fg.koys tk.kkj o eqykyk vDdjek’kh letys tk.kkj ;k fHkrhus jekps oMhy fryk
Qlowu VkWfud Eg.kwu xHkZ ikM.;kps vkS"k/k nsrkr- R;kr frpk var gksrks-
nsonklh fL=;kauk yXu d:u lalkj dj.;kpk gDd ukgh- rlsp R;kauk gks.kkjh eqys
lektkr vkSjl larrh ekuyh tkr ukgh- ^bFks Qqykauk ej.k tUerk* e/khy jekyk vkbZ
gks.;kiklwu ijko`Rr dj.;klkBh lkafxrys tkrs dh] ßjek] vkbZ gks.;kr fcydqy iki ukgh-
i.k T;k fL=;k gk gDd ctkorkr R;k lalkjh vlrkr- R;kauh vkbZ >kyap ikfgts ukghrj
lxGa vk;q";P;k vk;q"; ok;k tkbZy ! i.k rq>a yXu ulrkuk yXu >kY;kizek.ka ,[kk|k
r:.kkcjkscj okxya rj \ ;krwu vk.k[kh dkgh ?kMya rj \ ------R;k eqykyk iki Eg.krkr-
245
letya \Þ ¼^bFks Qqykauk ej.k tUerk*] i`- 96½ Eg.ktsp fookfgr fL=;kaps ts d`R; iq.; rsp
vfookfgrslkBh iki Bjrs- lektkrhy gh Qkj eksBh leL;k vlwu rh QDr fL=;kaP;k
okVîkyk ;srs- vkf.k rh ekr`RokP;k eaxydk;kZ’kh lacaf/kr vkgs] gs osnuknk;h vkgs-
lekt fL=;kauk iq:"kkaP;k leku letr ukgh- fryk HkksxoLrw letys tkrs- fL=;kauh
fufeZrh iq:"kkaP;k euksjatuklkBh dsyh vkgs] vls letys tkrs- rh dqekjh vlks ok fookfgr]
frP;kdMs fod`r vkf.k okluk;qDr utjsusp ikfgys tkrs- R;krwu vusd fL=;kaph vk;q";s
mn~/oLr gksrkr-
^/kqjih* dknacjhP;k ukf;dsyk lektkrhy mPpHkzw ek.klkaP;k oklusiklwu Lor%ps ’khy
j{k.kklkBh xko lksMwu o.ko.k HkVdkos ykxrs- rjhgh v[ksjhl Hkqtaxjko frps loZZLo yqVrks-
^uVjax* e/khy xq.kk rek’kkr ukP;k gksrks- R;kph ck;dks xkokr ,dVh jkgrs- eqykckGkapk
lkaHkkG djrs- i.k xkokrhy orunkjkph okbZV utj frP;koj iMrs vkf.k rh R;kP;k oklusph
f’kdkj gksrs- frP;koj cykRdkj gksrks- ßrqVysY;k ukMhph xkB cka/kr] ikrG lkojr] ik;kr
cG vk.kar] vkoa<s fxGar rh lqlkV ?kjkdMa fu?kwu xsyhÞ ¼^uVjx*] i`- 168½ gs dknacjhrhy
frP;k euksoLFksps o.kZu eu lqUu djrs- rh dks.kkdMs U;k; ekxw ’kdr ukgh- cykRdkj o
vR;kpkjkeqGs fL=;kaps thou mn~/oLr gksrs- fo/kok] ifjrDR;k vkf.k uojk ?kj lksMwu xsysY;k
fL=;k ;kaP;k okVîkyk gs nqHkkZX; ;s.;kps izek.k lektkr tkLr vkgs-
^cksM[kh* ;k dknacjhrhy dkSlY;kpk uojk rq:axkr vkgs- frP;k vlgk;rspk Qk;nk
?ksÅu xkokrhy iksyhl ikVhy frP;koj okajokj cykRdkj djrks- ßT;kua jk[ku djk;pa rksp
vlk thokoj mBY;koj dkSlY;klkj[kh ckbZ xfyrxk= >kyh gksrh] ikj mn~/oLr >kyh gksrh-
vkrk dqai.kp ’ksr [kk;yk ykxY;koj nqlja dk; gks.kkj \Þ ¼^cksM[kh*] i`- 214½
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu v’kk vusd fL=;k HksVrkr] T;kauk lektkrhy
fod`r] /kunkaMX;k iq:"kkaP;k vR;kpkjkyk cGh iMkos ykxrs- ;krhy cÚ;kp fL=;k] ekxkl
tkrhrhy] fo/kok] uojk nwj vlysY;k o ifjfLFkrhph f’kdkj >kysY;k vkgsr- vusdnk ;k
vU;k;kP;k fojks/kkr R;k vkokt u mBork vkiY;k eqykaP;k HkforO;kpk fopkj d:u lkjs
lgu djrkr- ;krwu R;kaps laiw.kZ Hkkofo’o mn~/oLr >kysys fnlrs-
rFkkfi] dkgh ?kVukar dqVqackrhy O;Drhp fL=;kauk ijiq:"kkalkscr Lor%P;k Qk;|klkBh
laca/k Bso.;kl izo`Rr djrkukgh vk<Grkr- ^ikufuoGh* ;k dknacjhrhy yrkph vkbZ vkiY;k
246
O;kgîkyk uknh ykors vkf.k tkobZ esY;kuarj eqyxh yrkykgh lklÚ;kcjkscj vuSfrd laca/k
Bso.;kpk lYyk nsrs- ßrj.;k iksjhua xMh dlk u[kkoa ukpok; ik;ts- Ugk;rjh QqVda dikG
f?kowu d’kh tx.kkj rw \Þ ¼^ikufuoGh*] i`- 105½ eqykaP;k HkforO;klkBh vk;q"; i.kkyk
yko.kkÚ;k vkbZP;k pkfj«;kyk dkGhek Qkl.kkÚ;k v’kk dkgh fL=;k lektkr vlw ’kdrkr]
;kps gs mnkgj.k vkgs-
03-3- fookgleL;k
[kjsrj fookglaLFkk gh ,d egRRokph lkekftd laLFkk vkgs- ek= R;krwu fL=;kaP;k
okVîkyk vusd leL;k ;srkr- yXu gksÅu ?kjh vkysY;k uoo/kwpk vusd dkj.kkauh NG
djrkr- gk NG ’kkjhfjd] ekufld v’kk vusd izdkjkauh gksrks- v’kk vusd leL;kaps fp=.k
ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu vkysys vkgs-
03-3-1- gqaMkcGh
vfydMP;k dkGkr L=h Hkzw.kgR;k gks.;kekxhy gqaMk gs ,d egRRokps dkj.k vkgs-
eqyxh gks.ks gh vkrk dkSVqafcd vkiRrh ekuyh tkrs- yXukr eqykdMhy eaMGhauk Bjkfod
jDde fdaok /ku gqaMk Eg.kwu ns.;kph izFkk vkgs- R;kf’kok; eqyhps yXu ter ukgh- ;kf’kok;
yXukr fofo/k oLrw] diMs] lksus nssÅu eqykdMhy O;Drhapk ekuiku djkok ykxrks - eqyhP;k
ofMykauk ;keqGs eksBk vkfFkZd QVdk clrks vkf.k rks lksl.;kph {kerk lokZae/;s ulrs-
tkrhO;oLFkk] lkekftd ewY;s] dq:i eqyh’kh fookg dj.;kpk ekscnyk] lalkj mHkk
dj.;klkBh enr v’kh vusd dkj.ks gqaMk izFksekxs vkgsr- vusdnk gqaMk ns.;kl vleFkZ
vlysY;k O;DrhaP;k eqyh vkRegR;k djrkr fdaok okeekxkZyk ykxrkr- vusd eqyhauk
yXukrajgh vusd dkj.ks lkaxwu ekgsjkgwu iSls ekx.;kl izo`Rr dsys tkrs] R;klkBh NGys tkrs-
MkW- vkuan ;knokaP;k ^>ksach* ;k dknacjhrhy rkjkyk ofMykauh yXukr iqrGîk
?kkrysY;k vlrkr] ek= rkjkpk cki R;k ijr dk<wu ?ksrks- rsOgk] ßtk Egk;kjyk fu vk.k
ekgîk iqrGîk-Þ ¼^>ksach*] i`- 10½ vls Eg.kwu jruw frP;koj vksjMrks- L=h/kukojgh gDd
lkax.kkjh gh iq:"kho`Rrh gk gqaMîklkBh gks.kkÚ;k ekufld NGkpkp izdkj vkgs-
rkjkP;k eqyh’kh rh v’kDr vlY;keqGs dks.kh yXukyk r;kj gksr ukgh- v[ksj yXu
gksrs ek= gqaMk u fnY;keqGs lkljh frpk NG gksrks o R;k =klkyk daVkGwu rh vkRegR;k djrs -
rkjkph nqljh eqyxh /kksaMkckbZ ukdhMksGh lqLo#i gksrh- LoHkkokus ljG o xjhc gksrh- rjhgh
247
gqaMîkik;h frps yXu ter uOgrs- ßnksurhu t.kkapa ’ksoVh yXukps diMs] [kpkZps iSls Eg.kts
gqaMk] yXu vkEgh nkjkr d:u ns.ka] ;krp eksMya- uqlrh okGyh tehu tjh vlyh rjh gqaMk]
lksuuk.ka ekxr gksrs-Þ ¼^ukaxj.kh*] i`- 215½ ;k o.kZukrwu gqaMîkP;k izFkseqGs xjhc ?kjkrhy
eqyhaP;k yXukpk iz’u fdrh xaHkhj vkgs ;kph dYiuk ;srs-
rkjkph vk.k[kh ,d eqyxh lanjkykgh yXukuarj unhr tho |kok ykxysyk vlrks-
vulkP;k ckcrhrgh vlkp vuqHko vkgs- gqaMîkvHkkoh frps yXu ter ukgh- ,[kkns cjs
LFkG vkys dh gqaMîklkBh eksMk;ps- rkjkP;k eqyh fgjk] /kksaMkckbZ] lqanjk] y{eh] vkulk ;k
lokZaukp gqaMîkik;h NG lgu djkok ykxyk- tho xeokok ykxyk vkgs- MkW- vkuan ;knokaP;k
vkReij dknacÚ;karwu lektkrhy gqaMîkP;k izFksoj ;krwu izdk’k iMrks-
^ikMk* ;k dknacjhr yXukP;k cSBdhr eqykdMhy eaMGhdMwu] ßyXu dk<wu |k !
rqeP;k iksjhys Vh-Ogh-] fQjht] HkkaMsdqaMs] nkxnkfxus----- vkEgP;k ekLrjys lkGar tk;kys ;d
fgjks gqaMk xkMh- cLl ! ;o<al---- gqaMk Eg.kwu lOok ykd jksdM vku bl rksMs lksua---
;OgMîkoj HkkxkMwu ?;w---- tkLr Hkkj uh Vkdr rqeP;koj---- ckdh vkEgh ikgwu ?;w----Þ
¼^ikMk*] i`- 12½ v’kh dsysyh ekx.kh ,sdwu okpdgh LraHkhr >kY;kf’kok; jkg.kkj ukgh-
eqyhP;k yXukr ckikps fnokGs fu?krs Eg.kwup L=h Hkzw.kgR;slkj[kh d`R;s vkt ?kMr vkgsr-
^vla tx.ka rksykpa* e/khy eqyhpk cki ek=] ßfn;kpa&f/k;kpa dk;h eur vklyks rj
vkoxM gk;- vkiyh ,sirp UgkbZ- uojh f?kowu rkanGw Vkdk;yk rsoMa ;srko cxk-Þ ¼^vla
tx.ka rksykpa*] i`- 129½ vls Li"Vi.ks lkaxwu vkiyh grcyrk O;Dr djrks- ^#ilkoyh*
e/khy lqf’kysP;k yXukr gqaMk ns.;klkBh iSls ulY;keqGs] ßUgojk UgojhP;k vaxkoj rhu rksGa
lksua ?kkywu pkj gtkj #i;a [kjpkyk |k-Þ ¼^#ilkoyh*] i`- 243½ ;k gh ekx.kh iw.kZ
dj.;klkBh frpk cki ek= ’ksrh fodwu] dtZ dk<wu iSlk mHkk djrkuk vk<Grks - ^cq<kbZ*
e/khy vkbZ eqyhP;k yXuklkBh xkokdMhy ?kj fodrs-
gqaMîkP;k vfu"V lkekftd izFksyk vkGk ?kky.;klkBh b-l- 1961 e/;s ljdkjus
dk;nk dsyk vlyk rjh gh izFkk lektkrwu lewG u"V >kysyh ukgh- ;k izFkseqGs lokZr tkLr
=kl fL=;kaukp lgu djkok ykxrks vkgs-

248
03-3-2- fir`lRrkd i)rh vkf.k lklqjokl
eqyxh yXu gksÅu lkljh tkrs rsOgk rsFkhy ek.kls vkf.k okrkoj.k frP;klkBh uohu
vlrs- uO;k dqVqackrhy lnL;kaP;k vkoMhfuoMh] LoHkko] lo;h fryk ekfgr ulrkr- R;keqGs
lokZa’kh tqGowu ?ks.k fryk vo?kM tkrs-
lkljph eaMGh uO;kus ?kjkr vkysY;k eqyhdMwu tkLr dkekph vis{kk djrkr-
dkghosGk fryk mik’kh Bso.ks] ekjgk.k dj.ks] Vkspwu cksy.ks] frP;k ekgsjP;k ek.klkapk m)kj
dj.ks] v’kkizdkjs frpk ’kkjhfjd o ekufld NG lq: gksrks- ?kjkrhy lklw] u.kank] tkok ;k
fL=;kgh ;k NGoknkyk dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr- ifj.kkeh cÚ;kp eqyh gk NG lgu u >kY;keqGs
vkRegR;slkj[kk okbZV ekxZ iRdjrkr-
xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ?kjkrhy lkjs fu.kZ; iq:"kp ?ksrkr- fL=;kauk Lora=i.ks fu.kZ; ?ks.;kpk
vf/kdkj ulrks- L=hyk dkghgh xjt iMyh rjh ?kjkrhy dR;kZ iq:"kkP;k ethZf’kok; rh iw.kZ
gksr ukgh- frP;k erkyk dkghgh fdaer fnyh tkr ukgh-
lektkr iq:"kkaps vlysys gs opZLo vkf.k ;k laLd`rhfo"k;h MkW- ch-vkj-tks’kh
Eg.krkr] ßT;k lektO;oLFksr iq:"k oxkZph lRrk o izHkqRo vlrs- R;kl iq:"kiz/kku
lektO;oLFkk EgVys tkrs- folkO;k ’krdkP;k mRrjk/kkZr mn;kl vkysY;k L=heqDrh pGoGhrwu
iq:"kiz/kku lektO;oLFkk ;kl osxGk vFkZ izkIr d:u fnyk- v’kk lektO;oLFksr ikjaifjd
iq:"k oxkZps opZLo vkf.k dqVqac O;oLFkkns[khy iq:"kiz/kkup vlrs- iq:"kiz/kku lektO;oLFksr
jktdh;] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd laca/k gs iq:"kk&iq:"kkarhy laca/kka}kjs fuf’pr gksrkr-Þ 04
^>ksach* dknacjhr rkjk lgk&lkr o"kkZph vlrkukp ukank;yk ;srs- rsOgkp frpk
lklqjokl lq: gksrks- lklw] u.kank fryk dkekyk tqairkr] uojk ekjrks- daVkGwu rkjk ekgsjh
iGwu tkrs- ßuojk pkcwd ?ksÅu vkysyk- R;kau frP;k MksbZojph cqÍh xVkjkr Qsdwu fnyh fu
,dk gkrkus cqpMk ?k:u] nqlÚ;k gkrkus pkcdkps oknkMs nsr rks fryk eGîkdMa ?ksÅu xsyk-
e:Lroj cMowu dk<yh- pkcdkps dk;aMs MksbZr ekjY;kua] pksGh ijdj jDrkr UgkÅu
fu?kkya---- vkrk fQ:u tj iGwu xsyhl rj rqyk Bkjp ekjrks dk UgkbZ c?k rw- eax ;sÅ ns
rq>k ck vkf.k vkbZ-Þ ¼^>ksach*] i`- 08½ xzkeh.k fL=;kauk gs Hkksx Hkksxkos ykxrkr- rkjk o;kus

249
ygku] ?kjkr uohu rjh frP;k eukpk vkf.k Hkkouspk fopkj gksr ukgh- iq:"kkaps ?kjkrhy
opZLo vkf.k lklqjokl ;kr rkjkps ukan.ks djiwu tkrs-
fdrhrjh xks"Vh pqdhP;k ?kMrkgsr gs letr vlwugh fryk dkghgh djrk ;sr ukgh-
rh cksyw ’kdr ukgh- ek= vU;k;kus ifjlhek xkBY;koj] [kwip =kl >kY;koj dkgh fL=;k
iq:"kkaps opZLo >qxk:u nsrkukgh vk<Grks- ^uVjax* e/khy nkjdhpk uojk gsds[kksj vkgs- rks
rek’kkP;k uknkus ?kj lksMwu tkrks- nkjdh miklekjh vkf.k ,dVsi.kkus =Lr gksrs vkf.k eqys
?ksÅu ekgsjh tkÅu jkgrs- ßvxnh ’ksoVkpa- ekÖ;k ck P;k ?kjkr iksja lkaHkkGr eh dk; rjh
d"V djhu fu iksja ok<ohu-Þ ¼^uVjax*] i`- 184½ vls uojk xq.kkyk Li"Vi.ks cksy.;kps
/kkMl rh nk[kors-
lekt ,dVîk ckbZyk txw nsr ukgh- uojk ulysY;k] uoÚ;kiklwu nwj jkg.kkÚ;k
fL=;kadMs lekt okbZV utjus ikgrks- ghlq)k iq:"kiz/kku lektO;oLFksphp ns.kxh vkgs-
03-3-3- oka>i.kk
fookg >kysY;k L=hyk ewy gks.ks gs lektkr Qkj egRRokps ekuys tkrs- ^ekr`Ro* gk
fookfgr fL=;kalkBh nkfxukp letyk tkrks- v’kkizdkjs eqyckG u >kysY;k fookfgr L=hyk
^oka>* EgVys tkrs vkf.k oka>i.kk fdaok oa/;Ro okVîkyk vkysY;k L=hyk vfr’k; nq%[knk;d
ifjfLFkrhyk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs-
fookg >kY;koj L=hyk ewy >kysp ikfgts] gh nksUgh dqVqackph vis{kk vlrs- rls >kys
ukgh rj eqyhe/;s nks"k vkgs vls letys tkrs- vusdnk fryk Vkdwu fnys tkrs- uojk nqljs
yXu d:u lor ?kjkr vk.krks- frph ?kjkr] lektkr vogsyuk gksrs- MkW-vk-g-lkGqa[ks
fyfgrkr] ßL=hP;k n`"Vhus oS/kO;k[kkyks[kky Dys’kdkjd v’kh dks.krh ?kVuk vlsy rj rh
oa/;Ro ghp gks;- larrh fufeZrh[ksjht ltZu’khyrsps ckdhps loZ ekxZ vko:) >kys
vlY;keqGs L=hyk oa/;Ro gk eksBk ’kki okVrks- viR;ghu iq:"kgh nq%[kh vlrksp] ijarq R;kps
nq%[k L=hbrds rhoz ulrs- dkj.k ,drj R;kP;k fufeZrh{kersyk oko ns.kkjh dr`ZRokph brj {ks=s
R;kyk miyC/k vlrkr vkf.k nqljh xks"V Eg.kts nqljs yXu d:u larrh izkIr dj.;kpk ekxZ
R;kyk [kqyk vlrks- f’kok; oa/;Rokph tckcnkjh L=hoj <dywu Lor%ps U;wu >kd.;kph la/khgh
R;kyk feGr vlrs- L=hP;k ckcrhr ek= oa/;Rokps nq%[k gyds dj.;kps vls ekxZ miyC/k

