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    A Case Study On Self Driving Cars

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    Sheldon Kyle Kairuz Abasolo
    The development of self-driving cars began in the 1960s with proposals for autonomous vehicles that could navigate roads using cameras. In the 1990s, researchers created early self-driving systems using neural networks to process images and control steering. By 1995, one system completed the first cross-country drive of a self-driving vehicle. Major companies began developing autonomous vehicle technologies in the 2000s and 2010s, with several targeting the release of fully autonomous cars without steering wheels by 2020. While progress continues toward higher levels of autonomy, technical and safety challenges remain.

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    A Case Study On Self Driving Cars

    Uploaded by

    Sheldon Kyle Kairuz Abasolo
    376 views5 pages
    The development of self-driving cars began in the 1960s with proposals for autonomous vehicles that could navigate roads using cameras. In the 1990s, researchers created early self-driving systems using neural networks to process images and control steering. By 1995, one system completed the first cross-country drive of a self-driving vehicle. Major companies began developing autonomous vehicle technologies in the 2000s and 2010s, with several targeting the release of fully autonomous cars without steering wheels by 2020. While progress continues toward higher levels of autonomy, technical and safety challenges remain.

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    A Case Study on Self Driving Cars

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    The development of self-driving cars began in the 1960s with proposals for autonomous vehicles that could navigate roads using cameras. In the 1990s, researchers created early self-driving systems using neural networks to process images and control steering. By 1995, one system completed the first cross-country drive of a self-driving vehicle. Major companies began developing autonomous vehicle technologies in the 2000s and 2010s, with several targeting the release of fully autonomous cars without steering wheels by 2020. While progress continues toward higher levels of autonomy, technical and safety challenges remain.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    376 views5 pages

    A Case Study On Self Driving Cars

    Uploaded by

    Sheldon Kyle Kairuz Abasolo
    The development of self-driving cars began in the 1960s with proposals for autonomous vehicles that could navigate roads using cameras. In the 1990s, researchers created early self-driving systems using neural networks to process images and control steering. By 1995, one system completed the first cross-country drive of a self-driving vehicle. Major companies began developing autonomous vehicle technologies in the 2000s and 2010s, with several targeting the release of fully autonomous cars without steering wheels by 2020. While progress continues toward higher levels of autonomy, technical and safety challenges remain.

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    At a glance
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    Some of the key takeaways are that self-driving cars have the potential to improve safety, provide more convenience, help the environment, and reclaim public streets. However, there are also technical and ethical challenges to solve.

    The development of self-driving cars began in the 1960s with proposals for autonomous vehicles. In the 1990s, researchers at Carnegie Mellon created one of the first self-driving vehicles that could navigate using computer vision. Google began their self-driving car project in 2009.

    There are 5 levels of vehicle autonomy from no automation (Level 0) to full autonomy (Level 5). Level 3 vehicles can drive themselves under certain conditions without human intervention.

    DEVELOPMENT OF SELF DRIVING CARS:

