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    Cryopreservation: Background/History

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    Cryopreservation is a process that preserves living cells and tissues at low temperatures to prevent damage and loss of genetic diversity. In 1949, Polge discovered that glycerol allows living cells to survive freezing. There are two main methods - slow freezing and vitrification. Slow freezing slowly cools cells below freezing while vitrification rapidly freezes in a highly concentrated solution to prevent ice formation. Cryopreservation has many applications, including preserving sperm and embryos for infertility treatment, and storing stem cells, liver cells, and ovarian tissue for future medical use.

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    Cryopreservation: Background/History

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    senior high
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    Cryopreservation is a process that preserves living cells and tissues at low temperatures to prevent damage and loss of genetic diversity. In 1949, Polge discovered that glycerol allows living cells to survive freezing. There are two main methods - slow freezing and vitrification. Slow freezing slowly cools cells below freezing while vitrification rapidly freezes in a highly concentrated solution to prevent ice formation. Cryopreservation has many applications, including preserving sperm and embryos for infertility treatment, and storing stem cells, liver cells, and ovarian tissue for future medical use.

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    Cryopreservation

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    Cryopreservation is a process that preserves living cells and tissues at low temperatures to prevent damage and loss of genetic diversity. In 1949, Polge discovered that glycerol allows living cells to survive freezing. There are two main methods - slow freezing and vitrification. Slow freezing slowly cools cells below freezing while vitrification rapidly freezes in a highly concentrated solution to prevent ice formation. Cryopreservation has many applications, including preserving sperm and embryos for infertility treatment, and storing stem cells, liver cells, and ovarian tissue for future medical use.

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    17 views3 pages

    Cryopreservation: Background/History

    Uploaded by

    senior high
    Cryopreservation is a process that preserves living cells and tissues at low temperatures to prevent damage and loss of genetic diversity. In 1949, Polge discovered that glycerol allows living cells to survive freezing. There are two main methods - slow freezing and vitrification. Slow freezing slowly cools cells below freezing while vitrification rapidly freezes in a highly concentrated solution to prevent ice formation. Cryopreservation has many applications, including preserving sperm and embryos for infertility treatment, and storing stem cells, liver cells, and ovarian tissue for future medical use.

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    CRYOPRESERVATION

    Background/History:
    Cryopreservation also known as cryoconservation is a process wherein cells, tissues,
    organs and many more that relates to other biological constructs that are susceptible to damage
    unregulated reaction kinetics are being preserved at a low enough temperature that is suitable for
    the biological material not to cause further damage. The intention of cryopreservation is to
    preserve structurally intact living cells and tissues for a long period of time to prevent the loss of
    genetic diversity.
    In 1949, an English biologist namely Ernest John Christopher Polge, was the first to solve
    the mystery of how to preserve living cells and tissues at very low temperatures. One of the most
    important early theoreticians that uses cryopreservation was James Lovelock in 1953. In the mid-
    1950’s he experimented the rodents using cryopreservation, discovering that hamsters could be
    frozen by 60% of the water in the brain crystallized into ice with no adverse effects on the other
    hand, other organs were unfortunately susceptible to damage.
    Cryopreservation was applied to humans beginning in 1954 with three pregnancies
    resulting from the insemination of previously frozen sperm. Fowl sperm was cryopreserved in
    1957 by a team of scientists in the UK directed by Christopher Polge.

    Cryopreservaion Freezing Methods:


    Many methods have been developed for various types of cells, tissues and organs due to
    an unanticipated discovery by Polge and co-workers of the cryoprotective effect of glycerol. The
    progression in the field has come from empirical work as well as from fundamental cryobiology
    and due to more in-depth understanding of the causes of cryo-injury the cryopreservation
    methods continuously improved over time. The most commonly used methods that would
    prevent cryopreservation damages are a well established combination of controlled rate and slow
    freezing and a newer flash-freezing process known as vitrification. These are quite different
    methods, but relate to the same physico-chemical relationships. The difference between the two
    main methods will be explained further:

     Slow Freezing
    Cells in slow-freezing are to be cooled below freezing point. At some stage, ice
    masses containing pure crystalline water will form and what remains between the growing ice
    masses is the so-called unfrozen fraction. Slow cooling is needed in order to allow sufficient
    efflux of water to minimize the chance of intracellular ice formation. As cooling continues, the
    viscosity of the unfrozen fraction ultimately becomes too high for any further crystallization. The
    remaining unfrozen fraction turns into an amorphous solid that contains no ice crystals.
     Virtrification
    Virtrification also known as flash-freezing process is the transformation of a
    substance into a glass, that is to say a non-crystalline amorphous solid. According to this
    definition,cells that are properly slow frozen become “vitrified”. Vitrification methods involve
    the use of a medium that has a very high solute concentration to begin with. Thus, ice cannot
    form in any part of the sample. As no ice forms, cooling does not have to be slow. In fact, it may
    be beneficial to cool very rapidly. The vitrified state and the associated physico-chemical
    conditions obtained using vitrification methods, are to some extent similar to those obtained by
    slow cooling, but the way of reaching this point is quite different.

    Application fields of Cryopreservation:


    According to Yusuf Bozkurt (2018), In human medicine, cryopreservation has gained its
    importance when its usage in infertility treatment was realized. Since then, gamete
    cryopreservation has been developed to solve fertility problems in this field . In the field of
    cryopreservation, sperm was the first reproductive cell to be successfully frozen and still remains
    the easiest to freeze because of containing low amounts of cytoplasm and consequently low
    quantity of water. Sperm and semen can be used almost indefinitely after proper
    cryopreservation. Overall, cryopreservation can be used as a first-line means of preserving
    fertility for men undergoing vasectomy or treatments that may compromise their fertility, such as
    chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery.
    The first case of embryo cryopreservation for fertility preservation took place in 1996,
    with the application of a natural In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) cycle prior to chemotherapy in a
    woman diagnosed with breast cancer. Cryopreservation of mature oocytes is a proven technique
    for preserving the reproductive capacity. Results from a retrospective study of 11,768
    cryopreserved human embryos that underwent at least one thaw cycle from 1986 to 2007 showed
    that there was no significant impact of the duration of storage on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage,
    implantation, or live birth rate, whether from IVF or oocyte donation cycles. Since oocytes are
    highly prone to chilling injury; cryopreservation of immature oocytes and ovarian tissue is a
    promising approach with reports of live births-but the need for investigational improvements
    remain.
    Adult stem cells are capable of differentiating into multiple types of specific cells and can
    be obtained from various locations other than bone marrow, including fat tissue, the periosteum,
    amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord blood. Clearly, the fields of tissue engineering, gene therapy,
    regenerative medicine, and cell transplantation are largely dependent on the ability to preserve,
    store, and transport these stem cells without modification of their genetic and/or cellular
    contents.
    Hepatocytes have found important applications in science and medicine over the past 40
    years in a wide range of areas, including physiological studies, investigations on liver
    metabolism, organ preservation and drug detoxification, and experimental and clinical
    transplantation. There is a current increase of interest in the applications of liver progenitor cells
    across a range of scientific areas, including both regenerative medicine and biotechnology, which
    raises the need for cryobanking.
    References:
     "The Cryobiological Case for Cryonics" (PDF). Cryonics. Vol. 9(3) no. 92. Alcor Life
    Extension Foundation. March 1988. p. 27.
     Lovelock JE (March 1953). "The haemolysis of human red blood-cells by freezing and
    thawing". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 10 (3): 414–26. doi:10.1016/0006-
    3002(53)90273-X. PMID 13058999.
     Yusuf Bozkurt (2018,November 15th). Introductory Chapter: Application Fields of
    Cryopreservation Biotechnology, Cryopreservation Biotechnology in Biomedical and
    Biological Sciences, Yusuf Bozkurt, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82229.
    Retrieved from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/cryopreservation-biotechnology-in-
    biomedical-and-biological-sciences/introductory-chapter-application-fields-of-
    cryopreservation-biotechnology

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