250
ulrkr-Þ 05 oka> fL=;kauk l.k] lekjaHkkr nwj Bsoys tkrs- vusdnk frps n’kZugh v’kqHk
ekuys tkrs-
^ba/ku* dknacjhrhy ^Hkkch*yk eqGckG gksr ukgh- dkSVqafcd vR;kpkj rh fueqVi.ks
lgu djrs- eqacbZP;k MkWDVjkauk nk[kowugh Hkkchyk ewy gksr ukgh- uojk xkokrhy ,dk
eqyhP;k uknh ykxrks- Hkkchyk ek= vk;q";Hkj oka>i.kkps vks>s okxor txkos ykxrs- ^egkuank*
dknacjhrhy fuosndkP;k ekehyk eqGckG >kysys ulrs- ekek xkokrhy Hkkfo.khP;k uknh
ykxrkr- rs ?kjkr nqyZ{k djrkr] ekehyk iRuh Eg.kwu ?kjkr okx.kqd feGr ukgh- ß?kj vkgs]
lalkj vkgs i.k lkja mnkl vkf.k mtkM vkgs-Þ ¼^egkuank*] i`- 16½ gs ekehps mn~xkj frph
euksoLFkk Li"V djrkr- frP;k thoukrhy vkuanp gjoysyk vkgs-
^[kqGh* ;k dknacjhrhy lklw rj lqusyk eqy gksr ukgh Eg.kwu [kwi NGrs- va/kJ)sik;h
fryk HkxrkdMs ikBo.;kpk iz;Ru djrs- ßvkrk vtqu ojhl nksu ojhl c?krh okV- Ugk;rj
lqHkk"kyk nqljh ck;dw d:u ns.kkj-Þ ¼^[kqGh*] i`- 30½ gs lklwps cksy.ks lqusP;k fdrh ftOgkjh
ykx.kkjs vkgs] ;kph dYiuk ;srs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ,[kk|k L=hP;k uf’kckr vlk oka>i.kk
vkY;kl fryk ftoari.khp ej.k;kruk HkksxkO;k ykxrkr- ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh ;kph n[ky
?ksrkuk fnlrs-
03-3-4- eqyxk gks.;kpk vÍgkl
Hkkjrh; lektkrhy iq:"kkaps vlysys opZLo Eg.ktsp fir`lRrkd i)rheqGs dqVqacke/;s
iq:"kkaphp eDrsnkjh vlrs- vkfFkZd fu.kZ; ?ks.;kps vf/kdkj vkf.k /kkfeZd dk;kZr lgHkkx
?ks.;kpk vf/kdkj iq:"kkaukp vlrks- ?kjkr tUekyk ;s.kkÚ;k viR;kaukgh ckikpsp uko feGrs-
;keqGs tUekyk vkysY;k eqykyk ^oa’kkpk fnok* Eg.ktsp ^dqynhid* eku.;kr ;srs - ^ik.kh
iktk;yk*] ^fnok ykok;yk* eqyxkp gok vlrks- vkbZ fdaok ofMykaP;k e`R;wuarjps lkjs fo/kh
eqykdMwup dsys tkrkr- eqykus e`R;wi’pkr fo/kh dsY;kuarj firjkauk LoxkZr tkxk feGrs] v’kh
/kkfeZd vkf.k lkekftd letwr vlrs- ;keqGsp eqykpk tUe dqVqackr egRRokpk ekuyk tkrks-
rj eqyxh gks.ks Eg.kts dqVqackyk Hkkj vls Eg.kwu vkbZ oMhy nq%[kh gksrkr- eqykps ykM dsys
tkrkr rj eqyhdMs nqyZ{k dsys tkrs- ;kps fp=.k ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr vusd fBdk.kh vkys
vkgs-

251
 ^>ksach*e/khy rkjkyk nksu eqyh >kY;kuarj fryk lklqjokl lq: gksrk- frph lklw]
ßvkrk ekÖ;k ysdkP;k iksVkyk iksjhpap ysa<kj ykx.kkj ykx.kkj xa ckbZ !Þ ¼^>ksach*] i` - 11½
vls Eg.kwu gacjMk QksMrs- lklw vkf.k lkljs esY;koj rkjkyk frpk uojkgh =kl nsrks- lrr
eqyhp >kY;keqGs vkiys vkbZ oMhy okjys vls rks Eg.krks- eqyxkp gok ;k ekufldrsrwup
L=hHkzw.kgR;sps izdkjgh ok<hl ykxys vkgsr- ^[kqGh* e/khy lklw jRuk vkiY;k lqusyk eqyxk
Ogkok Eg.kwu NG djrs- R;klkBh eqykP;k nqlÚ;k yXUkkpkgh rh fopkj djrs- ßrqta uko
pkyok;yk eyk ukrw ik;thdh-Þ ¼^[kqGh*] i`- 69½ vls rh Eg.krs] rsOgk ^oa’kkpk fnok* ghp
ekufldrk fnlwu ;srs-
ßekT;k iksjkP;k iksVkyk gîk iksjhp dk vkY;k vklrhy- gîk nqlÚ;kph ?kja Hkjk;P;k-
dk; misxkP;k gkbZr-Þ ¼^#ilkoyh*] i`- 89½ vls Eg.kkjh ^#ilkoyh* e/khy lklw eqyxk
Eg.kts ^dqynhid* vkf.k eqyxh Eg.kts ^ijD;kps /ku* ;k lkekftd ladsrkpsp leFkZu djrkuk
fnlrs- ;kpk ifj.kke Eg.kts vkiY;kyk eqyxk gks.ks Eg.kts vki.k iq.;oku vlk vkbZpkgh
let gksrks vkf.k lyx eqyh gks.kkjh vkbZ Lor%yk deuf’kch letk;yk ykxrs- ex vkbZp
eqyxk o eqyxh ;kaP;k laxksiukr HksnHkko djrs- eqykyk f’k{k.k fnys tkrs rj eqyhyk ?kjdkekr
xqrowu frps vYio;kr yXu d:u fnys tkrs-
^#ilkoyh* e/;s y{eh vkiyh eqyxh lq’khykyk ’kkGsrwu dk<wu ?kjdkekyk tqaiys tkrs -
ßvkxa mVya lqVya mxkp iqLrd d’kkyk f?kÅu clrhl \ ckbZP;k tkrhyk ybZ lkGk fldwu
dk; djk;p gk;- ’ksoVkyk xkMX;krp tk;kpk Ugoa !Þ ¼^#ilkoyh*] i`- 190½ vkbZdMwu
Lor%P;k eqyhyk dsyk tk.kkjk gk mins’k lektkr [kksyoj #tysyh ijaijkp n’kZorks-
eqyxh >kY;koj nq%[kh gks.kkjs vkbZ cki eqyxk gks.;klkBh nsokyk uol djrkr-
^cq<kbZ* e/khy xksd.kkZ eqyxk Ogkok Eg.kwu nsokyk uol djrs- miklrkikl djrs- eqyxk
>kY;koj rks lqanj vkgs dh dq:i ;kyk Qkjls egRRo fnys tkr ukgh- ßvlw ns lkoGk vkgs
rj ! dqGkyk rj fnok >kyk !Þ ¼^cq<kbZ*] i`- 16½ vls Eg.krs rsOgk eqykpk tUe dqVqackr
fdrh egRRokpk ekuyk tkrks] gs y{kkr ;srs-
rFkkfi] eqyxk >kY;koj R;kps tkLr ykM dsys tkrkr- R;krwu eqys fc?kMrkr- ek=
?kjk.;kyk okjl Eg.kwu eqyxk gok gh ekufldrk ek= deh gksr ukgh- eqyxk fdaok eqyxh

252
gks.ks gs loZZLoh iq:"kkaoj voyacwu vlrkuk QDr eqyhp >kysY;k vkf.k eqyxk u gks.kkÚ;k
vkbZyk ek= ukgd euLrki lgu djkok ykxrks-
03-3-5- oS/kO; vkf.k iqufoZokg
irhP;k fu/kukuarj fL=;kauk vk;q"; oS/kO;kr ?kkykos ykxrs- iq:"kkauk iRuh okjY;kuarj
nqljk fookg dj.;kl izfrca/k ukgh ek= fL=;kauh nqljs yXu dj.ks lektekU; ekuys tkr
ukgh- izfrf"Br ?kjk.;krhy fL=;kauk iquZfookgkph laerh vktgh ukgh- f’kok; fo/kok fL=;kaoj
vusd ca/kus yknyh tkrkr vkf.k dks.kR;kgh eaxydk;kZr fryk lgHkkxh dsys tkr ukgh- rlsp
frps n’kZugh v’kqHk ekuys tkrs-
Hkkjrkr fczfV’kkaP;k dkGkr vusd vfu"V #<h] ijaijk dk;|kus laiq"Vkr vkY;k- jktk
jkeeksgu jkW; ;kaP;klkj[;k lektlq/kkjdkauh lrhizFkslkj[;k izFkk can dj.;klkBh iz;Ru dsys-
;kpkp ifj.kke Eg.kwu b-l- 1956 lkyh fczfV’k ljdkjus iqufoZokgkpk dk;nk laer dsyk-
fL=;kauk iqufoZokgkl laerh feGkyh- R;keqGs uojk okjY;kuarj fdaok uoÚ;kus lksMwu fnY;kuarj
fL=;kauk iqufoZokg dj.;kl dk;|kus ijokuxh feGkyh-
vls vlys rjh iq:"kkauk tlk iqufoZokg lgt djrk ;srks rlk fL=;kauk djrk ;sr
ukgh- myV iqufoZokg dj.kkÚ;k fL=;kauk lUeku feGr ukgh- R;keqGs L=hph bPNk vlwugh
dqVqackP;k o lektkP;k nckok[kkyh rh iqufoZokg u djrk eu ek:u txrs- ejkBh xzkeh.k
dknacjhr fL=;kaP;k iqufoZokgkph dkgh mnkgj.ks vkysyh vkgsr-
^>ksach* e/;s rkjkph eqyxh /kksaMkckbZpk uojk esY;kuarj rkjk frps nqljs yXu d:u
nsrs- ^jgkVikG.kk* e/khy jRuk irhP;k fu/kukuarj eqyhps laxksiu dj.;klkBh ,dVh txrs-
ek= eqyhps yXu d:u fnY;kuarj iqufoZokg djrs- ^ikufuoGh* ;k dknacjhrhy yrk irhP;k
fu/kukuarj nqljs yXu djrs- rsOgk frpk iwohZPk lkljk yXukP;k ojkrhr ukprks- ßysdk] ekÖ;k
lqusua nqlja yxhu dsya Eg.kwu dk; >kya \ frua dk; r:.ki.k tGr dk<koa \ ysdk lwu
esY;koa iksjkpa yxhu E;k Bksdya vklra dk Ugk; \Þ ¼^cq<kbZ*] i`- 16½ gs R;kps mn~xkj
lektkrhy cnykps lwpd vkgs-
^va/kkj* dknacjhrhy vkbZyk iqufoZokg djk;pk vlrks- ek= eqykP;k dkGthus vkf.k
lektkP;k fHkrhus rh rls djhr ukgh- frpk eqyxkgh vkbZP;k iqufoZokgkl fojks/k djrks-

253
ifj.kkeh vk;q";Hkj rh oS/kO;kr txrs- vfydMs dkgh cny tk.kor vlys rjh v|kigh
ljldV fL=;kaP;k iqufoZokgkyk laerh fnyh tkr ukgh-
T;k L=hpk uojk ftoar vkgs rh ^lkSHkkX;orh* vkf.k uojk esysyh L=h ^fo/kok*
letyh tkrs- lkSHkkX;orh fL=;kauk lektkr ekukps LFkku fnys tkrs] rj fo/kok fL=;kauk
v’kqHk ekuys tkrs- fo/kok fL=;kaps tx.ks ijkoyach gksrs- rh fujk/kkj curs- vusdnk fo/kok
fL=;k vk/kkj ulY;keqGs ukR;krhy fdaok lektkrhy izfrf"Br iq:"kkaP;k ySafxd oklusph f’kdkj
gksrkr- frP;kdMs okluk;qDr utjsus ikfgys tkrs- fryk lektkr izfr"Bk feGr ukgh- eqys
vlysY;k L=hyk oS/kO; vkY;kl R;kaP;k lakxksiuklkBh fryk iqufoZOkkg u djrk txkos ykxrs-
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr fo/kokaP;k vusd leL;kaps fp=.k vkys vkgs-
04- ^dqVqac* % Lo#i vkf.k O;k[;k
txkrhy loZ lekt?kVdkr dqVqac gh ladYiuk vkgs- dqVqac Eg.kts ekuokpk ewyHkwr
vkf.k izkFkfed Lo#ikpk lewg vlrks- ekuo lektkpk bfrgkl gk dqVqac O;oLFkspkp bfrgkl
Bjrks-
’;kepj.k nqcs Eg.krkr] ßlkekftd ekU;rk vlysys ySafxd laca/k vkf.k iztksRiknu]
,dp fuoklLFkku] dkSVqafcd lsok vkf.k vkfFkZd lgdkj ;kauh ;qDr vlysyh ,d lkoZf=d
dk;eph vkf.k O;kid laLFkk Eg.kts dqVqac gks;-Þ 06 ;k O;k[;srwu dqVqackrhy lnL;kaps
,desdkoyafcRo y{kkr ;srs- rj eWdk;Ogj vkf.k ist Eg.krkr dh] ßdqVqaclaLFkk gh brj
dks.kR;kgh lkekftd laLFksis{kk egRRokph o ewyHkwr laLFkk vkgs- iztksRiknu vkf.k iztk laxksiu
dj.;kP;k gsrwus tksMysY;k laca/kkaoj vk/kkfjr v’kk vkVksi’khj] fVdkÅ leqgkyk dqVqac vls
Eg.krkr-Þ 07 ;k O;k[ksrwu dqVqaclaLFksps egRRo letrs- jkWcVZ yksch dqVqackrhy ?kVdkaph
ekfgrh nsrkuk fyfgrkr dh] ßdqVqac fookgkoj vk/kkjysyk vlk lekftd ,dd vlrks dh
T;kr ekrk] firk o R;kaP;k viR;kapk varHkkZo gksrks-Þ
,danjhr yXu laca/kkus o jDrkP;k ukR;kus ,d= cka/kysY;k lnL;kauk dqVqac vls
lacks/krk ;srs-

254
05- xzkeh.k dqVqackrhy ^vkbZ*ps LFkku
Hkkjrkr ^dqVqac* gh ,d egRRokph lkekftd laLFkk vkgs- vkth] vktksck] vkbZ] oMhy]
pqyrs] pqyR;k] nhj] tkok] eqys] ukroaMs gh lkjh dqVqackr ,d= jkgrkr- ,desdkarhy lgdk;Z
vkf.k LusgHkko ;keqGs dqVqackyk fLFkjrk ;srs- lq[knq%[kkP;k izlaxkr lkjh ,desdkalkBh mi;ksxh
iMrkr- v’kk izdkjph ,d= dqVqac i)rh vfydMP;k dkGkr yksi ikor pkyyh vlwu ygku
dqVqackaph ladYiuk tksj /kjrs vkgs- ;k dqVqackyk cka/kwu Bso.kkjh th ’kDrh vlrs rh Eg.kts
^vkbZ* gks;- xzkeh.k dqVqackr vkbZps LFkku egRRoiw.kZ Bjrs-
vk/kqfud dkGkr ’kgjhdj.k ok<ys- xzkeh.k r:.k uksdjhlkBh ’kgjkr vkyk vkf.k
rsFksp LFkk;hd >kyk- dqVqacs foHkDr >kyh- R;krwu dkgh iz’ugh fuekZ.k >kys- ;k lkÚ;k cnykaps
vkf.k R;krhy vkbZP;k LFkkukps fp=.k lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh djrs-
Hkkjrh; dqVqacO;oLFksps Lo#i dkGkizek.ks cnyr xsysys vkgs- R;kps egRRokps pkj VIis
djrk ;srkr-
1½ d`f"kiwoZ laLd`rhrhy ekr`lRrkd dqVqacO;oLFkk
2½ d`f"klaLd`rhrhy iq:"klRrkd dqVqacO;oLFkk
3½ vkS|ksfxd ;qxkrhy efgyk lcyhdj.k
4½ vk/kqfud dkGkrhy L=h l’kDrhdj.k
R;k R;k dkGkrhy dqVqacO;oLFksr ^vkbZ* ph Hkwfedk d’kh jkfgyh vkf.k rh d’kh cnyr
xsyh ;kpk fopkj ;sFks dsyk vkgs-
05-1- d`f"kiwoZ laLd`rhrhy ekr`lRrkd dqVqacO;oLFkk
d`f"kiwoZ dkGkr ek.kwl vizxr gksrk- rks HkVds thou txr vls- taxykr HkVd.ks]
f’kdkj dj.ks] brj VksGîkdMwu vkiys o dqVaqckps laj{k.k dj.ks] v’kkizdkjs R;kpk thouØe
vlk;pk- ;k dkGkr dqVqackrhy L=hyk fo’ks"kr% vkbZyk izeq[k LFkku vlk;ps- fulxkZus L=hyk
fnysys ekr`Rokps fnysys ns.ks iq:"kkauk vizwi okVk;ps- vkbZyk dqVqackr ekukps vkf.k izeq[k LFkku
vlk;ps- ;keqGsp d`f"kiwoZ dky[kaMkyk L=hdr`ZRoiz/kku laLd`rh ekuys tkrs-
Hkkjrkr vk;Z ;s.;kiwohZ Hkkjrh; gh ekr`lRrkd i)r #< gksrh- dkedktklaca/kh fu.kZ;
fL=;kp ?ksr vlr- fo’ks"kr% dqVqackrhy ts"B efgyk egRRokph Hkwfedk ikj ikMr vls- iq:"k
HkVdarh d:u f’kdkj d:u vk.kk;ps- R;k i’kwps ekal Hkkt.ks] R;kaP;k dkrMhiklwu fofo/k
255
mi;ksxkP;k oLrw cuo.ks gh dkes fL=;k djhr- ßHkkaMh ?kMowup dsoG L=h Fkkacyh ukgh rj
R;koj fp=s dk<.;kllq)k frusp izkjaHk dsyk- R;kpizek.ks Hkk"kk fuekZ.k dj.;kr] eqykauk
f’kdfo.;kr fL=;kapk cjkp Hkkx gksrk- izkFkfed voLFksr dqVqackrgh L=h ghp izeq[k x.kyh
tkr vls o iq:"kkl vxnh nq¸;e LFkku vls-Þ 08 nq-dk-lar ;kauh uksanoysys gs fujh{k.k R;k
dkGkrhy ekrsps egRRo o LFkku v/kksjsf[kr dj.kkjs vkgs-
,danjhr ekuokP;k ;k vizxr voLFksP;k dkGkr L=h lektO;oLFkspk vkf.k dqVqackpk
dsanzfcanw gksrh- vizxr ek.klkyk izxrhP;k uO;k ekxkZoj frusp vk.kys-
05-2- d`f"klaLd`rhrhy iq:"klRrkd dqVqacO;oLFkk
ek.kwl HkVdarhps ft.ks txr vlrkukp vaxHkwr ltZu’khyo`RrheqGs fL=;kauh dkgh fc;k
tfeuhr is:u ’ksrhyk izkjaHk dsyk- ’ksrhpk ’kks/k ykoY;koj f’kdkj djhr HkVd.kkjk ek.kwl
,dktkxh fLFkjkoyk- ’ksrh o i’kwikyu d: ykxyk- R;kph gh izxrh gksrkukp fL=;kaph ek=
v/kksxrh lq: >kyh- ’ksrhrhy d"Vkph dkes iq:"k d: ykxyk vkf.k fL=;kaP;k okVîkyk ?kj
LkkaHkkG.ks] eqykaps laxksiu v’kh dkes vkyh- rh ^pwy vkf.k ewy* ;k pkSdVhr vMdr xsyh-
ekr`Ro gs L=hps Hkq"k.k vlys rjh vki.kp eqykps tUenkrs vkgksr] gk vgaHkko iq:"kkae/;s
fuekZ.k >kyk- ekr`lRrkd i)rhpk Úgkl >kyk vkf.k iq:"k dqVqackpk izeq[k Eg.kwu fejow
ykxyk-
;k uO;k fir`lRrkd i)rhcÌy MkW- ckcqjko mik/;s fyfgrkr] ß;k voLFksr L=h
thoukyk pksgkscktwus xqyke cufoys- frP;k ekufldrsr fof’k"V ijaijk] fopkj fcacoys xsys-
L=h dsoG nklh >kyh- ;k voLFksyk va/kkj;qxkps Lo#i izkIr >kys gksrs- ’ksoVh ’ksoVh ekuoh
thou xfrghu >kys- fujfujkGîk izdkjps vKku] nSU;] ekxklysi.k ok<r xsys- ;k
d`f"kvoLFksr iq:"kkaps opZLo vkf.k L=h thouk’kh nqnZ’kk lq: >kyh-Þ 09
Eg.ktsp d`f"kO;oLFksiklwu dqVqackr fir`lRrkd i)rh lq: >kyh loZp {ks=kr
fL=;kaP;k uf’kch xqykeh vkyh- fryk ckyi.kh ofMykP;k] rk:.;kr irhP;k vkf.k o`)i.kh
eqykaP;k rkcsnkjhr txkos ykxrs-