    In 1969, John McCarthy one of the founding fathers of artificial


    intelligence — describes something similar to the modern
    autonomous vehicle in an essay titled “Computer-Controlled
    Cars.” McCarthy refers to an “automatic chauffeur,” capable of
    navigating a public road via a “television camera input that uses
    the same visual input available to the human driver.”
    In the early 1990s, Carnegie Mellon researcher Dean Pomerleau
    writes a PhD thesis, describing how neural networks could allow a
    self-driving vehicle to take in raw images from the road and
    output steering controls in real time.
    In 1995, Pomerleau and fellow researcher Todd Jochem take their
    Navlab self-driving car system on the road. Their bare bones
    autonomous minivan (they have to control speed and braking)
    travels 2,797 miles coast-to-coast from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
    to San Diego, California in a journey the pair dubs “No Hands
    Across America.”
    In 2002, DARPA announces its Grand Challenge, offering
    researchers from top research institutions a $1 million prize if
    they can build an autonomous vehicle able to navigate 142 miles
    through the Mojave Desert.
    While autonomous vehicles still seem way in the future in the
    decade of the 2000s, self-parking systems begin to emerge —
    demonstrating that sensors and autonomous road technologies
    are getting close to ready for real world scenarios.
    Toyoto’s Japanese Prius hybrid vehicle offers automatic parallel
    parking assistance from 2003, while Lexus soon adds a similar
    system for its Lexus LS sedan, Ford incorporates Active Park Assist
    in 2009, and BMW follows one year later with its own parallel
    parking assistant.
    Starting in 2009, Google begins developing its self-driving car
    project, now called Waymo, in secret. The project is initially led by
    Sebastian Thrun, the former director of the Stanford Artificial
    Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View.
    In 2014, it reveals a prototype of a driverless car without any
    steering wheel, gas pedal or brake pedal, thereby being 100
    percent autonomous. By the end of last year, more than 2 million
    miles had been driven by Google’s autonomous car.
    By 2013, major automotive companies including General Motors,
    Ford, Mercedes Benz, BMW, and others are all working on their
    own self-driving car technologies. Nissan commits to a launch
    date by announcing that it will release several driverless cars by
    the year 2020.
    Other cars, such as the 2014 Mercedes S-Class, add semi-
    autonomous features such as self-steering, the ability to stay
    within lanes, accident avoidance, and more. The likes of Tesla and
    Uber also begin actively exploring self-driving technology, while
    Apple is rumored to be doing so.
    Audi claims its next-generation A8 luxury sedan will be the first
    production car with SAE Level 3 autonomy. The A8’s Traffic Jam
    Pilot allows the car to drive itself without any human intervention,
    but only under certain conditions. The system only works in traffic
    at speeds up to 37 mph, in divided highways with clearly-marked
    entrance and exit lanes.
    At CES 2018, Nvidia unveiled a new self-driving car chip called
    Xavier that will incorporate artificial-intelligence capabilities. The
    company then announced that it was partnering with Volkswagen
    to develop AI for future self-driving cars.
    LEVEL 0: NO AUTOMATION. THE DRIVER CONTROLS STEERING,
    AND SPEED (BOTH ACCELERATION AND DECELERATION) AT ALL
    TIMES, WITH NO ASSISTANCE AT ALL. THIS INCLUDES SYSTEMS
    THAT ONLY PROVIDE WARNINGS TO THE DRIVER WITHOUT TAKING
    ANY ACTION.
    LEVEL 1: LIMITED DRIVER ASSISTANCE. THIS INCLUDES SYSTEMS
    THAT CAN CONTROL STEERING AND
    ACCELERATION/DECELERATION UNDER SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES,
    BUT NOT BOTH AT THE SAME TIME.
    LEVEL 2: DRIVER-ASSIST SYSTEMS THAT CONTROL BOTH
    STEERING AND ACCELERATION/DECELERATION. THESE SYSTEMS
    SHIFT SOME OF THE WORKLOAD AWAY FROM THE HUMAN DRIVER,
    BUT STILL REQUIRE THAT PERSON TO BE ATTENTIVE AT ALL
    TIMES.
    LEVEL 3: VEHICLES THAT CAN DRIVE THEMSELVES IN CERTAIN
    SITUATIONS, SUCH AS IN TRAFFIC ON DIVIDED HIGHWAYS. WHEN
    IN AUTONOMOUS MODE, HUMAN INTERVENTION IS NOT NEEDED.
    BUT A HUMAN DRIVER MUST BE READY TO TAKE OVER WHEN THE
    VEHICLE ENCOUNTERS A SITUATION THAT EXCEEDS ITS LIMITS.
    LEVEL 4: VEHICLES THAT CAN DRIVE THEMSELVES MOST OF THE
    TIME, BUT MAY NEED A HUMAN DRIVER TO TAKE OVER IN CERTAIN
    SITUATIONS.
    LEVEL 5: FULLY AUTONOMOUS. LEVEL 5 VEHICLES CAN DRIVE
    THEMSELVES AT ALL TIMES, UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES. THEY
    HAVE NO NEED FOR MANUAL CONTROLS.

    RELATE SA TOPIC
    DESCRIPTION:
    A SELF-DRIVING CAR (SOMETIMES CALLED AN AUTONOMOUS CAR
    OR DRIVERLESS CAR) IS A VEHICLE THAT USES A COMBINATION
    OF SENSORS, CAMERAS, RADAR AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
    (AI) TO TRAVEL BETWEEN DESTINATIONS WITHOUT A HUMAN
    OPERATOR. TO QUALIFY AS FULLY AUTONOMOUS, A VEHICLE
    MUST BE ABLE TO NAVIGATE WITHOUT HUMAN INTERVENTION TO
    A PREDETERMINED DESTINATION OVER ROADS THAT HAVE NOT
    BEEN ADAPTED FOR ITS USE.
    SIGNIFICANCE
    BENEFITS OF DRIVERLESS CAR:
    Safety
    Convenience
    Reclaiming our streets
    A Cleaner Environment

    PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES:


    1. Eye Contact
    2. Judgment Calls
    3. Snow

    4. Kangaroos
    5. Legal Responsibility
    6. Cost
    7. Lack of trust
    8. Malfunction
    Sadly, but inevitably, the first autonomous car fatality takes place.
    The incident occurs in Florida while a Tesla Model S is in self-
    driving Autopilot mode. The Tesla’s human occupant dies when
    the car hits an 18-wheel tractor-trailer, failing to brake in time
    after the trailer turns in front of it.
    The death sparks renewed debate about self-driving cars and
    some of the technical and ethical issues surrounding them on the
    road. It’s a setback, but one which underlines the fact that like it
    or not autonomous cars are well and truly here.

    AS A GROUP WE HAVE CONCLUDED THAT SELF-DRIVING CARS


    HAVE A POSITIVE EFFECT TO THE WORLD IN GENERAL. NOT ONLY
    IT IS CONVENIENT FOR USERS, BUT IT WILL HAVE GOOD BENEFITS
    ALSO IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND WELL-BEING OF THE PEOPLE.
    THE INDUSTRY MUST CONTINUE TO DEVELOP SELF-DRIVING CARS
    IN MAKING IT SAFER FOR THE USERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT AS
    WELL. THE INDUSTRY SHOULD FIGURE OUT HOW TO SOLVE THE
    PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF THE INDUSTRY.

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