Q&A List

Questions/Issues Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

This section lists down the keywords that help students for recall. Keywords are similar
to Metalanguage but without the definitions and descriptions. This section includes
concepts (a word or phrase), ideas, theories, names of people, and other vital terms to
remember. Technically speaking, all those included in the Metalanguage should be part
of the Keywords. However, Keywords can also include other important concepts or ideas
not stipulated in the Metalanguage. This section also helps in the review.

• Lower and Upper Limit • Sub-interval

• Interval • Sigma Notation
• Riemann Sum • Area
• Finite Sum • Definite Integral

Big Picture

Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to

a. Familiarize and practice the different integration techniques.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Familiarize and practice the different

integration techniques.

Metalanguage

In this section, additional integration techniques will be discussed to achieve

ULOa. To do this, you need to know first the essential terms and symbols that you will
encounter in the following discussion for a quicker understanding of the topics to be
discussed.

35
Integration Techniques

These techniques are used when one cannot evaluate the integral of a function by direct
application of the formulas given in the first module. They can be evaluated after a suitable
transformation has been made. The techniques below will orient you on the elementary
method for changing the form of the integral.

Essential Knowledge

Integration by Parts

Integration by parts corresponds to the product rule for differentiation. Recall that
the product rule states that if 𝒇 and 𝒈 are differentiable functions, then

𝒅
[𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙

If we get the antiderivative of the result above, then

∫[𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙)] 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)

or
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙)

Rearranging the equation, we have

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) − ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

The resulting equation above is the formula for Integration by Parts. It would be easier
to remember if we let 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒗 = 𝒈(𝒙) . Then the differentials are 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒇′(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
and 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒈′(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, thus
∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒈(𝒙) − ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

NOTE: The aim for using integration by parts is to obtain a simpler integral than the
original given. In general, in using the function for 𝒖 and 𝒗, choose 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒙) to be a
function that becomes simpler when differentiated (or at least not more complicated) as
long as 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒈′(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 can be readily integrated to give 𝒗. Thus, in using integration by
parts consider the following rules:

36
Two general rules can be stated:

1. The part selected as 𝒅𝒗 must be readily integrable.

2. ∫ 𝒗 𝒅𝒖 must not be more complex than ∫ 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 .

Example:

Evaluate the following by integration by parts.

1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 and 𝑔′(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,

then 𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 1 and 𝑔(𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑔′(𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Thus,

∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥 ) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑓′(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) − ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶

The answer can also be checked by differentiating it, the result should be 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙.

Another Method:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,

then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Thus,

∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) − ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶

In the first example we started with∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and expressed it in terms of the simpler
integral ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. If we had chosen 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 and 𝑣 =
𝑥2
, so integration by parts gives
2
𝑥2 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ( 2 ) − 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥

37
The resulting integral ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is a more complicated than the one we started with.
Thus, in solving integral using integration by parts, it is very important that we take note
of the general rules stated above.

2. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Since 𝑥 2 becomes simpler when differentiated whereas 𝑒 𝑥 remains unchanged when

differentiated or integrated which satisfies the two general rules stated above, thus;

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

By integration by parts, we have

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

As you can see the resulting integral ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is simpler than the original integral which
satisfies the condition stated in the rule above. Solving further, by integration by parts
again,

Let 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Thus,

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

Substituting this to the result above, we get

∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2[𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 ]
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶1 where 𝑪𝟏 = −𝟐𝑪

3. ∫ 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let 𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
then 𝑑𝑢 = 1+𝑥2 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2

Thus,

38
 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ∫ 2
(1+𝑥2 )
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 𝒙𝟐
= 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 2 ∫ (1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 Simplify 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 by long division
2
𝑥2 1 1
= 2
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥−
2
∫ (1 − 1+𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1 1
= 2
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥−
2
𝑥 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +
2
𝐶

Transformation of Trigonometric Functions

There are four cases in solving functions using integration by trigonometric functions or
by trigonometric integral which will be discussed in details in this section.

Case I: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; where either m or n is a positive odd integer.

Use: 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

Case II: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; where n is an integer

Use: 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 − 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 − 1

Case III: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑑𝑥; where n is a positive even integer
Use: 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥

Case IV: ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; where both m and n are positive even integers
1
Use: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥 )
2
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥)
2
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2 sin 2𝑥

Case 1 Examples:

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

Solution:

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦)𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝑦
= − +𝐶
4 6

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

39
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑥 ) sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 52𝑥 + 14 𝑐𝑜𝑠 72𝑥 + 𝐶

Case 2 Examples:

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.

Solution:

∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 − 1) tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 let u = tan 𝜃; du = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
= + ln(cos 𝜃 ) + 𝐶
2

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

Solution:

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑦
=− − ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑦
3
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑦
=− − ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦
3
𝑐𝑜𝑡 3 𝑦
=− + cot 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝐶
3

Case 3 Examples:

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

Solution:

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛6 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑦
= + +𝐶
5 7

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 )2 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

40
 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 4 𝑥 ) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 7 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 9 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑡 6 𝑥 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑡 8 𝑥 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑡 10 𝑥 + 𝐶

Case 4 Examples:

1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

Solution:

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= ∫(sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫(2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
= 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= 4 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑦 [2 (1 + cos 2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦
1 1
= 8 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 8 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑦 cos 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1
= 8 ∫ 2 (1 − cos 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + 8 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑦 cos 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1
= 16 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − 16 ∫ cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 8 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑦 cos 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 1 1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛32𝑦
= 16 𝑦 − 16 (4) sin 4𝑦 + 8 (2) +𝐶
3
1 1 1
= 𝑦− sin 4𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑦 + 𝐶
16 64 48

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson.

* Stewart, J. (2000). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Australia: Cengage.

* Downing, Douglas (2009). Mathematics Terms 3rd Edition. New York: Barron’s
Educational Series Inc.
* Feliciano and Uy, F. (1983). Differential and Integral Calculus. Manila: Merriam and
Webster Bookstore, Inc.
* Peterson, Thurman. (1964). Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Philippines: Harper and
Row Publishers, Incorporated.

41
Let’s Check

Activity 1. Solve the following integrals using the integration by parts technique.

1. ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. (𝑦−1)4
2. ∫ 𝑦 cos 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2)
3. ∫ 𝑥 sin(𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. Evaluate the following integrals using trigonometric transformation. Show

your solutions neatly and legibly.

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 43𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 3 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ cot 3𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

In a Nutshell

The importance of learning different techniques in integration is very important in helping

you solve complicated problems. In this portion of the unit, you will be required to state
your arguments or synthesis relevant to the topics presented. I will supply the first two
items and you will continue the rest.

1. The integration by parts is the simplest technique to use.

2. Not all techniques can make the integration process easy.

Your Turn:

3. __________________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________________

Q&A List

Questions/Issues Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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