256
05-3- vkS|ksfxd ;qxkrhy efgyk lcyhdj.k
fL=;kaps gs nq¸;e LFkku vkf.k vogsyuk fdrhrjh dkG v’khp pkyw vkgs- rFkkfi]
;a=;qxkP;k dkGkr uouos ’kks/k ykxY;keqGs ekuoh thoukr HkkSfrd lq[kkapk izHkko ok<hl
ykxyk- m|ksxkaoj vk/kkfjr uoh vFkZO;oLFkk mn;kl vkyh- nqlÚ;k egk;q)kus ek.klkP;k
{k.kHkaxwj thoukph tk.kho lokZauk >kyh- rlsp HkkSfrd xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh uouoh vkfFkZd
{ks=s ek.kwl /kqaMkGw ykxyk-
;kpdkGkr lq/kkjdkauh ijaijsus pkyr vkysY;k vusd pqdhP;k #<hauk fojks/k dj.;kl
lq:okr dsyh- R;krwup fL=;kaP;k xqykeh vkf.k ’kks"k.kkoj y{k tkÅu R;kaP;k eqDrrslkBh
iz;Ru lq: >kys- ns’kkP;k jkT;?kVususgh R;kuk iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus gDd cgky dsys- egkRek
Qqys] ’kkgw egkjkt] MkW-ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj] deZohj HkkÅjko ikVhy ;kaP;klkj[;k
lektlq/kkjdkaP;k vkf.k czkãks lekt] vk;Z lekt] lR;’kks/kd lekt v’kk la?kVukaP;k
iz;Rukarwu fL=;kauk f’k{k.k feGw ykxys- /kkfeZd] jktdh; {ks=kr la/kh feGw ykxyh- lkekftd
ca/kus f’kFkhy >kyh-
nqlÚ;k egk;q)kP;k lekIrhuarj b-l- 1946 rs b-l- 1989 ;k dky[kaMkr
L=hoknkpk izlkj ok<hl ykxyk- L=h lcyhdj.kkP;k pGoGh mn;kl vkY;k-
ß1½ L=h iq:"k lekursoj vk/kkfjr gh pGoG vkgs-
2½ iq:"kiz/kku lektO;oLFksl fojks/k
3½ L=h lcyhdj.kkl izksRlkgu
4½ fL=;kaP;k jktdh; gDdkalkBh y<k
5½ leku ukxjh gDdkaph ekx.khÞ 10
v’kh L=hoknh pGoGhph oSf’k"Vîs fopkjkr ?;koh ykxrkr-
;kpk ldkjkRed ifj.kke tk.kow ykxyk- /kkfeZd xqykefxjhrwu fL=;kauk dkgh va’kh
eqDrh feGk;yk ykxyh- fryk vkReHkku ;k;yk ykxys- vkiyh ’kDrh y{kkr ;sÅu ^Lo*ph
tk.kho Ogk;yk lq:okr >kyh- fofo/k lq/kkj.kkapk ifj.kke Eg.kwu fL=;k f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ykxY;k-
jktdkj.k] uksdjh ;k fufeRrkus ?kjkckgsj iMw ykxY;k-

257
 ^pwy vkf.k ewy* ;k pkSdVhP;k ckgsj frP;k dkekP;k d{kk #ankoY;k ek= frP;k
d"Vkr ok< >kyh- ckgsj uksdjh djrkukp fryk ?kjkrhy dkesgh pqdyh ukghr- f’kok;
ckgsjP;k txkrhy iq:"kh ekufldrsph rh d/khd/kh f’kdkj gksÅ ykxyh- ,dizdkjs ik;kr nksj
cka/kysys gs Lokra«; fryk ykHkys vkgs-
;a=;qxkrhy fL=;kaP;k fLFkrhps o.kZu djrkuk nq-dk-lar fyfgrkr] ßm|ksx laLd`rhus
ek.klkps lkeF;Z [kwip ok<foys- fulxkZojys R;kps izHkqRogh ok<foys- R;k ok<ysY;k lkeF;kZYkk
fojks/k dj.ks fL=;kauk tM xsys- gîkps dkj.kgh ekr`Rop- dkj.k ’ksrh,soth dkj[kkU;kr ok
vU;= euq";cGkph vko’;drk fuekZ.k >kyh gksrh- ekykps mRiknu LoLr o lrr jkg.;kl
etqjkaapk iqjoBkgh rlkp gok gksrk---- le`)h ok<yh ijarq] fL=;kaojys vks>s ek= deh gksÅ
’kdys ukgh-Þ 11
Eg.ktsp ;a=;qxkP;k izHkkokus vkysY;k HkSfrd lq/kkj.kkaP;k dkGkr fL=;kaojhy vusd
ca/kus nwj >kyh vlyh rjh frps d"V] vkf.k ekufld xqykeh ;kr Qkjlk Qjd iMyk vls
Eg.kor ukgh-
05-4- vk/kqfud dkGkrhy L=h l’kDrhdj.k
vk/kqfud dkGkr xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ,d= dqVqac rj ’kgjh Hkkxkr ygku dqVqac v’kh jpuk
igko;kl feGrs- ’ksrh O;olk;kl nq¸;e LFkku feGkY;keqGs o uksdjh] O;olk;kyk egRRo
vkY;keqGs xzkeh.k r:.k ’kgjkdMs /kko ?ksÅ ykxyk- ’kgjh laLd`rhps vkd"kZ.k ok<hl ykxys-
O;kikj ok<yk- uksdjhlkBh iq:"k vkf.k fL=;k nksUghgh ldkGiklwup ?kjkckgsj iMw ykxys]
vFkkZtZu d: ykxys- fL=;kauk iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus gDd vkf.k la/kh feGw ykxyh- f’k{k.k o
dqVqacfu;kstukP;k izlkjkeqGs fL=;kaekxhy eqykaps ysa<kj deh >kys - fL=;kauk vf/kd Lokra«;
feGk;yk ykxys-
nqljhdMs lrrP;k rk.kr.kkokeqGs dqVqackrhy lnL;kae/;s vkfRe;rk deh >kyh-
lektkfo"k;hph ckaf/kydh deh gksÅ ykxyh- dqVaqcO;oLFkk eksMdGhl vkyh- ekuoh
ukrslaca/kkoj foifjr ifj.kke gksÅu ?kVLQksVkps izek.k ok<ys- eqykaps Hkkofo’o ladqfpr >kys-
fL=;kauk Lokra«; feGkys rjh R;kaps Hkkofo’o gkn:u xsys- iq:"kkaph eqtksjo`Rrh]
O;lukf/kurk ;kr ok< >kyh- ,d= dqVqac i)rhr dqVqaclnL;kapk ncnck u jkfgY;keqGs

258
iq:"kkaoj vkf.k dkgh osGk fL=;kaP;k okx.;kojgh /kkd jkfgyk ukgh- dqVqacO;oLFkk foLdGhr
>kyh- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy r:.k iqUgk ,dnk ,d= dqVqac i)rhdMs vkdf"kZr Ogk;yk ykxyk- ;k
O;oLFksrgh fL=;kaP;k ekufld voLFksr Qkj Qjd >kY;kps tk.kor ukgh-
06- egkjk"Vªkrhy xzkeh.k dqVqackph oSf’k"Vîs
Hkkjr ns’k vðkohl ?kVdjkT;s vkf.k lkr dsanz’kkflr izns’kkrwu foLrkjysyk vlyk rjh
egkjk"Vª gs ns’kkrhy eksBs vkf.k HkkSxkfyd] ,sfrgkfld o jktdh;n`"Vîk egRRokps jkT; vkgs-
vkS|ksfxd fodkl o ’kgjhdj.kkps izek.k ok<ysys vlys rjh vktgh egkjk"Vªkr ’ksrhpk
O;olk; eksBîk izek.kkr dsyk tkrks- lkgftdp [ksMîkr jkg.kkjh yksdla[;k tkLr vlwu
R;kaps jkT;kP;k mHkkj.khrhy LFkku mYys[kuh; vkgs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy eq[; O;olk; ’ksrh
vlwu ’ksrh’kh fuxfMr i’kwikyu] nqX/kksRiknu] dqdqVikyu vls O;olk; dsys tkrkr- uohu
fi<hrhy r:.k uksdjh fdaok O;olk; djhr vlys rjh ’ksrhrgh jkcrkr- R;keqGs gs lkjs
dqVqaclnL; ,d= dqVqac i)rhus jkgr vlY;kps fp= vktgh egkjk"VªkP;k [ksMîkarwu igko;kl
feGrs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ;k dqVqackaph dkgh oSf’k"Vîs ;sFks fopkjkr ?ksryh vkgsr-

d`f"kfu"B thou ,d= dqVqaci)rh

xzkeh.k dqVqackph oSf’k"Vîs

dqVqac izeq[kkph lRrk dkSVqafcd f’kLr

1½ d`f"kfu"B thou
xzkeh.k dqVqackrhy loZ lnL; deh vf/kd izek.kkr ’ksrh’kh fuxMhr vlrkr- izR;{k
’ksrh dj.ks] ’ksretqjh dj.ks] i’kwikyu] nqX/kksRiknu] dqdqVikyu v’kk ikjaifjd O;olk;klkscr
dkgh r:.k vfydMs] bewikyu] ojkgikyu] cafnLr ’ksGhikyu vls O;olk;gh djrkr-
fL=;kgh ?kjdke d:u ’ksrhph dkes djrkr- izeq[k fidkalkscr Hkkthikyk] QG’ksrh d:u

259
dqVqackP;k [kpkZyk gkrHkkj ykorkr- ;k loZ dkekapk laca/k ’ksrh’kh vlrks- Eg.kwu ’ksrdjh
’ksrhyk ^dkGh vkbZ* vls lUekukus lcks/krks-
2½ ,d= dqVqaci)rh
’ksrhP;k O;olk;kr euq";cG tkLr ykxrs- R;keqGs T;k dqVqackr lnL; tkLr vlrkr]
R;k dqVqackyk ckgsjP;k etqjkaoj Qkj voyacwu jgkos ykxr ukgh- R;keqGs vktP;k
’kgjhdj.kkP;k dkGkr ,d= o eksBh dqVqacs deh >kyh vlyh rjh R;kaps egRRo deh >kysys
ukgh-
,d= dqVqackr vkth] vktksck] vkbZ] oMhy] pqyrs] pqyR;k] nhj] Hkkot;k] eqys]
ukroaMs gs lkjs lnL; ,dkp ?kjkr jkgrkr- dqVqackrhy lkjs lnL; dkgh uk dkgh dke
djrkr- ’ksrh] O;olk;] uksdjh] f’k{k.k dj.kkÚ;k dqVqackoj dqVqackrhy ts"B O;Drh dkjHkkjh
Eg.kwu fu;a=.k Bsorks] rj ?kjkrhy O;ogkjkoj vkbZps fu;a=.k jkgrs- ,d= dqVqackph O;k[;k
djrkuk MkW-bjkorh dosZ fyfgrkr] ß,dkp ?kjkr jkg.kkÚ;k] ,dkp pqyhoj f’ktoysys vUu
[kk.kkÚ;k] ekyeRrsoj lkekftd gDd jk[k.kkÚ;k] dqykpkjke/;s o /keZd`R;kae/;s lgHkkx ?ks.kkÚ;k
o ,desdka’kh fof’kÚV ukR;kus c) vlysY;k O;Drhapk xV Eg.kts ^la;qDr dqVqac* gks;-Þ 12
dqVqackrhy lnL; ,d= jkfgY;keqGs [kpkZph cpr gksrs- lnL; ,desdkaP;k enrhyk
miyC/k vlrkr- ,dksik ok<hl ykxrks- ukR;kps egRRo letrs- lektkr ncnck jkgrks- gs
Qk;ns tls vkgsr rlsp dqVqackrhy lnL;kauk okx.;kps iqjsls Lokra«; feGr ukgh- dkjHkkj
ikg.kkÚ;k O;DrhdMwu vuko/kkukus dkgh dehtkLr ?kMrs- fo’ks"kr% fL=;kauk nqyZf{kr dsys tkrs-
ek= foHkDr dqVqackis{kk ,d= dqVqac tkLr lqjf{kr vlrs gs [kjsp vkgs-
,d= dqVqackps egRRo fo’kn djrkuk MkW- vk;-ih-nslkbZ Eg.krkr] ß,d= fuokl o
,dp pwy ;kis{kk dqVqac lnL;kaph vkfRe;rk o ,d= ;sÅu fu.kZ; ?ks.ks gk la;qDr dqVqackpk
vkRek vkgs-Þ 13 MkW- bjkorh dosZais{kk MkW-nslkbZ ,d= dqVqackph O;k[;k djrkuk R;krhy
vkfRe;rk egRRokph letrkr-
xzkeh.k Hkkxrhy la;qDr dqVqaci)rhph]
1½ ts"Bkaps ekxZn’kZu]
2½ [kpkZrhy cpr]

260
 3½ lkekftd lqjf{krrk]
4½ dkSVqafcd fodkl vkf.k
5½ ,dkRersph #to.kwd
v’kh dkgh egRRokph oSf’k"Vîs lkaxrk ;srkr-
3½ dqVqac izeq[kkph lRrk
xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ,d= dqVaqckr loZ lnL;kaoj fu;a=.k Bso.;kph] ?kjkrhy o ’ksrhrhy
dkekps fu;kstu dj.;kph] dqVqackrhy lnL;kaP;k vko’;drsph iwrZrk dj.;kph vkf.k brj
dkekph tccknkjh dqVqac izeq[k ikj ikMr vlrks- ?kjkrhy ts"B iq:"kkdMs gs dke vlrs-
f’kok; ?kjkrhy ts"B L=hykgh rso<sp ekukps LFkku fnysys vlrs vkf.k frpkgh ’kCn izek.k
ekuyk tkrks- ,d= dqVqackps Lo#i Li"V djrkuk MkW- iznhi vkxykos Eg.krkr] ßxzkeh.k
leqnk;kpk eq[; O;olk; d`"kh vkgs- d`"kh O;olk;kr vusd O;Drhaph vko’;drk vlrs-
xzkeh.k leqnk; gk izkeq[;kus d`"kh’kh lacaf/kr vkgs- R;keqGs d`"kh O;olk;kP;k vuqlkj
dqVqackrhy lnL;kaph la[;k tkLr vlrs- xzkeh.k dqVqackr nksuis{kk tkLr fi<hps yksd okLrO;
djrkr- vkbZ] oMhy vkf.k vktksck] dkdk] dkdw bR;knh lnL; ,dkp dqVqackr jkgrkr-
xzkeh.k leqnk;kP;k n`"Vhus la;qDr dqVqac vl.ks xjt vkgs- la;qDr dqVqackpk ,d izeq[k vlrks-
dqVqackP;k izeq[kkP;k gkrkr dqVqackph izeq[k laiw.kZ lRrk vlrs-Þ 14
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy la;qDr dqVqackrhy dqVqacizeq[kkps LFkku egRRokps vkf.k tckcnkjhps
vlrs-
4½ dkSVqafcd f’kLr
la;qDr dqVqacke/;s dqVqacizeq[kkP;k lwpukaps ikyu brj lnL; djrkr- rks lkaxsy
R;kizek.ks lokZauh okx.ks visf{kr vlrs- R;keqGs dqVqackyk ,d f’kLr ykxrs- fu;ekr jkg.;kph
lo; ykxrs- f’kok; ?kjkr vlysyh ts"B L=h] Eg.ktsp vkbZ dqVqacizeq[kkP;k lYY;kizek.ks ?kjkr
f’kLr Bsors- lokZauk dk;Zizo.k djhr jkgrs- ;keqGs la;qDr dqVqackph HkjHkjkV gksrs- xkokr
ncnck jkgrks-

