Introduction

As the World is progressing, scientists and researchers are struggling to take the human life in more
comfort zone. People around the World are now quite much enthusiastic about the launch of
autonomous cars. The specialty of this car is its ability to perceive its environment using the modern
form of AI, and take decisions without the assistance of any driver. In other words, these cars are
equipped with special sensors, processors and another database which is responsible for the operation
of this car and doesn’t require any driver. It navigates itself following up to the destination point
requested by users. Indeed, it is the big revolution in the field of robotics, which is contributing a lot to
make this planet safer place.

On a technical basis, this car is designed based on the various areas of engineering which includes
electrical, mechanical, computer sciences and control engineering etc. Major progression in the
autonomous car has started when the Mercedes Benz has launched the vision guided the car in 1980
after this invention it has stared a huge focus on the areas of GPS system, radar etc. This has also
resulted in the development of the adaptive steer control, power steering and other things that are
involved in the humanitarian assistance as well. And now the research is going on to introduce the
World with the driverless car which could be much safer, efficient and reliable for the users.

Road accidents are one of the major cause of death, as according to report by Deshpande et al that
nearly 3000 people died daily because of road accidents, among which half of them are not in the car,
other than that it has also been reported that if some safety measures are not taken this will grow up to
2.4 million a year making the 5th largest cause of death in the World .This number can be greatly
reduced by putting autonomous cars into action which are far more reliable and react swiftly than
humans. It will also cause reduction in the traffic congestion, as the efficiency of autonomous car
makes it reliable in a way of keeping very small gaps between vehicles, and its outstanding
management of speed and time. Following the navigation track without considering any other
distraction makes it friendlier than the conventional cars operated by drivers.

History of Self-Driving Cars

When we think about self-driving cars, our immediate thought goes to the future or some sort of
science fiction movie depicting it. But ever since the conception of the first automobile, people have
been thinking of ways to have a fully autonomous vehicle. Here is a brief history of driverless cars. In
1925, an inventor by the name of Francis Houdina showcased the first radio-controlled “driverless”
car. In 1956, a version of GM’s Firebird II was built with a guidance system or electronic auto control
for detector circuits embedded in roadways. This was intended to help the car avoid accidents.

In 1958, the Chrysler Imperial was the first car to incorporate a cruise control function. In 1979, a
robot named the Cart invented at Stanford University, navigated through a room filled with obstacles
without any human involvement. In 1994, the robot cars, VaMP and VITA-2, by Bundeswehr
Universitat, drove over 600 miles safely weaving through traffic. In 2009, Google’s self-driving
project began. In 2015, Tesla released its autopilot software. Now in 2018, GM is seeking approval
for a self-driving car with no steering wheel or pedals.

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Fully Self-Driving Automation
The AI-based specialized cars can perform its entire trip without any occupant, and it is more
considerate for the people who are not able to drive or may be due to other factors unable to cope with
driving. Although engineers are putting lot more effort to make it as accurate as possible, this
technology doesn’t give that performance so that it can be trusted blinded to put it on the road. Google
is quite a confident to commercially launch these cars by the time of 2018.

The survey has been done by the Cisco; the major objective of this survey was to figure out the
people’s confidence of adopting these autonomous cars. They included around 1500 people from 10
different countries having a

Cisco survey for autonomous vehicle

Perception devices

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This survey is done by the University of Michigan. It explains how the autonomous car will be famous
and reliable.

Self-Driving Car Features to Know Before You Get Behind the Wheel
Self-driving car features such as a variety of sensors, object recognition, and navigation software are making the
dream of driverless transportation a reality.

No one would have given too much importance to self-driven cars a few years back. However, we are
today on the threshold of coming out with the first self-driven cars. It certainly is a major and path-
breaking technological breakthrough and it might take the world by storm in the years to come. Yes
there certainly would be the need for a strong car battery.

1. Laser Ranger Finder

The rotating roof top camera or the laser ranger finder or lidar is the heart of this self-driven car. It has
64 laser beams, and can create 3D images which make safe self-drive a reality.

2. Camera For Near Vision

It also comes with a front camera for near vision. It is mounted on the windshield and plays a big role
in helping the car to see objects right in front of it while on the move.

3. Bumper Mounted Radar

The self-driven car has 4 radars that are located in the rear and front bumpers. It helps the car to find
out more about the cars behind it and in front of it.

4. Geo-Location Aerial

The car is able to get information about its exact location because of high quality aerial which receives
inputs from GPS satellites.

5. Ultrasonic Sensors

If there are any obstacles on the rear and if there is a need to track movements of the car, the ultrasonic
sensors placed on one of the rear wheels will be helpful.

6. A Few Devices inside the Car

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The insides of the self-driven come with some devices such as gyroscopes, altimeters, and
tachymeters. This helps to find out the exact. They help to generate the right data for smooth
operation of the car.

7. Sensors Function with Synergy

While there are many sensors, the greatest thing is that all that data collected from the sensors is
clearly interpreted by the CPU of the car and this helps in a safe and enjoyable driving experience.

8. It Can Understand Common Road Signs

Another wonderful feature is that the self-driven car from Google will also be able to understand and
interpret common motorist signs and road behaviors. It has the ability to understand common signals
emanating from other motorists and also cyclists.

