PROBLEMS LL. If v = 141.4sin(wr + 30°) V and i = 11.31 cos(wt — 30°) A, find for each (a) the maximum value, (b) the rms value, and (c) the phasor expression in polar and rectangular form if voltage is the reference. Is the circuit inductive or capacitive? 1.2. If the circuit of Prob. 1.1 consists of a purely resistive and a purely reactive element, find R and X (a) if the elements are in series and (b) if the elements are in parallel.38 13. 1.4, 15. 1.6, 17. 18. © 133, 1.14. 115, CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS In a single-phase circuit V, = 120/45° V and V, = 100, reference node 0. Find V,,, in polar form. = 15° V with respect to a A single-phase ac voltage of 240 V is applied to a series circuit whose impedance is 10/ 60° Q. Find R, X, P,Q, and the power factor of the circuit. If a capacitor is connected in parallel with the circuit of Prob. 1.4, and if this capacitor supplies 1250 var, find the P and Q supplied by the 240-V source, and find the resultant power factor. A single-phase inductive load draws 10 MW at 0.6 power-factor lagging. Draw the power triangle and determine the reactive power of a capacitor to be connected in parallel with the load to raise the power factor to 0.85. A single-phase induction motor is operating at a very light load during a large part of every day and draws 10 A from the supply. A device is proposed to “increase the efficiency” of the motor. During a demonstration the device is placed in parallel with the unloaded motor and the current drawn from the supply drops to 8 A. When two of the devices are placed in parallel, the current drops to 6 A. What simple device will cause this drop in current? Discuss the advantages of the device. Is the efficiency of the motor increased by the device? (Recall that an induction motor draws lagging current.) If the impedance between machines 1 and 2 of Example 1.1 is Z = 0 —j5 Q, determine (a) whether each machine is generating or consuming power, (b) whether each machine is receiving or supplying positive reactor power and the amount, and (c) the value of P and Q absorbed by the impedance. . Repeat Problem 1.8 if Z = 5 +j0 Q. A voltage source E,,, = —120/210° ¥ and the current through the source is given by J, = 10/60° A. Find the values of P and Q and state whether the source is delivering or receiving cach. . Solve Example 1.1 if E; = 100/0° V and E, = 120/30° V. Compare the results with Example 1.1 and form some conclusions about the effect of variation of the magnitude of E, in this circuit. . Evaluate the following expressions in polar form: (a)a-1 (b)1-a@ta (c) a +atj (a) ja +a? Three identical impedances of 10/—15° © are Y-connected to balanced three- phase line voltages of 208 V. Specify all the line and phase voltages and the currents as phasors in polar form with V;, as reference for a phase sequence of abe. In a balanced three-phase system the Y-connected impedances are 10/30° Q. If V,. = 416/90" V, specify J, in polar form. The terminals of a three-phase supply are labeled a, 6, and c. Between any pair a voltmeter measures 115 V. A resistor of 100 and a capacitor of 100 Q at the frequency of the supply are connected in series from a to b with the resistor connected to a. The point of connection of the elements to each other is labeled n.1.16. 1.17, L18. 1.19, 1.20. 1.22, 1.23. PROBLEMS 39 Determine graphically the voltmeter reading between c and n if phase sequence is abe and if phase sequence is ach. Determine the current drawn from a three-phase 440-V line by a’ three-phase 15-hp motor operating at full load, 90% efficiency, and 80% power-factor lagging. Find the values of P and Q drawn from the line. If the impedance of each of the three lines connecting the motor of Prob. 1.16 to a bus is 0.3 + j1.0 Q, find the line-to-line voltage at the bus which supplies 440 V at the motor. A balanced-A load consisting of pure resistances of 15 Q per phase is in parallel with a balanced-Y load having phase impedances of 8 + j6 ©. Identical impedances of 2 +j5 © are in each of the three lines connecting the combined loads to a 110-V three-phase supply. Find the current drawn from the supply and line voltage at the combined loads, A three-phase load draws 250 kW at a power factor of 0.707 lagging from a 440-V line. In parallel with this load is a three-phase capacitor bank which draws 60 kVA. Find the total current and resultant power factor, A three-phase motor draws 20 kVA at 0.707 power-factor lagging from a 220-V source. Determine the kilovoltampere rating of capacitors to make the combined power factor 0.90 lagging, and determine the line current before and after the capacitors are added. A coal mining “drag-line” machine in an open-pit mine consumes 0.92 MVA at 0.8 power-factor lagging when it digs coal, and it generates (delivers to the electric system) 0.10 MVA at 0.5 power-factor leading when the loaded shovel swings away from the pit wall. At the end of the “dig” period the change in supply current magnitude can cause tripping of a protective relay, which is constructed of solid-state circuitry. Therefore, it is desired to minimize the change in current magnitude. Consider the placement of capacitors at the machine terminals and find the amount of capacitive correction (in kvar) to eliminate the change in steady-state current magnitude. The machine is energized from a 36.5 kV, three-phase supply. Start the solution by letting Q be the total three-phase megavars of the capacitors connected across the machine terminals, and write an expression for the magnitude of the line current drawn by the machine in terms of Q for both the digging and generating operations. A generator (which may be represented by an emf in series with an inductive reactance) is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV. Its Y-connected windings have a reactance of 1.1 per unit. Find the ohmic value of the reactance of the windings. The generator of Prob. 1.22 is in a circuit for which the bases are specified as 100 MVA, 20 kV. Starting with the per-unit value given in Prob. 1.22, find the per-unit value of reactance of the generator windings on the specified base . Draw the single-phase equivalent circuit for the motor (an emf in series with inductive reactance labeled Z,,) and its connection to the voltage supply described in Probs. 1.16 and 1.17. Show on the diagram the per-unit values of the line impedance and the voltage at the motor terminals on a base of 20 kVA, 440 V. Then using per-unit values, find the supply voltage in per unit and convert the per-unit value of the supply voltage to volts.40) CHAPTER 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1.25. Write the two nodal admittance equations, similar to Eqs. (1.57) and (1.58), for the voltages at nodes @) and @) of the circuit of Fig. 1.23. Then, arrange the nodal admittance equations for all four independent nodes of Fig. 1.23 into the Y,,, form of Eq. (1.61). 1.26. The values for the parameters of Fig. 1.23 are given in per unit as follows: Y, =-08 ¥,=-4.0 Y,=-j40 Yq = —/8.0 ;=-125 Y,=-j08 = 107-90 1,=0.68/-139° Substituting these values in the equations determined in Prob. 1.25, compute the voltages at the nodes of Fig. 1.23. Numerically determine the corresponding Zu, matrix.