261
07- dqVqackrhy vkbZps Js"BRo
Hkkjrh; laLd`rhr izkfpu dkGkiklwu L=hyk dqVqackr vkf.k lektkr nq¸;e LFkku fnys
tkrs- L=h Eg.kts vcyk] vls Eg.kwu fryk ^pwy vkf.k ewy* v’kk pkSdVhr caf nLr Bsoys
vkgs- fulxkZus L=hyk ltZu’khyrsps ojnku fnys vlwu frP;keqGsp iq:"kkaph mRiRrh gksr
vlrkukgh frykp vifo= lacks/kys tkrs-
rFkkfi] L=hyk ekr`#ikr iwtys tkrs- vkbZyk lektkr oanuh; LFkku fnys tkrs-
Hkkjrh; laLd`rhr ekr`Rokyk loZJs"B ekuys tkrs- ßfL=;kae/;s vlysyh ekr`Rokph tcjnLr
uSlfxZd izsj.kk frpa dke pks[k ctkor jkghy- rjhgh vxnh txHkjkP;k loZp fL=;kauh tikuh
fL=;kalkj[ka ekr`Ro ukdkjk;pa Bjoya rj ekuotkr fVdo.;kph nqljh dkgh ;qDrh fulxZp
’kks/ksy] gh ’kD;rkgh ukdkjrk ;sr ukgh- ckdh dkgh vlks Hkkjrh; fL=;k rjh ;k uSlfxZd
izsj.ksph cwt jk[krhy v’kh ’kD;rk vkgs- dkj.k Hkkjrh; ijaijsr fL=;kaiq<s ts vkn’kZ Bsoys
xsys vkgsr R;ke/;s ekr`Rokpk vkn’kZ loZJs"B ekuyk vkgs-Þ 15
brj ns’kkr vkf.k laLd`rhr ekr`Ro ukdkj.;kph izo`Rrh fuekZ.k >kyh rjh Hkkjrh; L=h
ekr`Rokyk fdrh egRRo nsrs] gsp ;krwu y{kkr ;srs- Hkkjrh; L=hP;k ekr`Hkkokpk xkSjo djrkuk
Lokeh foosdkuan Eg.krkr] ßvkn’kZ L=h&thou Eg.krkp ,dek= ekr`Hkkokphp dYiuk vkEgk
Hkkjrh;kaP;k eukr ;srs- ekr`Hkkokrp R;kpk vkjaHk o ekr`Hkkokrp R;kpk ’ksoV- ekr`Ro gs
Hkkjrh;kaP;k n`"Vhus L=hRokpk loksZPp vkfo"dkj gks;- ftP;k fBdk.kh LokFkkZPk ys’kns[khy ukgh-
th ewfrZear lgu’khyrkp vlrs vkf.k {keko`Rrhph th dsoG ewrhZp gks; v’kh vkbZ - rhp vkgs
vkepk vkn’kZÞ 16
Hkkjrh; laLd`rhr vkbZps Js"BRo vkf.k egRRo v’kkizdkjs vusd fopkjoarkauh
v/kksjs[khr dsysys vkgs-
08- ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh % vkbZph Hkwfedk
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy la;qDr dqVqackr dqVqacizeq[k iq:"kklkscrp ?kjkr vkbZ egRRokph Hkwfedk
ctkor vlrs- rh lrr dk;Zjr jkfgY;keqGs fryk fofo/k drZO;s ikj ikMkoh ykxrkr- xzkeh.k
dqVqackrhy gh vkbZph fofo/kkaxh #is lkBksRrjh dknacjhrwu vusd ys[kdkauh n’kZfoyh vkgs-

262
08-1- drZO;n{k
xzkeh.k dqVqac ygku vlks dh eksBs vkbZ loZ dqVqaclnL;kalkscr izse vkf.k vkiqydhus
okxrs- fuLokFkZ Hkkousus lokZaph dkGth djrs- vkbZ] lwu] lklw] eqyxh] vkth v’kk vusd
ukR;karwu rh dqVqackr ftOgkGk fuekZ.k djrs-
MkW- vkuan ;kno ;kaP;k vkReij dknacÚ;karhy vkbZ ^rkjk* v’khp drZO;kph tk.k
vlysyh tkx`r vkbZ vkgs- frps o.kZu fofo/k fBdk.kh ;srs- ß,o<h vkB eqya >kyh gksrh rjh
vkbZPkk nknkP;k gkrpk ekj pqdr uOgrk- fryk ,d fnolgh nknk ?kjkr Fkkacw nsr uls-
jkstP;k jkst frua lkr&vkB eqykapk LoSikd] R;kaph brj mBkBso c?kwu eGîkdMs vkya ikfgts]
vlk nknkpk [kkD;k vls-Þ ¼^>ksachZ*] i`- 127½ vkbZyk ?kj vkf.k ’ksrhdMph dkes d’kh ikj
ikMkoh ykxrkr] ;kps gs o.kZu vkgs-
MkW- ;knokauk vkbZP;k ;k vd`f=e izsekph tk.kho vkgs- Eg.kwup frP;k drZO;n{k
LoHkkokps eeZ lkaxrkuk rs Eg.krkr] ßiq:"kiz/kku laLd`rhP;k tUeBsihr t[kMysyh rh L=h
gksrh- frua lxGa lksf’kd eukua iRdjya gksra fu vf/kdkf/kd lksf’kdrk ;s.;klkBh V.kd
nxMkyk bZ’oj ekuwu R;kykp nq%[k lkaxk;pa ozrgh Lohdkjya gksra-Þ ¼^ukaxj.kh*] i`- 263½
ijaijk] #<h vkf.k dkSVqafcd ca/kukauh L=h dk;e cka/kysyh vlrs- vusdnk lalkj] eqyckG]
ck;dksyk lksMwu iq:"k iGwu tkrks i.k L=h vkiyk eksMdk lalkj o eqykauk lkaHkkGhr jkgrs-
nq%[k ipfo.;kph vkbZph rkdn Qkj eksBh vlrs- ^>ksach*rhy rkjk nkfjnzîkr eqykauk ok<owu
lalkj djrs- frP;k vkulk] ’ksoark] fgjk] panzk vkf.k lqanjk ;k ikp eqyh ej.k ikorkr- ,o<s
nq%[k ipowu rh [kachj mHkh jkfgysyh fnlrs-
frpk uojk jruw lalkjkiklwu ukekfujkGk jkgrks- i.k rkjk /khjkus lalkj djrs- rh
,dkdhp y<rs- uojk esY;koj rj rh [kjsp ,dVh iMrs- i.k drZO;kr dqBsgh rh deh
iMysyh fnlr ukgh-
08-2- eqykaps laxksiu
izR;sd vkbZ vkiY;k eqykyk tUe nsrs] ygkukps eksBs djrs] R;kP;koj laLdkj djrs]
R;kph dkGth ?ksrs- f’k{k.k dj.ks] yXu dj.ks vkf.k iqUgk R;kph eqys lkaHkkG.ks ;krgh vkbZPkk
iq<kdkj vlrks- eqykapk lkaHkkG.ks gs t.kw frus ?ksrysys ozr vlrs-

263
 ^/kx* e/khy dkSfrd vkiyh eqys Hkhek] ukuk o ;lksnhP;k ikyuiks"k.kklkBh mHks
vk;q"; f>tors- ^d:.kk"Vd* e/khy vkbZ mik’kh eqykauk txfo.;klkBh pkj ?kjps ihB
ekx.kkÚ;k xkslkO;kdMwu ihB ekxrs- ßlalkjkpa vlkji.k tk.koysyk rks Hkxok ek.kwlgh pkj
ysdjkP;k vkbZph gh ekx.kh c?kwu gyyk- R;kpk fucj psgjk >kdksGwu xsyk-Þ ¼^d:.kk"Vd*]
i`- 39½ ek= eqykaP;k laxksiuklkBh vkbZ R;kph ykt /kjhr ukgh-
eqykyk lkaHkkG.;klkBh o R;kP;k laxksiuklkBh dkghgh djk;yk vkbZ ekxsiq<s ikgr
ukgh] gsp vH;klklkBh ?ksrysY;k dknacÚ;karwu vuqHkokl ;srs-
08-3- dqVqackph ekxZn’kZd
vkbZ dqVqackr ekxZn’kZdkph Hkwfedk ikj ikMr vlrs- vkiyh eqys okeekxkZyk tkÅ
u;sr ;klkBh rh n{k vlrs- pkaxys vkf.k okbZV ;krhy Qjd rh eqykaP;k y{kkr vk.kwu nsr
vlrs- eqykauh usgeh pkaxyk ekxZ /kjkok ;klkBh frpk dVk{k vlrks- R;k ekxZn’kUZkeqGps eqys
vkiY;k vk;q";kr ;’kLoh gksr vlrkr- Eg.kwu rj vkbZyk eqykaP;k thoukrhy vk|xq: ekuys
tkrs-
^/kx*e/khy dkSfrd ßvLlkp lkyquh ikl gksr tk; ekgîk ckIik ! pkaxyk f’kd vku~
[kwi eksðk Ogks;-Þ ¼^/kx*] i`- 103½ vls izksRlkgu eqykyk nsrs- ^jFkpØ* e/khy vkbZgh eqykus
[kwi f’kdkos] R;kus dkgh uqdlku gks.kkj ukgh ;kp fopkjkaph vkgs - R;klkBh rh okVsy rs d"V
djrs- ^d:.kk"Vd*e/khy vkbZ eqykaoj pkaxys laLdkj djrs-
^cq<kbZ*e/khy xksd.kkZ ikjaifjd fopkjkaph vlyh rjh f’k{k.kkps o O;ogkjKkukps egRRo
iVysys vkgs- rh eqyxh lRrwyk ’kkGsr tk.;kpk vkxzg djrkuk Eg.krs] ßckcklkgsckua lkaxya
uk iksjkys f’kdok-] iksjhys f’kdok- vkeh iksjkys f’kdksya uk;h ra rks ok;k xsyk] iGwu xsyk-
vkrk rqys f’kdksrks-Þ ¼^cq<kbZ*] i`- 25½
^,sls dq.kch HkqikG*e/khy vkbZ }kjdkckbZ vkiY;k eqykauk foHkDr u gksrk ,d=
jkg.;kps egRRo lkaxrkuk igko;kl feGrs- ,danjhr lqlaLdkj dj.kkjh vkbZph izfrek loZp
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu js[kkVysyh vk<Gwu ;srs-
09- xzkeh.k vkbZph L=h Eg.kwu fLFkrh
^vkbZ* Eg.kwu L=hps LFkku dqVqackr egRRokps ekuys tkr vlys rjh ^L=h* Eg.kwu frph
voLFkk n;uh;p vlrs- iq:"kkaps loZLo] laLd`rhrhy ca/kus] ijaijk] fL=;kaph ekufldrk ;krwu
264
fL=;akuk vU;k;kyk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- iq:"kkadMwu nq¸;e LFkku feGrs- laLd`rhP;k ukok[kkyh
fryk izR;sd dk;kZr Mkoyys tkrs- iajijsus fryk loZ fu.kZ;kr x`fgr /kjys tkrs- ?kjkrhy
fL=;k uO;kus yXu d:u vkysY;k eqyhyk lklqjokl djrkr- frpk ’kkjhfjd o ekufld NG
djrkr- v’kk vusd izdkjkapk fL=;kauk lkeuk djkok ykxrks-
09-1- irh&iRuhe/khy r.kko
lrrps nkfjnzî] miklekj] d"V ;keqGs xzkeh.k dqVqackrhy irh&iRuhP;k ukR;kr r.kko
fuekZ.k gksrks- lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr v’kk vusd ?kVuk fpf=r >kysY;k vkgsr-
^/kx*e/khy egknso dkgh dke djhr ukgh- dkSfrd ek= njjkst dke d:u ?kj pkyfors-
ygku eqyhyk lkscr ?ksÅu rh mUgkr jkcrs- egknso ek= ?kjkr clwu [kkrks- rks dkSfrdyk
dkekoj tkÅ udksl vls Eg.krks rsOgk rh jkxkors vkf.k] ßokjk Hkdlrks- ukbZ ra fHkrhps
<sdGa [kkrks- dk;ys fQjrks rqeP;kokuh ;k ?kjpa R;k ?kjh xkokr-Þ ¼^/kx*] i`- 63½
^jFkpØ*e/;sgh frlÚ;k eqyhP;k ikBhoj ck;dks xjksnj jkfgyh Eg.kwu lalkjkyk foVwu
?kj lksMwu ijkxank gksrks- eqys gks.ks ,dVîk ck;dksph tckcnkjh ulrkuk rks lgti.ks fryk
nks"k nsr ?k:u fu?kwu tkrks- ^vkenkj lkSHkkX;orh* ;k dknacjhrhy irhyk vkiY;k ck;dksps
jktdkj.kkrhy opZLo lgu gksr ukgh- Lor%P;k jktdkj.kklkBh rks iRuhpk }s"k djrks- ßrw
?kjkr vlrkuk ?kjkyk ?kji.k gksra- rw vkenkj >kY;kiklwu lxGhp ifjfLFkrh cnywu xsyh;-
lqfe=k] rqyk eh ,dp xks"V fopkjrks] rw vkenkjdhpk jkthukek ns.kkj dh ukgh ,o<a eyk
lkax-Þ ¼^vkenkj lkSHkkX;orh*] i`- 86½ iq:"kh ekufldrspk gk uequk Eg.kkok ykxsy-
^vla tx.ka rksykpa* e/khy gfjckyk lalkjkr jl ukgh- R;kph ck;dks dklk ek=
pkj&ikp t.kkaps dqVqac d"V d:u txfors- eqykps yXu dj.;klkBh eqyxh ikg.;klkBh rh
gfjckyk rxknk ykors- ßu tek;yk dk; tkya eukoa] i.k mxqpap [kka|koj mij.ka Vkdwu iksV
rkta djhr fgaMY;koj dla teay \Þ dklkP;k ;k cksy.;koj gfjck Eg.krks] ßvkrk mxw xIi
clrhl dk /k:u ikMw nkrkM \Þ ¼^vla tx.ka rksykpa*] i`- 14] 15½ ck;dksps er [kjs
vlys rjh irh vkiysp Eg.k.ks jsVrkuk xzkeh.k Hkkxkr fnlrks-
^ikufuoGh* e/khy irh lqf’kf{kr vlysY;k iRuhlkscr Qlowu yXu djrks- vkiY;kyk
,M~l vlY;kps ekfgr vlwugh rks rs frP;kiklwu yiowu Bsorks- ,danjhr iRuhyk d"Vkr

265
<dy.ks] Lor% dke u dj.ks] frP;kcj ca/kus ykn.ks] frph Qlo.kwd dj.ks v’kk vusd
dkj.kkauh irh iRuhe/;s r.kko fuekZ.k gksrks-
09-2- lklw lqusP;k ukR;krhy r.kko
xzkeh.k L=hP;k vusd leL;kaiSdh lokZr eksBh leL;k Eg.kts frpk lklqjokl-
toGikl izR;sd L=hyk ;krwu tkos ykxrs- fo’ks"kr% uO;kus ?kjkr lwu Eg.ku vkysY;k L=hyk
lklw] u.kank] tkok ;kaP;kdMwu ’kjhfjd o ekufld NGkyk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs - lkBksRrjh
ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhus ;kph n[ky ?ksrysyh vkgs-
^>ksach*e/;s rkjkP;k lklqjoklkps o.kZu vkysys vkgs- rkjkph eqyxh lqanjkykgh vlkp
[kwi lklqjokl gksrk- frpk uojk vkGlh vlrks- R;kpk jkxgh lklw lqanjkojp dk<rs- ßrqÖ;k
UgoÚ;kpa dla IokWV Hkjk;pa rs rq>a rw cx- eh dk; rqyk ?kjkrya tsok;yk ?kky.kkj UgkbZ-Þ
¼^?kjfHkarh*] i`- 67½ lqanjkpk lalkj mn~/oLr gksrks- rh usgeh vcksy] eqlds cka/kysY;k
xkbZlkj[kh ekj [kkrs- lklqjoklkyk daVkGwu rh ’ksoVh vkRegR;k djrs-
^jku[kGxh* e/khy lklw ?kjkr vMp.k vlwugh d"V d:u feGoysys iSls eqyxh
vkf.k tko;kyk ikBfors- R;ko:u lwu lklwyk Eg.krs] ßnso rjh dlk ipw fny \ yksdk;P;k
fu;rh gk;hr dk fBdk.;koj \ vkiwu djk;pa vku nsokP;k ukokua boGk;pa-Þ ¼^jku[kGxh*]
i`- 47½ ;k oknkrwu v[ksj ukrslaca/kkr r.kko fuekZ.k gksrks- ^[kqGh* e/khy lklw Hkkjtk lqusyk
Eg.krs] ßeh gîk ?kjph ekydhu gk;- gîk ?kjkr eh lkaxay rla okxk;pa- eh djhu R;kr dk
Eg.kwu bZpkjk;ph rkdn Ugk;-Þ ¼^[kqGh*] i`- 34½ [kjsrj ?kjkrhy opZLokrwup gk okn mHkk
jkgrks- R;kps n’kZu ;sFks ?kMrs-
^ckjksekl* e/khy lklw lqf’kf{kr lqusP;k fopkjka’kh lger gksr ukgh- tehu fodwu
uoÚ;kP;k uksdjhlkBh iSls Hkjkosr vls lqusyk okVrs] ek= lklwpk R;kyk fojks/k vkgs - R;krwu
?kjkr okn gksrkr- ’kgjkr ok<ysY;k lqusyk pqyhoj Lo;aikd ;sr ukgh] osG ykxrks- ;k
dkj.kkao:u lklw jkxkors- ßvko ra ’kq) Hkk"ksP;k iksVps- ;sGokoj dks.kh l;ikd rjh djrs
dk nkMklkMkok.kh \Þ ¼^ckjksekl*] i`- 08½ uohu lqusyk letwu u ?ksrk lklqjokl dj.;kph
v’kh vusd mnkgj.ks fofo/k dknacÚ;krwu js[kkVysyh vkgsr- lklwizek.ks u.knk] tkokgh uO;k
lqusyk vlkp =kl nsrkr- ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu lklw&lqusP;k ;k ukR;koj [kwi izdk’k
Vkdysyk fnlrks-
266
09-3- yknyh xsysyh ckGari.ks
yXuklkBh eqyhps vkf.k eqykps o; fdrh vlkos] ;klkBh dk;nk vkgs- R;kis{kk deh
o; vlysY;k eqykps fdaok eqyhps yXu csdk;ns’khj ekuys tkrs vkf.k rls dj.kkÚ;k
ikydkafo:) xqUgkgh nk[ky dsyk tkÅ ’kdrks- rjhgh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vtwugh ckyfookg gksr
vlrkr- ;kekxs nkfjnzîklg brjgh vusd dkj.ks vlrkr- ;kf’kok; ,dkis{kk tkLr fookg
dj.kkjs iq:"kgh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vlwu rsgh dk;|kfo:) vkgs- eqyhps yXuklkBhps fdeku o;
Bjforkuk frph lq;ksX; ’kkjhfjd o ekufld ok< >kysyh vlkoh] vlk mÌs’k vkgs-
lq/kk dkGnkrs fyfgrkr] ßfookgkP;k osGps o; ok<fo.;kP;k ekxpk mÌs’k yksdla[;k
ok<hyk vkGk ?kky.ks gk vlyk rjh lkekU; tursyk R;kps egRRop iVr ulY;keqGs eqyhP;k
fookgkph ?kkbZ dsyh tkrs o fookgkuarj eqykauk tUe ns.;kpk rxknkgh L=hP;kekxs ykoyk tkrks -
eqykyk tUe nsbZi;Zar L=hyk ?kjkr ekukps LFkku feGr ukgh- okjaokj eqyhauk tUe ns.kkÚ;k
L=hph ?kjkr NGo.kwd gksrs- ^viR; gos dh udks* gk fu.kZ; ?ks.;kps Lokra«; fL=;kauk v|kigh
ukgh-Þ 17 ;ko:u yXu dj.ks] eqykauk tUe ns.ks ;klanHkkZr fL=;kaP;k erkyk egRRo fnys tkr
ukgh] gs y{kkr ;srs- T;kps fL=;kaP;k lokZafx.k fodklkoj foifjr ifj.kke gksrkr-
?kjkrhy ts"B O;Drh Eg.krhy rksi;Zar vkf.k irhph bPNk vlsy rksoj fryk eqys
tUekyk ?kkykoh ykxrkr- ;ke/;s frP;k bPNspk o ’kkjhfjd {kerspk fopkj dsyk tkr ukgh-
eqys tUekyk ?kky.ks] R;kauk vaxkoj ikt.ks vkf.k R;kaps laxksiu dj.ks ;krp frps vk;q"; xqarwu
tkrs-
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu ;kps o.kZu ;srs- MkW- vkuan ;knokaP;k vkReij
dknacÚ;karhy rkjkps yXu ygku o;kr gksrs vkf.k vusd viR;kauk tUekyk ?kkywu] R;kaps
laxksiu dj.;kr rh esVkdqVhyk ;srs] gs o.kZu vkgs- ;klkj[kh vusd mnkgj.ks fofo/k ys[kdkauh
vkiY;k dknacÚ;karwu js[kkVysyh vkgsr-
10- ok<R;k ’kgjhdj.kkr xzkeh.k vkbZph Hkwfedk
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy uoh fi<h f’k{k.k ?ksÅ ykxyh- R;krwu f’k{k.kklkBh o uksdjhlkBh gh
r:.k fi<h ’kgjkdMs /kkow ykxyh- vkS|ksfxd fodklkeqGs ’kgjs ok<yh vkf.k xzkeh.k dqVqacs
foHkDr gksÅu ’kgjkr okLrO;kl ;sÅ ykxyh- R;keqGs ;k r:.kkaph ’ksrh o xzkeh.k Hkkxk’kh

