Thursday January 6 − Lecture 2: Integration by parts (Refers to 9.

2 in your text )

Expectations:

1. Recognize those integrals which are best integrated by the technique "Integration
by parts".
2. Apply the technique of integrations by parts to integrate appropriate integrals.
3. Integrate definite integrals by Integration by parts.

The following method is of integration is called "integration by parts". It also often

referred to as the "udv" method.

2.1 The integration by parts algorithm − Suppose u(x) and v(x) are two differentiable

∫ ∫
functions. Recall that dv = v'(x)dx. Suppose we wish to integrate u(x)v '(x) dx = u(x)dv.

• Note that [u(x)v(x)] ' = u '(x)v(x) + v '(x)u(x). (The product rule)

• Then u(x)v '(x) = [u(x)v(x)] ' − u '(x)v(x) .

• Thus

∫u(x)v '(x) dx = ∫ [u(x)v(x)] ' − u '(x)v(x) dx

∫ ∫
= [u(x)v(x)] ' dx − u '(x)v(x)dx

∫
= u(x)v(x) − u '(x)v(x)dx.

• Equivalently,

∫u(x) dv = u(x)v(x) − ∫v(x)du. (Recalling that dv = v'(x)dx and du = u'(x)dx.)

This expression is often stated in the more succinct form

 ∫udv = uv − ∫vdu.

2.1.1 Remark − Surprisingly enough, as the following examples show, this is one of the
most powerful tools of integration you will use.

• It is also the one that requires the most practice.

• It will help greatly to master integration by substitution first.

• Also review the derivatives of all elementary functions (log functions, trig
functions, inverse trig functions, exponential functions, ...) , or at least, list these
derivatives on a reference sheet, for quick look-up, till you have memorized them.

Some derivatives to know:

o arcsin '(x) = 1 / √(1 − x2)

o arccos '(x) = − 1 / √(1 − x2)

o arctan '(x) = 1 / (1 + x2)

o ln' ( | x | ) = 1/x

o (ax )' = ax ln(a)

Note − Observe that the two functions f(x) = arcsin (x) and g(x) = −arccos (x) have
the same derivative 1 / √(1 − x2). (This is not surprising if you look at the graph
of −arccos (x) and compare it to the graph of arcsin (x)
Graph of arcsin x
 Graph of arccos x

Question - Let's see if we understand this correctly. We see that

∫
arcsin x + C = 1 / √(1 − x2) dx =− ∫ −1 / √(1 − x ) dx = − arccos x + C.
2

So arcsin x + C = − arccos x + C. Does this mean that arcsin x = − arccos x?

Explain!

∫
2.2 Example − Find ln x dx.

• Let u = ln x and dv = dx.

• Then du = 1/x and v = x. (Observe how v(x) = x is an antiderivative of 1 with

respect to the variable x. When applying the "udv" technique only one
antiderivative is required not the whole family x + C. )

• ∫ ∫
Then ln x dx = x ln x − x(1/x) dx = x ln x − x + C.
 ∫
2.3 Example − Find arcsin x dx.

• Let u = arcsin x and dv = dx.

• Then du = 1 / √(1 − x2) and v = x.

• Then

∫arcsin x dx = x arcsin x − ∫x / √(1 − x )dx2

∫
= x arcsin x − (−1/2) u-1/2du.

(The integral is solved by substitution u = 1 − x2; then du = −2xdx. Hence

(−1/2)du = xdx.)

= x arcsin x + (1/2)(2)u1/2 + C

= x arcsin x + √(1 − x2) + C

∫
2.4 Example − Find xe-x dx.

• Let u = x and dv = e-xdx.

• Then du = dx and v = -e-x.

• ∫ ∫
Then xe-x dx = − x e-x + e-xdx = − x e-x − e-x + C.

∫
2.5 Example − Find x2e-x dx

• Let u = x2 and dv = e-xdx.

• Then du = 2xdx and v = −e-x.

• Then
 ∫x e
2 -x
∫
dx = −x2 e-x + 2 xe-xdx

= −x2 e-x + 2(−x e-x − e-x) + C. (Here we applied "udv" again to the second
integral.)

∫
2.6 Example − Find e2xsin 3x dx.

• Let u = sin 3x and dv = e2xdx.

• Then du = 3 cos 3x dx and v = (1/2)e2x.

• Then

∫e2x
∫
sin 3x dx = (1/2) e2x sin 3x − (3/2) e2xcos 3x dx

∫
= (1/2) e2x sin 3x − (3/2)[(1/2) e2x cos 3x + (3/2) e2xsin 3x dx]
(We applied "udv" to the second interval to get this. Check!)

∫
= (1/2) e2x sin 3x − (3/4) e2x cos 3x − (9/4) e2xsin 3x dx.

∫
Adding (9/4) e2xsin 3x dx to both sides we get,

∫
(13/4) e2xsin 3x dx = (1/2) e2x sin 3x − (3/4) e2x cos 3x + C1.

Equivalently,

∫e2x
sin 3x dx = (4/13)[(1/2) e2x sin 3x − (3/4) e2x cos 3x] + C.

∫
2.8 Example − Find sec3x dx.

• ∫
Let I = sec3(x) dx.
 • Let u = sec(x) and dv = sec2(x).

• Then du = sec(x)tan(x)dx and v = tan(x).

• Then I = sec(x)tan(x) − tan2(x)sec(x)dx∫

∫
= sec(x)tan(x) − (sec2(x) − 1)sec(x)dx

= sec(x)tan(x) − ∫sec x dx + ∫secx dx

3

= sec(x)tan(x) − I + ln | sec(x) + tan(x) | (This last integral is found in lecture 1).

• Then

2I = sec(x)tan(x) + ln | sec(x) + tan(x) | + C1.

So

∫
I = sec3(x) dx = (1/2)[sec(x)tan(x) + ln| sec(x) + tan(x) | ] + C.

2.9 Remark − When solving a definite integral via integration by parts proceed as
follows:

∫ x = a to b u(x) dv = u(x)v(x) |
x = a to b − ∫
x = a to b v(x) du.

2.9.1 Example.

Find ∫
1 to 2 x3 ln x dx.

• Let u = ln x and dv = x3.

• Then du = (1/x)dx and v = (1/4)x4.
• Then

∫ 1 to 2 x3 ln x dx = [(1/4)x4 ln x]1 to 2 − (1/4) ∫

1 to 2x
3
dx
= 4 ln 2 − (15/16).