05/02/19

CLASS POLICIES
Eureka Teresa M. Ocampo •  ATTENDANCE
Agri 31 •  emocampo1@up.edu.ph – 10 a.m.
•  09157947220
– 7 absences
•  536-2217/536-2468
• Unexcused – “5”
• Excused – dropped (no need for dropping
Room 210, ICROPS, and Physiology Lab, IPB slip)
• Official excuse slip – from College Sec office
• Consultation hours and should be signed by UHS
•  1- 6 PM TTh

Grading System * 
•  50% Lab and 50% Lecture
•  Grading scheme:
–  Lecture Exams (3) - 75%
*  After taking the course, the students should be able to:
*  Identify and categorize crops according to types, uses,
importance, origin and geographical distribution
•  Exemption – 3.0 * Discuss the basic processes and factors in crop
–  Quizzes and activities - 25% Fundamentals of Crop production
* Discuss the basic components of sustainable crop
•  No make-up quizzes for latecomers or absentees Science 1 production
* Discuss the socio-economic, cultural and political issues
•  Make-up exams only if an official excuse slip is in crop production in relation to agricultural
given sustainability

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I.  INTRODUCTION (2)

II.  PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING CROP Agriculture
PRODUCTION (8)
*  Exam 1 – FEBRUARY 1. The systematic raising of useful plants and
III. FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION (10) livestock
*  Exam 2 – MARCH
IV. SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION (8) INTRODUCTION – Managed by man
– Purposeful work
*  Exam 3 – APRIL • the elements of nature are harnessed to produce
*  Presentation –May plants and animals to meet human needs
*  Last day classes – May 18 – Although it does not by itself create civilization,
civilization cannot develop without agriculture
* 

The development of AGRICULTURE

Agriculture 400 M 200 M
Fertile crescent – the cradle of civilization
3.5 B 70 M
2. The broad industry engaged in: •  Biogenesis •  First forests on •  start of •  Extinction of
lands break-up of dinosaurs

– the production of plants and animals for food, •  First land plants Pangaea
fiber, and many other products
– the provision for agricultural supplies and
services 10,000
3 M 35,000 •  First agriculture 3-5,000
– the processing, marketing and distribution of •  appearance of • Homo sapiens •  Domestication •  Civilizations
man (genus
agricultural products Homo)
appeared of wheat and dawned
barley

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARLY Main Plants Used in Early and ORIGIN AND DOMESTICATION OF MAJOR
Modern Agriculture CROPS OF THE WORLD
PLANTS GROWN
•  The center of origin of crops
•  Two groups –  A geographical area where a plant species, either
• Thrive in disturbed areas q Legumes and Cereals domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive
properties
• Short life cycle – The Americas - maize and peanuts

• High competitive ability – Africa - sorghum and beans

– The Middle East - wheat, barley and beans
– Asia - rice and soybeans

Crops that are endemic to the Philippines World Cereal Supply and Demand, Nov 2011

CENTERS OF CROP PRODUCTION FAO, 2011

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WORLD AND DOMESTIC FOOD SITUATION

The land situation
AND PRODUCTION CENTERS
•  World population will increase 6.5 B today to 9.1B in 2050
Philippine Agriculture
(+2.6B)
–  Major contribution of 2.5 B come from developing countries
(from 5.3 B to 7.8 B in 2050)
•  World's total land area is 150 M km2
–  much is not suitable for agriculture
–  Arable land comprises 10% of the total
•  Permanent crops are 1%
•  meadows and pastures, 24%
•  forest and woodland, 31%
•  The remaining 34% supports little or no vegetation: Antarctica,
deserts, mine sites, urban areas

Population and arable lands in developing countries Growth in Agriculture

•  3.23% growth in 2008
–  average annual rate of increase was 3.98% in 2006-2008
–  Agriculture share in GDP is 18%
•  2% yearly increase in food supply
–  enough to keep up with population increase
–  20% of increase due to new production areas
–  80% is due to technological advances in production
•  improved irrigation, crop protection, better cultivars, improved
crop nutrition, postharvest handling
•  Exponential increase in population growth will outpace the
rate of food production
•  Consider other food sources and increase production efficiencies
(Hinrichsen, 1997) http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=factsandfigures

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Strengths Weaknesses
ü Availability of expertise in ü Physical
agricultural research and § Climate – typhoons, drought Opportunities Threats
development § Soil – erosion of top soil particularly in sloppy areas
ü Basic institutions in research ü Biological ü Diverse agro-environment for a ü Population growth
ü Endowed with natural § Insect pests
diverse cropping system ü Globalization
resources § Weeds
ü Availability of agricultural § Pathogens ü Wide range of soils and climate ü Weak governance
technologies to boost § Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
production § Suitable varieties
to grow different crops ü Deteriorating natural
ü Socio-economic ü Whole year round growing resource endowments
§ Low farm income
§ Small landholdings
period
§ Decreasing interest in agriculture § Sunlight: 11-13 hrs
§ Inadequate support and extension services for
optimum production § Temperature: 24-32 °C
§ Inadequate incentives and support for efficient § Rainfall: 2400-4000mm/yr
production, e,g, irrigation and postharvest
infrastructures
§ Inadequate farm-to-market roads
§ Marketing problems

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•  Science •  Crop science

–  Systematically accumulated and tested knowledge –  Observation and classification of knowledge on economically
–  Basic and applied science cultivated crops

Crop Science •  Plant

–  Any organism belonging to the Kingdom Plantae
–  Establishment of verifiable principles on crop growth and
development in order to derive the optimum benefit from them

•  Agronomy
Meaning and Scope –  Has photosynthetic ability
•  Crop
–  Agros - field and Nomos -to manage.
–  Deals with the principles and practices of managing field crops and soils

–  Domesticated/cultivated plants grown for profit •  Horticulture

–  Hortus –garden and Colere - to cultivate
–  A group or population of cultivated plants –  Gardens and plants within an enclosure versus the culture of field crops
–  More intensive crop cultivation, as contrasted from the extensive cultivation of
field crops.

HORTICULTURAL AND
AGRONOMIC CROPS BASED ON
USE

Related Sciences to Crop Production