267
vlysyh ukG rqVr pkyyh vkgs- f’kok; ,d= dqVqackrwu gh fi<h nwj tkr vlY;keqGs
dqVqackrhy ftOgkGk o vkfRe;rk deh gksr vkgs- ;k lxGîk ifjfLFkrhpk ifj.kke xzkeh.k
dqVqackrhy vkbZP;k LFkkukoj vkf.k Hkwfedsojgh >kysyk fnlwu ;srks-
10-1- ’ksrhyk nq¸;e LFkku
xzkeh.k dqVqacs iwohZ QDr ’ksrh o ’ksrhP;k fuxMhr O;olk;kr xqarysyh vlk;ph-
dqVqackrhy lkjs lnL; QDr ’ksrhp djk;ps- ek= ’kgjh laLd`rhrhy okLrO; vkf.k ok<ysys
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k o pSuhP;k ok<R;k vkoMhaeqGs ’ksrhyk nq¸;e LFkku feGr vlwu iSlk
deko.;klkBh r:.k uksdjh d: ykxyk] NksVseksBs O;olk; d: ykxyk- ;keqGs xzkeh.k
dqVqackrhy vkbZyk ?kjkrhy r.kkokpk lkeuk djkok ykxrks-
^ckjksekl* e/khy eqyxk f’kdyk vlwu ’kgjkr uksdjh dj.;kph R;kph bPNk vkgs-
R;kph ck;dksgh ?kjph ’ksrh fodwu uksdjhlkBh iSls Hkjkosr v’kk erkph vkgs- R;krwu R;kps o
vkbZps erHksn gksrkr- ^cq<kbZ* e/khy dqVqac xkokr iksV Hkjr ukgh Eg.kwu ’kgjkr LFkykarjhr
gksrs- okWpeuph uksdjh dj.ks] [kìs [kksn.ks v’kh dkes d:u rs mnjfuokZg djrkr- v’kh
vusd mnkgj.ks xzkeh.k dknacjhr vk<Grkr-
10-2- dqVqackps fo?kVu
iwohZ vkbZ] oMhy] eqys] lquk] ukroaMs ,d= jkgr vlr- R;keqGs [kpkZr cpr gksr
vlrs- f’kok; dqVqackr ,dftulhi.kk] ftOgkGk o vkfRe;rk vlk;pk- rFkkfi] vfydMs
uksdjh] O;olk; vkf.k O;fDrLokra«;kP;k ok<R;k ykylsus d/kh xjtsiksVh rj d/kh ’kgjkP;k
vkd"k.kkZeqGs dkgh eqys ’kgjkr jgko;kl ;k;yk ykxyh- dqVqacs foLFkkfir >kyh- vkbZph
ekufld f}/kkoLFkk >kyh- rjhgh frph xkokph ukG rqVr ukgh-
MkW- ;knokaP;k vkReij dknacÚ;karhy vkbZ rkjkpk eqyxk vkuank ’kgjkr uksdjhyk
ykxyk vlyk rjh vkf.k R;kus rkjkyk vusdnk ’kgjkr jkg.;kl ;s.;kpk vkxzg dsyk rjh rh
v[ksji;Zar frdMs tkr ukgh- nqlÚ;k eqykus xkokr caxyk cka/kyk rjh rkjk rsFks jkgr ukgh- rh
vkiY;k >ksiMhrp jkgrs o rsFksp v[ksjpk ’okl ?ksrs-

268
10-3- ’kgjkps vkd"kZ.k
’kgjkrhy ok<R;k HkkSfrd lqfo/kk] euksjatukph lk/kus] lq[kksiHkksxkps uouos iz;ksx
;keqGs xzkeh.k uor:.kkae/;s ’kgjkps vkd"kZ.k ok<hl ykxys vkgs- uksdjh o O;olk;keqGs
’kgjkdMs ;s.kkjk r:.k oxZ ’kgjkrp fLFkjkow ykxyk- O;fDrLokra«;kP;k Hkzked dYiukgh ;k
fi<hyk xkokilwu nwj dj.;kl dkj.khHkwr B: ykxY;k- [ksMsxkokr deh gksr vlysyk jkstxkj]
ikjaifjd O;olk; can iM.ks] lkekU; ek.klkauk xkoxqMkadMwu gks.kkjk =kl] jktdkj.kkeqGs gksr
vlysyk NG ;k dkj.kkaeqGsgh yksd ’kgjkdMs /kkow ykxys- ;keqGs xzkeh.k laLd`rhpk Úgkl
Ogk;yk ykxyk vkgs-
^cq<kbZ* e/khy dqVqac iksVklkBh xko lksMwu ’kgjkr LFkykarjhr gksrs- ^cksM[kh* e/khy
jRuk iksyhl ikVykP;k vR;kpkjkyk cGh iMrs vkf.k ;k dqVqackyk xko lksMkos ykxrs - ^va/kkj*
e/khy vkbZgh xkokrhy VkjxV eqykaP;k tkpkrwu eqyhph lqVdk dj.;klkBh eqyhlg xko lksMwu
nqljhdMs jkg.;kl tkrs- MkW- ;knokaP;k dknacjhrhy vkuank uksdjhfufeRr ’kgjkr jkgrks o
rsFksp dqVqac djrks-
v’kh vusd mnkgj.ks dknacÚ;krwu y{kkr ;srkr-
10-4- O;fDrLokra«;kps Hkku vkf.k cnyrh xzkeh.k ^vkbZ*
f’k{k.kkP;k ok<ysY;k izlkjkeqGs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy eqyhgh f’kdY;k- R;krwu R;kaP;kr
vkReHkku vkys- L=h ghlq)k ek.kwl vlwu frykgh O;fDrxr fodklkpk gDd vkgs] ;kph
tk.kho frP;kr tkx`r >kyh- iq:"kkapk vuko’;d ncko >qxkj.;kps lkeF;Z frP;kr vkys- rh
uksdjh d: ykxyh- txkps Kku fryk >kys- ;krwu]
1½ O;fDrxr ikrGhoj fu.kZ; ?ks.;kps Lokra«; fryk feGkys-
2½ eqykaP;k o eqyhaP;k f’k{k.kkpk o uksdjhpk vkxzg rh d: ykxyh-
3½lekurk Eg.kts dsoG ,dlkj[ksi.kk ulwu la/khph lekurk o fuoMhps Lokra«;
feGk;yk gos] gs fryk dGw ykxys-
4½ L=h gh dsoG eknh ulwu frykgh eu] Hkkouk vlrkr] R;keqGs frpk lokZaxh.k
fodkl Ogk;yk gkok] ;kps Kku fryk izkIr >kys-
5½ ^pwy vkf.k ewy* ;k ifydMs fL=;kauk fo’kky dk;Z{ks=kr dk;Z djrk ;srs vkf.k R;k
la/kh fryk feGk;yk gO;kr] ;kps Hkku fL=;kae/;s vkys-
269
 lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu fL=;kaP;k v’kk fofo/k leL;k o R;koj fL=;kauhp
dsysyh ekr ;kph dkgh mnkgj.ks igko;kl feGrkr-
11- lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy vkbZph fofo/k #is
xzkeh.k lektO;LFksr d`f"klaLd`rh dsanzLFkkuh vlrs- ’ksrhP;k ’kks/kkiklwu ;k laLd`rh’kh
L=h fuxMhr vkgs- ^vkbZ* Eg.kwu dqVqackyk ,df=r Bso.;kr frph egRRokph Hkwfedk vlrs- ;k
^vkbZ*P;k fofo/k #ikaps fp=.k xzkeh.k dknacjhr igko;kl feGrs-
11-1- ’ksrkr jkc.kkjh vkbZ
fdrhgh izfrdwy ifjfLFkrh vkyh rjh xzkeh.k L=h R;kP;k’kh >xMrs- MkW- fd’kksj lkui
Eg.krkr R;kizek.ks] ßxzkeO;oLFksr ’ksretwj] ’ksrdjh] R;kps dqVqac jkstP;k leL;kauk rksaM nsr
tx.;klkBh la?k"kZ djrkr- ;k la?k"kkZr xzkeh.k L=hgh vkiys loZLo i.kkyk ykors-Þ 18 ’ksrhpk
’kks/kp eqGh L=hus ykoyk vkgs- fi<htkr ’ksrh O;olk;kr rh lrr jkcr vlrs- ejkBh xzkeh.k
dknacjhus fL=;kaP;k ;k d"Vkph n[ky ?ksrysyh vkgs-
^/kx* e/khy dkSfrd uoÚ;kP;k cjkscjhus ’ksrkr dke djrs- dknacjhrhy o.kZukrwu
frP;k d"Vkph ekfgrh feGrs- ^,dk dk[ksr ;’kksnhyk o nqlÚ;k dk[ksr ik.;kph ?kìh ?ksryh
gksrh- okojkP;k /kqÚ;koj [kwi >kMa gksrh ckHkGhph] fgojkph- iSdh ,dk fgojkP;k >kMkyk
dkSfrdua ikG.kk cka/kyk- R;kr ;’kksnhyk futowu Bsoya- frph j[kokyh dj.;kpa dke ukekoj
lksiowu dkSfrd vkiY;k dkeh ykxyh- lkscfr.khlkscr okojkr fuan.ka d: ykxyh-* ¼^/kx*] i`-
64½ ?kjdke] eqykapk lkaHkkG vf.k ’ksrhph dkes v’kk vusd vk?kkMîkaoj y<.kkÚ;k xzkeh.k
vkbZph gh dkSfrd izfrfu/kh Bjrs-
MkW- vkuan ;knokaP;k dknacÚ;kae/khy rkjk nqlÚ;kP;k dqGkus dl.;klkBh ?ksrysY;k
’ksrkr eqyh vkf.k xksrkoGîkldV jkcrs- ?kjkrhy nkfjnzîkP;k vMp.khrp ewG ekyd ’ksr
rkC;kr ?ksrks- R;kosGh fryk nqljhdMs jkstxkjkyk tkos ykxrs- rsOgk rkjk jMrs- vkØks’k djrs-
?kke xkGwu r;kj >kysys fidgh xsY;keqGs rh jMdqaMhyk ;srs- frps d"V ok;k tkrkr-
^gY;k gY;k nq/kw ns* e/khy vkulk o jk?kksph ck;dks nqlÚ;kP;k ’ksrkr etqjh djrkr-
;krwu R;k dqVqackps ikyuiks"k.k djrkr- ’ksrhr dke d:ugh R;k d"Vkpk iqjslk ekscnyk feGr
ukgh- rjhgh ’ksrhyk ^dkGh vkbZ* ekuwu ^jku[kGxh* e/khy vkbZ vkiY;k uoÚ;kcjkscj d"V

270
djrs- ^vk; ik.;koj vlk;ph----- vkIik eksV xGk ?kkyk;ps- vk; ik.;kEgksj mHkh Úgk;ph-
¼^gY;k gY;k nq/kw ns*] i`- 10] 11½ xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy L=hyk jkcY;kf’kok; i;kZ; jkgr ukgh-
^/kx* e/khy dkSfrd vkf.k ^cq<kbZ* e/khy xksd.kkZ ;kaps nq%[k lkj[ksp vkgs - xksd.kkZ ia/kjk
fnolkaP;k eqyhyk ?ksÅu jkukr tkrs- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkbZyk Lor%ps lkjs nq%[k fol:u
igkVsiklwu e/;jk=hi;Zar d"V djkos ykxrkr-
^#ilkoyh* e/khy y{eh jk=afnol d"V djrs- ^y{ehyk vkrk jkst ldkGpa i;Y;k
dksacMîkyk mVk; ykxr Ogra- ?kjkrya nGk.k] ’kku?kk.k] ikuh fu Hkkdjh ;soMh dkea vkViwu
’ksrkrY;k dkekyk tk;kyk ykxr Ogra--- Mksdhyk ikrGkpk QMdk tke cka/kwu fnolHkj y{eh
mUgkr rkir Úgk;ph-* ¼^cq<kbZ*] i`- 48] 49½ ,o<s d"V d:ugh vkbZP;k Jekpk ;ksX;
ekscnyk R;kauk feGr ukgh- fulxkZP;k vod`iseqGs mRiUu deh feGrs- rjh ’ksrh vkf.k
lalkjkr vkbZ jkcrp jkgrs- ^ckjksekl* e/khy ’ksoarkek; v’khp ’ksrhyk lefiZr vkbZ vkgs-
ßvkrk fuanu lq: Ogrhu- ck;kekxa tkoa ykxr tkbZu- gaxke ;soLrksoj vkrk lkatldkG
okojkrp jkOgk ykxay eys----Þ ¼^ckjksekl*] i`- 94½ xzkeh.k vkbZph ’ksrhfu"Brk ;krwu fnlrs-
’ksrh Lor%ph vlks fdaok nqlÚ;kph] vkbZ rsFks eukiklwu jkcrs- dkj.k fryk ;krwu dqVqac
pkyok;ps vlrs] eqykckGkaps laxksiu djk;ps vlrs- ^cksM[kh*rhy dkSlY;k uojk rq:axkr
xsY;koj eqyhyk cjkscj ?ksÅu nqlÚ;kP;k ’ksrkr dke djrs- ^dkSlY;k vkf.k xksnkojh nksgh
ikjxhP;k etqjhyk tkr OgR;k- dlacla Hkkxr Ogra-* ¼^cksMdh*] i`- 201½
?kjkrhy izpaM nkfjnzî] miklekj] vkGlh uojk] ,dVs thou] eqykaph dkGth]
Hkfo";kph fpark] eqykaps f’k{k.k] vktkji.k] yXudk;Z v’kk vusd dkeklkBh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy
vkbZ ’ksrkr jkcrkuk fnlrs-
11-2- ^pwy vkf.k ewy* ;kr lkaHkkG.kkjh vkbZ
xzkeh.k Hkkxkr fdrhgh izxrh >kyh vlyh] L=hthou cnyr pkyys vlys rjh] frps
^pwy vkf.k ewy* lqVysys ukgh- L=hthoukP;k izxrhr ckgî#ikr cny tk.kor vlys rjh
[kÚ;k vFkkZus lkekftd o ekufld ifjorZukph eksBh xjt vkgs- ’kgjkrhy fL=;kaP;k rqyusr
xzkeh.k L=h [kwip ekxs vkgs- rh ’ksrkr jkcr vlyh] iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus jkcr vlyh rjh
frps ?kjkrhy dke vkf.k eqykaps laxksiugh lqVys ukgh- lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh ;k
xzkeh.k vkbZP;k ;k #ikpsgh o.kZu djrs-
271
 ^/kx* e/khy dkSfrdoj loZ lalkjkpk Hkkj vkgs- R;k Hkkjk[kkyh rh ncysyh vkgs-
^HkjrhP;k xkMîkP;k ,dk oka<kG cSykua eku Vkdrkp tlk xkMîkpk Hkkj nqlÚ;k cSykoj
iMrks- rlk lalkjkpk Hkkj dkSfrdoj iMyk gksrk- uqlR;k feGorsi.kkpkp uOgrk] lkjap fryk
ikgkoa ykxr gksra-* ¼^/kx*] i`- 164½ ;k o.kZukrwu frP;k ifjfLFkrhph dYiuk ;srs- uoÚ;kps
?kjkr y{k ulY;keqGs ysdjkaP;k rksaMkdMs ikgr dkSfrd txr vlrs- d/khd/kh rh ;k d"Vkrwu
lqVdk Ogkoh Eg.kwu =kxk djrs- ßFkksp r ,d rkr ykÅu Bsoyk nsokbLojkua ekgîkekxa---
gîk tuksik ulrk r ehbZ vkiyk lksVk nqiÍk mpywu F;k cqokokuh dqBhlkbZ dk;aika<ja dsya
vlra-Þ ¼^/kx*] i`- 185½ ;k frP;k cksy.;krwu frP;k dkekph dYiuk ;srs-
^uVjax* e/khy nksjdhgh uoÚ;kP;k rÚgsokbZd okx.;keqGs ,dVhp eqykauk lkaHkkGrs -
rek’kkP;k uknkus xq.kk ?kj lksMrks- nkjdh ek= leFkZi.ks eqykauk lkaHkkGr jkgrs- uojk ijr
;sr ukgh gs ikfgY;koj rh eqykauk ?ksÅu rh ekgsjh jkgrs vkf.k feGsy rks HkkdjrqdMk ?kkywu
eqykauk txors- ^d:.kk"Vd* e/khy vkbZ izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhr Lor% mik’kh jkgrs ek= eqykauk
[kk;yk ?kkyrs- ^cq<kbZ* e/khy xksd.kkZph voLFkkgh osxGh ukgh- ^tla yXu >kya rlk lalkjkpk
lkjk Hkkj xksd.kkZP;k f’kjkoj ;sÅu iMyk- cq<k frP;koj loZ lksiowu fuf’par >kyk r’kh rhp
ek.kwl >kyh- ?kjknkjkrya c?kw ykxyh- xMhek.klklkj[kh /kkow ykxyh-* ¼^cq<kbZ*] i`- 11½
^,sls dq.kch HkqikG* ;k dknacjhrhy }kjdkckbZ Egkrkjh >kyh vlyh rjh ^pwy vkf.k
ewy* ;krwu frph lqVdk >kysyh ukgh- frps lkjs y{k eqykaP;k lalkjkdMs gksrs- ^}kjdkckbZyk
vkt nG.k /kqowu ?;k;pa gksra- ,dnk nG.k /kqowu] okGw ?kkywu] ik[kMwu fulya dh iqUgk
laisi;Zar R;kP;kdMs igk;pap dke jkgkr ukgh-* ¼^,sls dq.kch HkqikG*] i`- 67½
,danjhr xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkbZyk yXu >kY;kiklwu ejsi;Zar lrr ?kjkrhy dke djkos
ykxrs- eqykaP;k o iq<s ukrokaP;k laxksiukrp frps vk;q"; lairs- frpk ,dk vFkhZ dksaMekjk
gksrks- O;fDrLokra«;kph xGpsih gksrs- ;kps izHkkoh fp=.k lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr
dsysys vk<Grs-
11-3- nfyr vkbZ
vLi`’; lektkoj ijaijsus yknysyh tkpd ca/kus lSy >kY;kps xzkeh.k Hkkxkr rjh
fnlwu ;sr ukgh- vusd izfrxkeh #<h can >kY;k vlY;k rjh ;k lekt ?kVdkyk cgqtu
lektkus iw.kZi.ks Lohdkjys vkgs] vls Eg.krk ;sr ukgh- lkekftd ca/kus vkf.k vkfFkZd
272
foiUukoLFkk v’kk nksUgh ladVkr rks HkjMyk tkrks- vusdkauk nksu osGps vUu vkf.k vaxHkj
diMsgh feGr ukghr- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy gk lekt nqlÚ;kP;k ’ksrkr jkcwu] xkokrhy dkes
d:u vkiY;k dqVqackpk mnjfuokZg djrks- eqGkr nfyr Eg.kwu ghu okx.kwd feGr vlysY;k
;k lektkrhy fL=;kauk vk.k[khup dBh.k ifjfLFkrhr txkos ykxrs- lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k
dknacjhrwu nfyr lekt vkf.k R;krhy fL=;k o vkbZ ;kaP;k ;k leL;kaps fp=.k dsysys vkgs-
ßlkekftd fo"kerk vkf.k vLi`’;rk ’kks"k.klRrsyk iks"kd gksrh Eg.kwu rh fVdfoyh
xsyh- fryk /kkfeZd vf/k"Bku izkIr d:u fnys xsys- laLd`rhph vkf.k fopkjkaph jpuk ;k
i)rhus ok<foyh xsyh vkf.k vLi`’;rsfo:)] fo"kersfo:) ts ts caM mHks jkfgys R;kyk
eksMhr dk<ys xsys-Þ 19 ;keqGsp nfyrkaP;k lkekftd fLFkrhr vktgh Qkj Qjd iMysyk
fnlr ukgh- laLd`rh vkf.k /kekZP;k ukok[kkyh gk vU;k; lq: vkgs- vxnh nfyrkP;k
lkoyhpkgh foVkG eku.;kbrdh vLi`’;rk vkrk ikGyh tkr ulyh rjh ;k izFksps lewG
mPpkVu >kysys ukgh] gsgh rso<sp [kjs vkgs-
v’kkp lkekftd fo"kersps fp=.k nsonRr gqlGs ;kauh ^/kqjih*e/;s dsys vkgs-
mPpo.khZ; fL=;kauk lektkr tks eku] bTtr o ?kjankti.kkph okx.kwd feGrs rh nfyr
fL=;kauk feGr ukgh- dknacjhrhy ^T;k lektkr R;kauh tUe ?ksryk gksrk R;k lektkr ek.kla
vkgsr] R;kaukgh eu vkgs- R;kaukgh ikfo«; gos vlrs- ;k xks"Vhapk brj lekt >ksiMiÍhrhy
fL=;kadMwu vis{kk djhr ukgh-* ¼^/kqjih*] i`- 25½ ;k dknacjhrhy foospukrwu lektkrhy
fL=;kacÌyph cgqtu lektkph ekufldrk Li"V gksrs-
vLi`’;kauk ghu eku.kkjk] R;kaph tkr gydh eku.kkjk lekt R;kauk xqykekizek.ks
okxorks- vkiY;k oklusP;k iqrhZlkBh ;k lektkrhy fL=;kaoj vR;kpkj djrks- rsOgk ek= ;k
nfyr L=hph tkr vkMoh ;sr ukgh- ;kp izdkjkyk ^/kqjih* cGh iMrs- frP;klkj[;k vusd
nfyr eqyh o fookfgr fL=;k mPpo.khZ; iq:"kkaP;k oklusph f’kdkj >kysY;k vkgsr- ^/kqjih* gh
R;kps izfrfuf/kRo djrs-
vLi`’; lektkojhy vusd ca/kukaiSdh ,d Eg.kts eafnj izos’kkojhy canh- nfyrkauk
eafnjkr tkÅu nsokps n’kZu ?ksrk ;sr ukgh- nsokyk foVkG gksrks vlk xSjlet vlY;keqGs vls
dsys tkrs- R;kauk eafnjkckgs:up nsokps n’kZu ?;kos ykxrs- izfrek baxksys ;kaP;k ^cq<kbZ* e/khy
vkbZ xksd.kkZ vLi`’; vkgs- ewy Ogkos Eg.kwu rh ikaMqjaxkyk uol djrs- ek= frus nso d/kh
273
ikfgysykp ukgh- ßvjs ! ra vkiyh tkr gydh uk;h dk; \ vkiqu i;ya pkaHkkj ! R;kua
vkiyk R;k yksdkbZys ckV Ogrs- eax E;k dk; dsya- ikVhycqokP;k ik;kleksj HkqbZojp MksDla
Vsdoya- R;kusp eys gqEcGk nkVwu vkyk-Þ¼^cksM[kh*] i`- 36½ gh xksd.kkZph O;Fkk vkgs-
xksd.kkZPk eqyxk ?kj lksMwu xsY;koj rks ijr ;kok Eg.kwu rh lR;ukjk;.k ?kkyrs - ek=
rh iwtk fryk czkã.kkP;k ?kjh djkoh ykxrs- dkj.k czkã.k vLi`’;kP;k ?kjh ;sÅu iwtk djhr
ukgh-
,danjhr nfyr lekt vkf.k R;krgh nfyr L=h ;kauk vktgh d’kk ifjfLFkrhyk lkeksjs
tkos ykxrs ;kps fp=.k xzkeh.k dknacjh djrs-
11-4- fo/kok vkbZ
irhP;k e`R;wuarj oS/kO; izkIr >kysY;k L=hyk lektkr nq¸;e okx.kwd feGrs- ^irh
gkp ijes’oj* gh let #< vlysY;k lektkr irhP;k fu/kukuarj R;kP;k ck;dksyk dks.krkp
lUeku feGr ukgh- f’k{k.kkP;k izlkjkeqGs ’kgjkarwu ;k izdkjkyk vkGk clr vlyk rjh
xzkeh.k Hkkxkr ek= gs fp= vtwugh Qkjls cnyysys ukgh- fo/kok ckbZps tx.ks Eg.kts
ujd;krukp vlrkr- ,dhdMs vusd ca/kus yknwu fryk i’kwlkj[ks tx.;kl Hkkx ikMys tkrs
rj nqljhdMs lektkrhy iq:"k frP;kdMs cqHkqf{kr utjsus ikgr vlrkr- ;k fL=;kauk iqufoZokg
dj.;kph bPNk vlyh rjh R;kr /kkfeZd o lkekftd izFkk ijaijkaps vMFkGs mHks dsys tkrkr-
rjhgh ,[kk|k L=hus iqufoZOkkg dj.;kps /kkMl dsysp rj lekt fryk iw.kZi.kkus Lohdkjhr
ukgh-
lkekftd ca/kukaeqGs iqUgk yXu dj.;kl ?kkcj.kkÚ;k vkbZps fp=.k ^jgkVikG.kk* ;k
dknacjhr igko;kl feGrs- eqyxh ygku vlrkukp uojk esysY;k vkbZyk eqyhP;k Hkfo";kph
fpark vlrs- R;keqGs rh nqljs yXu u djrk eqyhyk ok<ors- ek= frps yXu >kY;koj]
eqyhP;k tckcnkjhrwu eqDr >kY;koj vkrk vki.kkgh yXu djkos gh Hkkouk frP;k eukr ;srs -
r’kh ifjfLFkrh fuekZ.k >kY;kojgh lekt vkf.k eqykaph ;kyk laerh feGsy dk \ gk frP;kiq<s
iz’u iMrks- ßvkiqu nksxa Egksrwj djk;pa Eg.krks; [kja ij vkiqu Egksrwj dsysya vkiY;k
ysdjkauk vkoMay dk \Þ¼^jgkVikG.kk*] i`- 64½ gk iz’u fryk lrkorks- gk iz’u frP;kiq<s
mHkk jkgrks R;kekxs ijaijsus pkyr vkysY;k #<hpsp dkj.k vkgs-

274
 ^,sls dq.kch HkqikG* e/khy vkbZ uojk esY;kuarj dacjsyk inj [kkspwu lalkjkpk xkMk
vks<rs- eqykauk lkaHkkGrs] eksBs djrs- ek= ghp eqys eksBh >kY;koj bLVsVhP;k okV.kho:u
HkkaMk;yk ykxY;koj oS/kO;kr vk;q"; dk<ysyh vkbZ f>twu f>twu ejrs- ^>xMk* e/khy
Hkkekdkdwpk uojk esY;koj rh iq:"kh oklusph f’kdkj gksrs- nqcGîk HkkekdkdwP;k lalkjkph
jk[kjkaxksGh gksrs- ^vkiya xsya vku~ tx cqMkya* ¼^>xMk*] i`- 53½ v’kh frph xr gksrs- fo/kok
fL=;kauk vk/kkj ns.;k,soth lekt frP;kdMs oklusP;k utjsrwu ikgrks- rh R;kpk lkeuk djhr
txr jkfgyh rjh vusdnk iq:"kkaP;k jk{klh rkdnhiq<s frpk fuHkko ykxr ukgh- lekt vkf.k
dqVqackrhy vU;k; vlgî >kY;koj vusdnk ;k fo/kokauk vkRegR;spk ekxZ iRdjkok ykxrks-
ek= fdR;sdnk eqykckGkaP;k HkforO;kpk fopkj d:u fo/kok vkbZ lkjs vU;k; ipowu fueqVi.ks
txr jkgrs-
^va/kkj* ;k dknacjhrhy lklw vkf.k lwu nks?khgh ,su rk:.;kr fo/kok >kysY;k
vlrkr- HkkÅcankauk R;kaph ’ksrtehu fxGad`r djk;ph vlrs- ek= R;k nks?kh /khjkus ’ksrh
dlrkr- eqykauk eksBs djrkr- eqyxk eksBk >kY;koj ek= gs midkj foljrks vkf.k
iq:"kklkj[kk okxk;yk ykxrks- xzkeh.k vkbZyk vk;q";Hkj dq.kkrjh iq:"kkP;kp vk/kkjkus txkos
ykxrs- R;keqGs rh lrr ijkoyach vlysyh fnlrs- vk;q";Hkj oS/kO;kr txwu eksBk dsysyk
eqyxk eksBk >kY;koj vkbZP;kp pkfj«;koj la’k; ?ksrks- R;kosGh ß,dqyra ,d iksj- gkrkpk
ikG.kk d:u ;kyk lkaHkkGya- R;kP;klkBh dk; dsya ukgh- R;kP;kdMa c/kwu mHka vk;q";
tkGya-Þ ¼^va/kkj*] i`- 91½ vls mn`xkj dk<.kkjh vkbZ xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy iq:"kh eukso`Rrhph
cGh BjysY;k fo/kok ekrkaps izfrfuf/kRo djrkuk fnlrs-
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy fo/kok vkbZP;k thoukps n’kkorkj v’kkizdkjs xzkeh.k dknacjh fpf=r
djrs- rj nqljhdMs ^ikufuoGh* e/khy yrk nk:Mk o ,Ml~xzLr uojk esY;koj iqufookZg
djrs- iqjksxkeh fopkj xzkeh.k lektkr #tr vlY;kph uksangh xzkeh.k dknacjh ?ksrkuk fnlrs-
11-5- nsonklh vkbZ
fL=;kauk vusd lkekftd #<h o ca/kukauh t[kMwu Vkdysys vlrs- dkG cnyyk]
izxrh >kyh rjh v|ki vusd #<h o ijaijk fpoVi.ks rx /k:u vkgsr- lektkr fo/kok]
ifjrDR;k] ?kVLQksVhr fL=;kaP;k t’kk leL;k vkgsr] R;kis{kk Hk;kud fLFkrh nsonklhaph vkgs-
lektkr dsoG va/kJ)srwu fL=;kauk nsokyk lksMys tkrs- uol QsM.;kP;k ukok[kkyh v?kksjh
275
izFkk pkyr vkysyh vkgs- nsokP;k lsosr vk;q"; ?kky.kkÚ;k fL=;k Eg.kts lektkrhy
izfrf"BrkaP;k oklusP;k r`IrhlkBh dsysyh ,d lkekftd lks; vkgs- nsokyk lksMysY;k ;k
fL=;kauk yXu djrk ;sr ukgh- R;k vktUe vfookfgr jkgrkr- lalkj u djrk nsokph lsok
dj.ks o brj iq:"kkaph ’kkjhfjd Hkwd Hkkxfo.ks gsp R;kaps lafpr curs- yXu dj.;kph R;kauk
eqHkk ukgh ek= j[ksyh Eg.kwu jkg.;klkBh R;kauk izfrca/k ukgh- v’kk vuSfrd laca/kkrwu
tUeysyh nsonklhaph eqysgh vk;q";Hkj okVîkyk vkysys Hkksx Hkksxr txrkr-
^egkuank* dknacjhrhy egkuank gh v’khp ,dk nsokyk lksMysY;k dY;k.kh ;k nsonklhph
Eg.kts Hkkfo.khph eqyxh vkgs- Hkkfo.khph eqyxh Eg.kwu frykgh iq<s Hkkoh.k gks.ks ØeizkIr vkgs-
Eg.kts vk;q";Hkj vfookfgr jkgwu ,[kk|k [kksrkph j[ksy gks.ks] gsp frP;k uf’kckr vkgs -
^lektkua vkiY;k lq[kklkBh fuekZ.k dsysyh Hkkfo.khph laLFkk- R;kr cGh dY;k.khpk- frua
dsoG frph vkbZ Hkkoh.k Eg.kwu nsokyk okgwu ?;k;pa- Lor% yXu djk;pa ukgh- tks [kksr iSlk
nsbZy] lkaHkkG djhy] R;kP;k euklkj[ka vkf.k ygjhlkj[ka okxk;pa- iqUgk [kksrkiklwu >kysY;k
eqykauh [kksrkP;k eqykalkj[ka okxk;pa ukgh- Hkkfo.khP;k eqykalkj[ka okxk;pa- eqyhua yXu djk;pa
ukgh- nsokph pkdjh djk;ph- lkaHkkG djk;yk tks dks.kh ;sbZy R;kph okV c?kr !* ¼i`- 60½
v’kk ifjfLFkrhr egkuank yXu dj.;kpk fopkj djrs ek= frph vkbZp Dy`IR;k d:u frps
LoIu Hkax djrs- dksd.kklkj[;k xzkeh.k ifjljkps o ekufldrsps ;sFks n’kZu ?kMrs-
uol QsM.;kP;k ukok[kkyh ,su rk:.;kr vkysY;k eqyhyk nsonklh Eg.kwu lksMys
tkrs- R;keqGs yXu dj.;kP;k] lalkj dj.;kP;k] vkbZ gks.;kP;k R;k eqyhP;k bPNk nkcY;k
tkrkr- ;krhy dkgh eqyh ex okekexkZyk ykxrkr- vkbZ gks.;kph bPNk iw.kZ dj.;kpk iz;Ru
djrkr- ^bFks Qqykauk ej.k tUerk* ;k dknacjhrhy jek v’khp ,dk vkJekr lksMysyh
vlrs- fryk vkbZ gks.;kph izcG bPNk vlrs- ek= lkekftd ca/kukaeqGs rs ’kD; ulrs- rh
iz’u fopkjrs] ßdk ek>a yXu dsya ukgh lkax \ eyk lalkj djk;pk gksrk- rqeP;k eGîkrY;k
,[kknk jkstxkjh tjh xGîkr cka/kyk vlrk rjh eh vkuankus jkfgys vlrs R;kP;k cjkscj-Þ
¼^bFka Qqykauk ej.k tUerk*] i`- 116½
v[ksj yXu gksr ukgh EgVY;koj] ^jek vkiY;k eukph Hkwd Hkkxfo.;klkBh dq.kkykgh
toG djhr gksrh- {k.kdky R;k dSQkr lkÚ;k txkyk rqPN ys[khr gksrh- nsokpa Hkku yksiya
vkf.k nsgkpa Hkku mjya-* ¼^bFka Qqykauk ej.k tUerk*] i`- 110½ ;krwup fryk fnol tkrkr-
276
rh vkbZ gks.;kps Bjfors- ?kjkrwu o lektkrwu fojks/k gksrks- VkWfudP;k ukok[kkyh fryk xHkZ
ikM.;kps vkS"k/k fnys tkrs vkf.k R;krp rh ejrs- nsonklhP;k vk;q";kph gh QjiV lkBksRrjh
ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh okLroi.ks lektkleksj vk.krs-
11-6- jktdkj.kkrhy vkbZ
Hkkjrh; jkT;?kVusus yksd’kkgh jkT;O;oLFkk Lohdkjyh vlwu L=h&iq:"kkauk leku
vf/kdkj cgky dsys vkgsr- fL=;k loZ {ks=kr iq:"kkaP;k cjkscjhus loZ {ks=kr iq<s vkysY;k
fnlrkr- ek= xzkeh.k Hkkxkr gh lekurk lkbZLdj okijyh tkrs- jktdkj.kkr jk[kho tkxk
vkgsr Eg.kwu fL=;kauk ins fnyh tkrkr- rh nsrkukgh vkiY;k dqVqackrp jkgrhy ;kph n{krk
?ksryh tkrs- vusdnk bPNk ulrkuk fL=;kauk jktdkj.kkr iMkos ykxrs- lRrsoj vkY;kojgh
fryk eukizek.ks fu.kZ; ?ksrk ;sr ukghr- oMhy] irh fdaok eqykaP;k fu.kZ;kuqlkj fryk okxkos
ykxrs- frP;k lRrsph lkjh lw=s iq:"kkaP;k gkrkr vlrkr-
izk-MkW-?kkjs fyfgrkr] ß^Politics* ;kpk vFkZ izpfyr jktdkj.k vlk vlrks- vkiY;k
ns’kkiq<s l/;k pkyw ?kMhyk vkfFkZd] jktdh; o i{kh; leL;k dk; vkgsr] ,danj jktdh;
okrkoj.k dls vkgs gk iz’u fopkj.kkÚ;kaP;k eukr vlrks- rsOgk ;k Politics ;k ’kCnkyk
izpfyr jktdkj.k Eg.k.ksp ;qDr gksbZy-Þ 20 ;k izpfyr jktdkj.kkr [ksGY;k tk.kkÚ;k
Mmoiskpk ,d Hkkx Eg.kwu fL=;kauk cfq)cGkrhy I;k|kizek.ks okijys tkrs- gs okLro ejkBh
xzkeh.k dknacjhrwugh igko;kl feGrs-
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy d"V d:u mnjfuokZg dj.kkÚ;k dqVqackrhy L=hP;k okVîkyk tsOgk gs
jktdkj.k ;srs rsOgk R;k fL=;kauk dkekph eksdGhd fnyh tkr ukgh- dqVqackrgh jktdkj.k ;srs
vkf.k rh L=h nksUghdMwu gksjiGyh tkrs- ^>xMk* e/khy Hkkekdkdwyk dkghgh dYiuk u nsrk
frpk uojk frpk fuoM.kqdhpk vtZ Hkjrks- rh fuoMwu ;srs- ßEg.krsruk b?ua ;k;pa Egath
dkSaP;kch okVua ;sra-Þ vlsp ?kMrs vkf.k ßlksU;kokuh lolkjkyk igkrk igkr fHk:M ykxya -Þ
¼^>xMk*] i`- 14½ fuoMwu vkY;koj Hkkekdkdwyk xkokrhy izfrf"Br iq<kÚ;kaP;k rkykoj okxkos
ykxrs- fojks/k dsY;koj] ßrw dk; banjk xka/kh lethrh;k dk dk; lksrkyk \ banjkck;ykch
jktdkj.kkik;h ejkoa ykxya- Þ ¼^>xMk*] i`- 68½ Hkkekdkdwus jkthukek |kok Eg.kwu frP;koj
ncko vk.kyk tkrks- ßHkkeVs jkthukek nh- thop ekjhu rqyk--- Þ ¼^>xMk*] i`- 70½ vlk

277
ne fryk fnyk tkrks- v[ksj frP;k lalkjkph /kqG/kk.k gksrs- uojk ekjyk tkrks- ?kj tkGys
tkrs- frP;koj cykRdkj gksrks- dsoG eqykpk lkaHkkG dj.;klkBh Hkkekdkdw txr jkgrs-
^vkenkj lkSHkkX;orh* e/khy lqfe=k xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ,d dqVqacoRly vkbZ vkgs-
irhP;k lRrsP;k ykylsik;h o R;kP;k vkxzgk[kkrj rh jktdkj.kkr mrjrs o vkenkj gksrs- rh
jktdkj.kkr xqarrs o eqykaiklwu o dqVqackiklwu nwj gksrs- ek= xjt lairkp uojk fryk
jkthukek ns.;kl lkaxrks- ßuseD;k vkf.k Li"V ’kCnkr lkaxk;pa Eg.kts rw rkcMrksc
vkenkjdhpk jkthukek ns !Þ ¼^vkenkj lkSHkkX;orh*] i`- 85½ vls uojk lkaxrks- ek= lqfe=k
,sdr ukgh- ifj.kkeh ,d vkbZ Eg.kwu rh vi;’kh Bjrs-
^ikufuoGh* e/khy yrk uojk esY;kuarj nqljs yXu djrs- xkokr ljiap gksrs- ek=
frps opZLo lgu u >kysyk lkljkp frpk [kqu djrks- ,danjhr jktdkj.kkrhy fL=;k
fo’ks"kr% vkbZph gks.kkjh ijoM lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr okLron’khZ js[kkVysyh vkgs-
11-7- va/kJ)kGw vkbZ
xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy fL=;k o iq:"kkaph nsok /kekZoj J)k vlrs- R;krgh fL=;k tkLrp
J)kGw vlrkr] uOgs rj R;k va/kJ)kGw vlrkr- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy fL=;kaoj vlysY;k
ca/kukaeqGs R;kauk fu.kZ;Lokra«; ulrs- uouos Kku R;kaP;ki;Zar iksgkspr ukgh- R;k tqU;k
fopkjkauk fpVdwu jkgrkr- R;k J)spk vfrjsd >kyk dh fod`rh ok<wu R;kps #ikarj
va/kJ)sr gksrs- ßva/kJ)k Eg.kts vka/kGk fo’okl] Eg.kts dk;Zdkj.kHkko ekfgrh ulrk vFkok
rks letwu ?ks.;kph xjt u okVrk Bsoysyk fo’okl gks;-Þ 21 fdaok vlsgh Eg.krk ;srs dh]

ßts eqGkrp lR; ukgh R;koj fo’okl Bso.ks Eg.kts va/kJ)k gks;-Þ 22
J)seqGs ek.klkyk cG feGrs ek= tsOgk J)k foosd’kwU; gksÅu va/kJ)sr #ikarjhr
gksrs rsOgk rh ek.klkyk nqcGs cufors- va/kJ)k Bso.;kps izek.k iq:"kkaP;k rqyusr fL=;kar
tkLr vlrs- MkW- ujsanz nkHkksGdj Eg.krkr] ßcgqla[; fL=;k ;k lrr ekufld rk.kk[kkyh
vlrkr- uoÚ;kpa izse ul.ka] lklwpk NG] dqVqackr ekU;rk o izfr"Bk ;kapk vHkko] lklkfjd
folaokn] ySafxd vlek/kku ;ke/kwu mn~Hko.kkÚ;k rk.kkaeqGs L=hpa O;fDreRRo nqHkaxra- gs nqHkax.ks
dkgh fof’k"V dkGk’kh] LFkGk’kh] O;Drh’kh tksMysya vlra-Þ 23 v’kkizdkjs fL=;kae/;s vlysyh

278
va/kJ)k lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr js[kkVysyh vkgs- fo’ks"kr% vkbZ gks.;klkBh fdaok
vkbZ >kY;koj gs izek.k tkLr vk<Grs-
^xka/kkjh* dknacjhrhy f>i: lksukjkph ck;dks ewy gks.;klkBh v?kksjs mik; djrs -
^fxjtkckP;k ?kjkr f[kMdh’kh ckGafr.khph [kkV o dksoGa iksj gksra- R;kaP;k vaxkoj dksjh pksGh
isVowu Qsdwu fnyh- iksj gks.;klkBh frua gtkj HkkuxMh dsY;k- dks.;krjh xkoBh lk/kwua fryk
gk xq:ea= fnyk gksrk-* ¼^xka/kkjh*] i`- 67½
v’kkizdkjs ewy gks.;klkBh nsokyk uol dj.ks] cqokP;k uknh ykx.ks vls izdkj xzkeh.k
Hkkxkr ?kMrkr- R;kph fuoMd xzkeh.k dknacjhr dkgh o.kZus ;sFks fnyh vkgsr-
1½ ßnsokpk Hkxr cksykowu f?kVyk;- R;kpk xq.kch >VD;kr ;srks- eqGkua ukank;
vkysY;k gîk fd".khyk] dkosjhyk Hkxrkua R;kP;k Bk.kdkojya ukjG oVhr ?kkVyk- rqÖ;k ekxua
R;kLuh ysdja >kyh-Þ
¼^[kqGh*] i`- 35½
2½ ßfrykgh ex uoh vkl ykxyh- gîk nsoktoG tk] R;k nsoktoG tk vla d:
ykxyh- R;kr gîkpk lOok efguk] R;kpk mikl vla d:u FkdysY;k ’kjhj eukyk vf/kd
Fkdow ykxyh----- mrjR;k o;kr xksd.kkZyk ysd >kyh-Þ
¼^cq<kbZ*] i`- 22] 23½
3½ ßvkbZua vkpk;kZadMa inj iljyk vu~ Eg.kkyh] ^eyk ukr&ukrw dk;ch gksÅ ns -
i.k ek>k oa’k ok<o- ifgya gks.kkja ewy eh rqyk okghu-Þ
¼^bFks Qqykauk ej.k tUerk*] i`- 20½
14½ ßvkiyap dGrs yksdkbZys ! E;k eax ikVhycqokysp uol dsyk- eys iksjxk gwa ns
Eg.kwu-Þ
¼^cksM[kh*] i`- 36½
5½ ßckbZua tj MksD;koj gkr Bsoyk rj ewy gksra;] ukghrj ukgh- nsokyk QDr ukjG
Bsok- ckdh dkgh ukgh- rqEgkyk tj ikGh vkyh ukgh rj ewy vkgsp- R;kph dkGth ?;k-
ijarq] MkWDVjyk vftckr nk[kok;pa ukgh- xksGîk vkS"k/k ?;k;pa ukgh-Þ
¼^,sls dq.kch HkqikG*] i`- 347½

279
 ewy gks.;klkBh fL=;k va/kJ)syk d’kk cGh iMrkr gs ;k mnkgj.kko:u y{kkr ;srs -
;kf’kok;gh va/kJ)sps vusd izdkj xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vk<Grkr-
uoÚ;kP;k Nkrhr nq[kk;yk ykxY;koj ^>xMk* e/khy Hkkekdkdw pqyhrhy jk[k ?ksrs o
HkS:ckP;k ukokus R;kP;k dikGkyk ykors vkf.k] ßcfgjokMhyk tkÅu dksacMa dkihuÞ vlk
uol djrs- dkeko:u ;srkuk uoÚ;kyk fryk vusd osGk lki fnlrks- ,ds fno’kh ?kjkrp
lki fnlY;koj rh czkã.kkdMs tkrs- ßukxkph ’kkarh djkoh ykxua-Þ ¼^>xMk*] i`- 94½ vls
lkaxwu czkã.k iq<s pkanhpk ukx czkã.kkyk nku dj.;kpk vkf.k fiBkpk ukx ’ksrkr lksMwu
|k;pk lYyk nsrks- vls u dsY;kl eqykP;k ftokyk /kksdk vlY;kpsgh czkã.k Hkkekdkdwyk
lkaxrks-
ßHkksGîk J)kGw yksdkaP;k vKkukpk Qk;nk ?ksÅu R;kauk yqckMys tkrs] ukxfoys tkrs -
R;kaP;k fo:) o vls va/kJ)k fo/kh dj.kkÚ;k cqokcktkfo:)gh dk;|kus dBksj cMxk
mpy.;kph ghp osG vkgs- rsOgk ’kklukpk gk iz;Ru LrqR; o LokxrkgZ EgVyk ikfgts-Þ 24
rFkkfi] vlk dk;nk >kyk vlyk rjh lektizcks/kukf’kok; lektkrhy va/kJ)k nwj gks.ks
vo?kM vkgs-
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr va/kJ)kGw vkbZph vusd mnkgj.ks fnlr vlyh
rjh va/kJ)syk fojks/k dj.kkjh rqjGd mnkgj.ksgh fnlrkr- ^[kqGh* ;k dknacjhrhy Hkkjtk
tsOgk vkiyh lwu eSukyk ewy gks.;klkBh HkxrkdMs tk.;kpk vkxzg djrs rsOgk rh R;koj
fo’okl ulY;kps lkaxwu R;kyk fojks/k djrs- v’kk dkgh vk’kkoknh fp=.kkpsgh Lokxr djk;yk
gos-
11-8- eqykauk f’kf{kr o uksdjnkj dj.kkjh vkbZ
f’k{k.k gs lq/kkj.ksps ewG vkgs- izxrhps lk/ku o izos’k}kj vkgs- fL=;kauk f’k{k.k ns.ks
Eg.kts dqVqackyk izdk’kkP;k okVsoj tk.;kl izo`Rr dj.;klkj[ks vkgs- f’k{k.kkf’kok; o R;kps
egRRo fL=;kauk dGkY;kf’kok; xzkeh.k fL=;kaph iq:"kkaP;k tkpkrwu vkf.k #<h] ijaijkarwu
lqVdk gksr ukgh- xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nqljh fi<h f’k{k.k ?ksÅu uksdjh d: ykxyh- uarjPk
dkGkr xkoki;Zar f’k{k.kkph xaxk vkY;koj eqyhgh f’kdw ykxY;k- R;krwu f’kdysY;k fdaok uksdjh

280
d: ykxysY;k ;k fi<hrhy eqys ?kjkrhy nkfjnzîkrwu ckgsj iM.;klkBh iz;Ru d: ykxys- ;kps
n’kZu xzkeh.k dknacjhr igko;kl feGrs-
’ksrkr d"V d:u tsOgk dkghp fidr ukgh rsOgk ^jku[kGxh* e/khy vkbZ vkiY;k
eqykyk uksdjh ykxkoh Eg.kwu uol djrs o uksdjh ykxY;koj uoj QsMrsgh- ßcja >kya HkÅ]
nsok [kaMqckjk;k ! vkt ekT;k ;sMîk xckGhpa xkÚgk.ka vk;dya- vkrk eksÚgY;kp vkbZrokjh
rqta uolkpa tkxj.k ?kkyhu-Þ ¼^jku[kGxh*] i`- 06½ ^vla tx.ka rksykpa* e/khy vkbZyk
vkiY;k eqykus f’kdkos vls okVrs- ßuf’kckua xkokrp pkaxya pkSFkh ikrksj dk Og;uk ’kkGk
>kyh;k- vkt vkiys jkolkc gsoMs [kÍs [kkÅu f’kdys euwu fpt >kya dk \ R;saP;k uknkua
f’kdya rj gsua ch----Þ ¼^vla tx.ka rksykpa*] i`- 222½
^vkiqykfp okn* e/khy vkbZ uoÚ;kP;k gsds[kksj LoHkkokyk daVkGyh vkgs- rjhgh eqykus
f’kdkos o uksdjh dj.;klkBh rh iz;Ru djrs- ^’kkGk vkf.k ekrh* e/khy vkbZ dksaMkdkdh
eqyxk f’kdwu eksBk gks.;kps LoIu ikgrs- ßlkxj eksBk gq’kkj- fgaerhua f’kdyk gksrk vkf.k
R;klkBh iksVkyk nkoa cka/kwu v..kk vkf.k dksaMkdkdhuh R;kP;k f’k{k.kkyk iSlk iqjoyk gksrk-
vkiyk eqyxk f’kdwu lkgsc gks.kkj vkf.k ,d uk ,d fnol vkiya ikax QsM.kkj ;k
fnokLoIukeqGs R;kauk iM.kkÚ;k d"Vkapa dkghp okVr uOgra-Þ ¼^vkiqykfp okn*] i`- 04½
^cksM[kh* ;k dknacjhrhy vkbZyk vkiY;k eqykus vH;kl djkok] ’kkGk f’kdkoh] vls
okVrs- f’k{k.kkeqGs ?kjknkjkpk fodkl gksrks- uksdjh dj.kkÚ;kps vk;q"; fLFkjkors- gh vk/kqfud
fopkjlj.kh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkbZP;kgh eukr #tr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs-
v’kkizdkjs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy vkbZph gh fofo/k #is lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr
vusd ys[kdkauh js[kkVysyh vlwu R;krwu xzkethoukps okLro fp=.k >kysys vuqHkokl ;srs-
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr xzkeh.k ek.kwl] xzkeh.k lekt vkf.k laLd`rh] ’ksrdjh]
’ksretwj] xzkeh.k d"Vdjh fL=;k] R;kps tx.ks] Hkksx.ks] vkbZP;k eukph ?kkyesy ;k lokZaps
izHkkoh vkf.k okLro fp=.k djrs- ;krwu xzkelaLd`rh vkf.k frP;krhy cny] ;k
laØe.kkoLFksrhy vkbZph Hkwfedk ;kojgh izdk’k iMrks-
12- lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhph Hkkf"kd oSf’k"Vîs
ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhus vusd fLFkR;arjs ikfgyh vkgsr- b-l- 1960 uarj
dknacjhP;k fo"k;kr] Hkk"ksr] O;fDrjs[kkr] dFkkudkr vkf.k vk’k;kr vusd cny gksr xsys-
281
ys[kuklkBh izek.kHkk"kk vkf.k cksyhHkk"kk ;kapk okij gksÅ ykxyk- vusd ys[kd vkikiY;k
izns’kkrhy Hkk"kk vkf.k O;fDrjs[kkapk vkfo"dkj dknacjhr d: ykxys- fuoMd ejkBh xzkeh.k
dknacÚ;krhy ;k Hkkf"kd oSf’k"Vîkapk fopkj ;sFks dsyk vkgs-
12-1- xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy Hkkf"kd fofo/krk
yfyr dykd`rhr vfHkO;Drhps lk/ku vkf.k ek/;e Hkk"kk vlrs- vkiys fopkj]
vuqHko lkfgR;kr ekaM.;klkBh ys[kd Hkk"kspk okij djrks- dknacjhrwugh ys[kd Hkk"ks}kjsp
O;Dr gksr vlrks- ek= izR;sdosGh dknacjhdkj Hkk"ksrwu ifjiw.kZfjR;k O;Dr gksbZyp vls ulrs-
dkgh osGk rks vO;Drp jkgrks- MkW-egsanz dne fyfgrkr] ßHkk"kk lgt miyC/k vlY;keqGs
frps osxGsi.k y{kkr ;sr ulys rjh xguxHkZ] lksyho vlk vfLrRofo"k;d ,[kknk vuqHko
tsOgk Hkk"ksP;k fpeVhr idMrk ;sr ukgh rsOgk dk; voLFkk gksrs ;kpk vusd ys[kdkauk vuqHko
vlrks- rs {k.k ’kCnc) djrk ;sr ukghr- rsOgkp Hkk"ksps egRRo vkf.k e;kZnk BGd gksrkr-
vkiys Eg.k.ks ifjiw.kZfjR;k Hkk"ksr ekaMrk ;sr ukgh ;kps Hkku vusdkauk vlrs -Þ 25 v’kkosGh
dknacjhdkj dknacjhe/ks Hkkf"kd oSfo/;kpk voyac djrks- fuosnukph Hkk"kk] laoknkph Hkk"kk]
ik=kP;k rksaMph Hkk"kk v’kh Hkk"ksph fofo/k #is ok:u dknacjhdkj dknacjhyk ykfyR;iw.kZ djhr
vlrks-
12-2- lkfgR;kps lkeF;Z ok<fo.kkjh xzkeh.k Hkk"kk
O;Drh&O;Drhae/khy laoknklkBh Hkk"ksps mi;kstu gksrs- lans’kkph nsok.k?ksok.k gs Hkk"ksps
eq[; dk;Z vkgs- lkfgR;kph fufeZrh] vkdyu] vkLokn gh dk;sZgh Hkk"ksP;k ek/;ekrwup
?kMrkr- izHkkdj ekaMs fyfgrkr dh] ßekuoh izxrhyk gkrHkkj yko.kkjh Hkk"kk loZJs"B lkekftd
laLFkk Eg.kwu ekU;rk ikoyh vkgs-Þ 26 Hkk"ksP;k ;ksX; okijkrwup lkfgR;d`rhph ekSfydrk
ok<rs- vkiys vuqHko vkf.k dYiusyk ’kCn#i ns.;kps lkeF;Z dsoG Hkk"ksrp vlrs- ;k
Hkk"ksP;k lkeF;kZpk mi;ksx lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhr dsysyk fnlwu ;srks-
12-3- izns’kfu"B Hkk"kspk izHkkoh okij
b-l- 1970 rs 75 i;Zarph ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh ikfgY;kl y{kkr ;srs dh ;krwu
fuosnuklkBh izek.k ejkBh Hkk"kk vkf.k laoknklkBh cksyhHkk"kk okijyh tkr vls - uarjP;k
dkGkr fuosnu vkf.k laokn ;k nksUghalkBh cksyhHkk"kk okijyh tkÅ ykxyh-
282
 ejkBhrhy xzkeh.k dknacjhdkj gs fofo/k izns’kkrhy vkgsr- R;k R;k izns’kkr cksyyh
tk.kkjh cksyhHkk"kkgh fHkUu fHkUu vkgs- ejkBokMk] [kkuns’k] dksd.k ;k Hkkxkrhy cksyhHkk"ksr
Qjd vkgs- dksYgkiwj] lksykiwj] vgenuxj ;k Hkkxkrhy cksyhHkk"ksrgh cjsp osxGsi.k vkgs -
R;keqGs xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu gh Hkk"ksph izns’kfu"B oSf’k"Vîs y{kkr ;srkr- xzkeh.k dknacjhrwu
lkdkj >kysY;k xzkeh.k vkbZP;k O;fDrjs[kk R;k R;k izns’kkrhy cksyhHkk"ksps izfrfuf/kRo djrkuk
vk<Grkr- dkSfrd] ikjcrh] nkjdh] Hkkch] t;oark] xksd.kkZ ;k vkbZP;k O;fDrjs[kkaP;k rksaMph
Hkk"kk fonHkZ] ejkBokMk] oÚgkM] lkrkjk] dksYgkiwj] lkrkjk] vgenuxj v’kk izns’kkrhy v’kk
fofo/k izns’kkr cksyyh tk.kkjh Hkk"kk vkgs- ;k izknsf’kd Hkk"ksP;k vkfo"dkjkeqGs vfydMph
ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh R;k R;k izns’kkrhy ekrhpk xa/k ?ksÅu vorjrs-
12-4- xzkeh.k okLro ekaM.kkjh Hkk"kk
lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy Hkk"ksr oSfo/; vkgs- ik=kaP;k laoknkr Eg.kh] okDizpkjkapk
usedk okij dknacjhdkj djhr vkgsr- dkO;kRe ’kSyh o dkykuq:i yksi ikor pkyysys xzkeh.k
’kCn okpdkauk HkqjG ?kkyrkr- L=h&iq:"k laokn] fL=;kae/khy laokn] iq:"kkae/khy laokn ;krwu
xzkethoukps vuks[ks n’kZu ?kMrs-
lkBksRrjh dky[kaMkrhy xzkeh.k ys[kd ;kp Hkkxkrwu okLrO;kl vlysys] xzkethou
izR;{k txysys vkgsr- R;keqGs R;kaps gs vuqHko ljG okLrokyk fHkMrkr- dqBsgh d`f=ei.kk ;sr
ukgh- ukVdh o dsoG eukyk Hkko.kkjs ys[ku dj.;kis{kk dykRedfjR;k okLrokpk izR;;
ns.;kpk iz;Ru ;k dknacjhdkjkauh dsysyk vkgs- R;keqGsp ’ksrdÚ;kaP;k nq%[kkoj] fL=;kaP;k
?kqleVhoj gs ys[kd izdk’k Vkdrkuk fnlrkr-
vfydMP;k dknacjhlanHkkZr er O;Dr djrkuk pand
z kar ckafnoMsdj Eg.krkr] ßizse
vkf.k fookg ;kaP;k vklikl ?kqVeG.kkjh ejkBh dknacjh thoukP;k brj {ks=kr tk.;kpk iz;Ru
d: ykxyh- Hkk"kk’kSyhrys d`f=e uVosi.k fdaok ykfyR; deh gksÅ ykxys- vk’k;fu"Brk ;sÅ
ykxyh- #fpoSfp«; Eg.kwu [ksMsxkokr u tkrk okLrokP;k vusd ?kjkaph ikg.kh dj.;klkBh
Eg.kwu dknacjh [ksMîkr xYyhcksGkr tkÅ ykxyh-Þ 27 ,danjhr lkBksRrjh xzkeh.k dknacjh
xzkeh.k okLro ekaM.kkjh vkgs-

283
12-5- Hkk"ks}kjs xzkeh.k LoHkkon’kZu
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh dknacjhdkj xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy okrkoj.k] xzkelaLd`rh
;kaP;klkscrp ’ksrhdke] fofo/k #<h] ijaijk ;kaps fp=.k djrkr- fL=;kaps okx.ks] cksy.ks ;kph
izHkkoh ekaM.kh xzkeh.k dknacjhr igko;kl feGrs- xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy fpf=r >kysyh vkbZ gh
fofo/k izns’kkrhy vkgs- R;keqGs R;k R;k izns’kkrhy ek.klkaps LoHkkon’kZu] fL=;kaP;k LoHkkokrhy
ckjdkos] R;k izns’kkrhy pkyhjhrh] izns’kfu"B osxGsi.k vkf.k R;krwu fL=;kapk ?kM.kkjk LoHkko
;kapsgh n’kZu ;k dknacjhrwu ?kMrs-
12-6- xzkeh.k dknacjh % xzkeh.k thouizsj.kspk vkfo"dkj
xzkeh.k lkfgR; fo’ks"kr% xzkeh.k dknacjh yksdfiz; gks.;kekxs R;ke/khy xzkeh.k Hkk"kspk
okij gsp egRRokps dkj.k vkgs- ;keqGs xzkeh.k dknacjh xzkeh.k okpdka,o<hp ’kgjkarhy
okpdkrgh yksdfiz; Bjyh vkgs- fdaok ukxj lkfgR;kis{kkgh xzkeh.k lkfgR; okp.;kps izek.k
ok<ys vkgs] vls Eg.k.;kl gjdr ukgh-
xzkeh.k dknacjh xzkeh.k fL=;kaps nq%[k ekaM.;klkscr xzkeh.k vkbZps dk;Zdr`ZRo ekaMrs-
lrr iq:"kkaP;k opZLok[kkyh ncysyh xzkeh.k vkbZ R;krwu ekxZ dk<hr dqVqac lkaHkkGrs - gs
vuqHko xzkeh.k dknacjh ekaMr vkyh vkgs- ßxzkeh.k ok³~e; Eg.kts vuqHkqrhP;k vifjgk;Z
vkfo"dkjkrwu vkdkjkl vkysys thou gks;-Þ 28 vls MkW- vkuan ;kno Eg.krkr] rs ;k
lkfgR;kps osxGsi.k vkf.k egRRo fo’kn dj.kkjs vkgs-
lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhrhy vkbZps fp=.k vkiY;k Hkkf"kd lkeF;kZeqGs o
vk’k;xHkZ vuqHkofo’okeqGs dykRed gks.;kcjkscjp okLrokP;k ikrGhojgh okpdkauk vareqZ[k
dj.;kl l{ke Bjys vkgs-
13- fu"d"kZ
1½ fuoMd lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacÚ;krhy vkbZP;k O;fDrjs[kkaps lkekftd]
dkSVqafcd vaxkus vkf.k dky[kaMkuqlkj oSf’k"Vîs vH;klY;kuarj vkbZP;k Hkwfedsyk cgqrka’k loZp
ys[kd U;k; nsrkuk fnlrkr-
2½ b-l- 1960 uarj fyfgyh xsysyh xzkeh.k ejkBh dknacjh fL=;kaP;k vkf.k R;k
vuq"kaxkus vkbZP;k okVîkyk vkysys nq%[kHkksx ekaMrkuk fnlrs- vkbZps dqVqackrhy LFkku] frps

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d"V] frph /kMiM vkf.k rjhgh frph gks.kkjh vogsyuk gh dknacjh izHkkohi.ks ekaMrs - fo’ks"kr%
MkW- vkuan ;knokaP;k vkReij dknacÚ;karwu ;kpk izR;; ;srks-
3½ dqVqackrhy lnL;] fo’ks"kr% vkiY;k ysdjkaP;k vUu] oL= vkf.k fuokjk ;k ewyHkwr
xjtk Hkkx.;klkBh xzkeh.k vkbZ izfrdwy ifjfLFkrh’kh >xMrs- ?kjkr vkf.k ’ksrkr jkcrkuk
Lor%ph lq[knq%[ks] o vkjksX; ;kdMs frps y{k jkgr ukgh- thoukP;k v[ksjP;k ’oklki;Zar rh
QDr vkiY;k ysdjkapkp fopkj djrs-
4½ xzkeh.k Hkkxkr vfydMs HkkSfrd lqfo/kk feGw ykxY;k vkgsr- yksd izxrh djrkgsr-
ek= xzkeh.k ekufldrk Qkj’kh cnyysyh ukgh- xzkeh.k fL=;kauk dqVqackrhy tkpkyk lkeksjs
tkosp ykxrs vkgs- uoÚ;kpk tkp] lklwpk lklqjokl ;krwu gks.kkjk ’kkjhfjd o ekufld NG
dkgh deh >kysyk ukgh- R;kyk /khjkus rksaM nsr xzkeh.k vkbZ dqVqacklkBh jkcrkuk fnlrs-
5½ uoÚ;kph O;lukf/kurk] dkepqdkji.kk] ?kjkrhy nkfjnzî] miklekj] csdkjh ;keqGs
xzkeh.k vkbZ lrr r.kkok[kkyh jkgrs- vfr’k; d"Vkrwu lkaHkkGysyh o ok<oysyh eqysgh
d/khd/kh frP;k d"Vkpk vkf.k R;kxkpk folj iMwu frP;k’kh oSjHkkokus okxrkr- Hkzefujkl
>kysyh gh vkbZ ex vk;q";kP;k v[ksjhl [kpysyh igko;kl feGrs-
6½ gqaMkcGh] oS/kO;] oka>i.kk] lektkdMwu o dqVqackrwu gks.kkjs vR;kpkj] cykRdkj]
v’kk vusd lkekftd leL;k xzkeh.k vkbZiq<s mH;k jkgrkr- vusdnk csdkjh] lalkjkr jl
ul.ks] vktkji.k ;krwu lqVdk d:u ?ks.;klkBh cki ?kj lksMwu ijkaxnk gksrks - ek= vkiY;k
ysdjkaP;k okÚ;koj lksMwu xzkeh.k vkbZ d/kh iG dk<r ukgh- rh ifjfLFkrh’kh >xMr eqykaps
laxksiu djrs-
7½ f’k{k.kkP;k izlkjkeqGs xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy eqyh f’kdw ykxY;k] uksdjh d: ykxY;k- gs
izek.k vfydMs ok<r ok<r vkgs- iwohZP;k dkGkr ?kj vkf.k ’ksrhdke v’kk nksu vk?kkMîkaoj
y<.kkjh xzkeh.k vkbZ vkrk ?kj vkf.k uksdjh ;k nksu vk?kkMîkaoj y<rkuk fnlrs - Eg.ktsp
dk;Z{ks= cnyys rjh frps ^pwy vkf.k ewy* dkgh lqVysys ukgh- myV vkrk frph tckcnkjh
vk.k[kh ok<ysyh vkgs-
8½ dqekjh ekrk gh ,d osxGhp leL;k vkgs- lkscrp nsonklhlkj[;k izFkkgh ewG
/k:u vkgsr- ;krwu ;k fL=;kaP;k ekr`Rokps o R;kauh tUe fnysY;k eqykaps osxGsp iz’u mHks
jkgrkr- ekr`Ro gs L=hyk ykHkysys uSlfxZd ojnku vlys rjh R;kpk ykHk ?ks.;kpk gDd
285
dqekjh ekrkauk laLd`rhP;k ukok[kkyh ukdkjyk tkrks- nsonklhaP;k eqykauk o eqyhauk vk;q";Hkj
ujd;kruk HkksxkO;k ykxrkr-
9½ lekt gk HkY;kcqÚ;k ek.klkapk lewg vlrks- R;kr loZp ek.kls pkaxyh vl.ks
v’kD; vlrs- xzkeh.k vkbZps fp=.k djrkuk ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh v’kk dkgh okV pqdysY;k
vkbZpsgh fp=.k djrs- vuSfrd okx.kkjh] eqykaP;k fgrkdMs nqyZ{k dj.kkjh] iS’kkP;k gO;klkiksVh
eqykaP;k HkforO;kpk cGh ns.kkjh] eqyhauk okeekxkZoj tk.;kl izo`Rr dj.kkjh vkbZgh vHkkokus
dk gksbZuk lektkr vk<Grs- lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjhus v’kk vkbZpsgh fp=.k d:u
;k lkekftd O;axkojgh cksV Bsoysys vkgs-
10½ xzekh.k vkbZ dqVqacoRly vkgs- rh vkiys ?kj vkf.k ifjlj ;kaP;k’kh ukrs Bsors-
eqykckGkaP;k HkY;klkBh rh Lor%P;k fgrkpk fopkjgh djhr ukgh- rh HkksGhHkkcMh] lgu’khy]
va/kJ)kGw vkgs- rh vf’kf{kr vlks dh lqf’kf{kr frps ekr`Ro deh gksr ukgh-
11½ fuoMd lkBksRrjh ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy ;k vkbZps vls
lokZaxh.k fp=.k djrs- frph lq[knq%[ks] O;Fkk] osnuk] leL;k ekaMrkukp gh dknacjh ekrsph
egkurk o mnkRrrkgh izHkkohi.ks ekaMrs-

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14- lanHkZ Vhik
1½ ikVs lqeu] ^lkekftd leL;k*] fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj] twu 1991] i`- 02-
2½ Bkdwj johanz] ^ejkBh xzkeh.k dknacjh*] esgrk ifCyf’kax gkÅl] iq.ks] 30 uksOgsa-
1993] i`- 109-
3½ Hkkslys ,l-,l-] ^izhrhHkkouk % izsj.kk vkf.k Lo#i*] jaftr izdk’ku] dksYgkiwj]
1981] i`- 46-
4½ tks’kh ch-vkj-] ^lkekftd ’kkL=krhy laKk fl)karkpk dks’k*] jkT;’kkL=*] Mk;eaM
ifCyds’kUl] iq.ks] tkus- 2007] i`- 306-
5½ lkGqa[ks vk-g-] ^fganw laLd`rh vkf.k L=h*] L=h mokp] eqacbZ] fMlsa- 1989] i`-
67-
6½ nqcs ’;kepj.k] ^Hkkjrh; lekt] uW’kuy cqd Vª"V bafM;k] ikpoh vko`Rrh] 2012]
i`- 60-
7½ eWdk;Ogj ist] ^Hkkjrh; lekt*] ;-p-e-eq-fo|kihB] ukf’kd] iqLrd frljs]
i`- 22-
8½ lar nq-dk-] ^ejkBh L=h*] dksYgkiwj] ,fizy 1957] i`- 07-
9½ mik/;s ckcqjko] ^vkuan ;kno ;kaP;k vkReij ys[kukrhy L=h O;fDrjs[kk*]
vizdkf’kr ih,p-Mh- izca/k] iq.ks fo|kihB] iq.ks] 2001] i`- 413-
10½ [kkanos ,dukFk] ^Hkkjrkrhy lkkeftd pGoGh*] lDlsl ifCyds’kUl] iq.ks] ,fizy
2015] i`- 08] 09-
11½ lar nq-dk- ^L=hthou vUo; vkf.k vFkZ*] dksYgkiwj] vkWxLV 1976]
i`- 32] 33-
12½ dosZ bjkorh] ^Hkkjrh; lekt*] mfu-
13½ nslkbZ vk;-ih-] r=So-
14½ vkxykos iznhi] ^xzkeh.k vkf.k ukxjh lekt’kkL=*] lkbZukFk izdk’ku] ukxiwj]
lIVsa 2002] i`- 89-
15½ xksysZ f’kojkt o jkoGsdj t;Jh] ^L=h fo:) iq:"k \*] jktgal izdk’ku] iq.ks]
vkWDVks- 2007] i`- 08-
287
16½ Lokeh foosdkuan] ^Hkkjrh; ukjh*] jked`".k eB] ukxiwj] uooh vko`Rrh] 1995]
i`- 05-
17½ dkGnkrs lq/kk] ^Hkkjrkrhy lkekftd leL;k*] fiaiGkiqjs v¡M daiuh ifCy’klZ]
ukxiwj] tqyS 1998] i`- 104-
18½ lkui fd’kksj] ^ejkBh dknacjh % uoh fn’kk*] fueZy izdk’ku] ukansM] 2005]
i`- 130-
19½ uaniqjs bZ’oj] ^lkfgR; % xzkeh.k vkf.k nfyr*] ¼MkW- enu dqyd.khZ xkSjoxzaFk½]
fot; izdk’ku] 2002] i`- 185-
20½ ?kkjs ik-Jh-] ^jkT;’kkL= ¼fl)kar vkf.k jkT;;a=.kk½*] fo|kFkhZ x`g izdk’ku] iq.ks]
iqueqZnz.k 26 fMlsa 1972] i`- 03-
21½ nkHkksGdj ujsanz] ^Hkze vkf.k fujkl*] iq.ks] 1985] i`- 21-
22½ ekuo ’;ke] ^oknG va/kJ)sps*] eqacbZ] 1990] i`- 16-
23½ nkHkksGdj ujsanz] ^J)k va/kJ)k*] iq.ks] vkWxLV 1996] i`- 94] 95-
24½ eksdk’kh e/kqdj] ^ys[kksifu"kn*] Lusgo/kZu izdk’ku] iq.ks] 30 twu 2007]
i`- 189-
25½ dne egsanz] ^xzkeh.k lkfgR; vkf.k okLro*] ¼laik-½ baxksys d`".kk] Lusgo/kZu
izdk’ku] iq.ks] 2011] i`- 254-
26½ ekaMs izHkkdj] ^yksdlkfgR;kps Lo#i*] ifjey izdk’ku] vkSjaxkckn] 1978]
i`- 18-
27½ ckafnoMsdj panzdkar] ^ejkBh dknacjh % fparu vkf.k leh{kk*] esgrk ifCyf’kax
gkÅl] iq.ks] f}rh; vko`Rrh] 1996] i`- 35-
28½ ;kno vkuan] ^xzkeh.krk % lkfgR; vkf.k okLro*] esgrk ifCyf’kax gkÅl] iq.ks]
1991] i`- 73-

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