9. It Maps The Route In Advance

Before a self-driven car is chosen for a particular route, a regular car is sent out to map the entire route
and come out with a full picture regarding pot holes, road signs, road markers and more. The map is
fed into the software of the car to make driving easy.

10. Can Handle Real Life Behavior

Finally the car has some real life behaviors which have been programmed by Google engineers. It can
detect slow moving cars and overtake and also slow down when there are cars coming its way and so
on

3 Amazing Benefits Of Driverless Cars That You May Have Never Imagined

Some of the benefits of autonomous cars are obvious, and more free time is at the top of the list. Most
of us love the idea of being able to take the roughly 204 hours we spend each year commuting and turn
that into time spent working, surfing the internet, talking with a friend, eating or even sleeping. But the
benefits of driverless cars don’t stop there, and include possibilities you probably haven’t even
considered.

1. Increase in safety

Worldwide, 1.2 million people are killed each year in traffic accidents. Of these, 30,000 occur in the
U.S. alone. Studies have shown that even partial automation of driving could significantly reduce these
deaths, making the roads safer for everyone. Already, automobiles with forward collision warning
systems that alert drivers or automatically brake are involved in far fewer crashes. And the
implications that driverless cars could have on auto insurance rates are mostly positive. With new
driverless and connected vehicle technology, risk for traffic-related accidents will largely decrease,
given that the new technologies will remove the human element that is the cause for around 90
percent of all traffic accidents. This could translate to auto insurance comparisons made on the internet
showing lower rates for “drivers” (essentially passengers) of driverless cars. Fewer accidents and safer
driving usually means a lower insurance rate. To consider, however, is the probability that drivers will
most likely need a special license endorsement due to the new skills required when operating a
driverless car.

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2. Less traffic

Automating driving would also bring with it the benefit of decreased traffic. As connected vehicles and
driverless vehicles communicate with each other and their surroundings, they are able to identify the
optimum route, which helps spread demand for scarce road space. Separate vehicles move together as
a unit, reducing unnecessary accelerating and braking which are often the causes of traffic congestion.
And as automated vehicles decrease the number of accidents, traffic will be increasingly lighter since
accidents are one of the biggest causes for congestion. Less traffic will also improve people’s health,
as traffic jams have been shown to cause a rise in blood pressure, depression and anxiety, as well as a
decrease in cardiovascular fitness and quality sleep.

3. Reduced emissions

Transportation produces nearly 30% of all U.S. global warming emissions, and personal vehicles are
largely at fault, as roughly 24 pounds of carbon dioxide and other global-warming gases are released
for every gallon of fuel. Driverless cars, however, could be the solution to this problem. The
technology that driverless cars and “connected vehicles” use would allow the vehicles to communicate
with roadside infrastructure like traffic lights and road congestion, and then use this information to
curtail fuel consumption and emissions significantly. Grouping vehicles into platoons, or a group of
vehicles accelerating and braking simultaneously, is one benefit that would be realized with the
introduction of driverless cars. “Platooning” would contribute to greater fuel economy due to reduced
air resistance as well as reduced congestion. And less aerodynamic drag could decrease fuel
consumption by as much as 20%. Another study shows that even the use of autonomous taxis could
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 87 to 94% per mile by the year 2030. The potential benefits of
driverless cars are alluring and widespread, and the future for the industry is bright. And, if we let
them, they could be the biggest thing to happen to transportation since Henry Ford’s assembly line.

The devise Of Self-Driving Cars Work?

We are getting closer and closer to this technology, but how does it work? The self-driving technology
details differ from maker to maker, but most use a series of radar lasers and high-powered cameras that
map out the car’s surroundings.

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The IoT connectivity processes the feedback from these radar lasers, plots a path, and sends
instructions to the car’s controls (steering, acceleration, and braking). Each car is also equipped with
obstacle avoidance and predictive modeling that conduct the vehicle to obey traffic rules and steer
around certain obstacles.

According to Car and Driver, driverless cars have multiple levels.

Level 0 is a vehicle with complete human control.

Level 1 refers to “driver assistance.” Some of these features are common in most cars today including
cruise control.

Level 2 is partial automation. In certain circumstances, the car can accelerate, brake, and steer on its
own. The driver still is completely responsible and should keep their hands near the wheel. Examples
of level 2 technologies are Mercedes-Benz Driver Assistance Systems, Audi Traffic Jam Assist, and
Cadillac Super Cruise.

Level 3 is conditional automation. When the circumstances are right, the technology in level 3 cars can
do most things for the driver. This also includes examining the environment around the vehicle. But
the driver should still be ready to obtain control if needed. An example of this is Audi’s Traffic Jam
Pilot.

Level 4 is high automation. On the right roads and conditions, the car can operate fully without any
human input.

Level 5 is Full Automation. This is self-driving to its complete potential. A fully automated car can
handle any road and any condition that a human driver can. One just enters a destination, and the car
will take you there. This technology isn’t currently available yet, but films including iRobot, Minority
Report, and Batman have all featured level 5 autonomous vehicles.

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Self-Driving Car Advantages
One intriguing aspect of driverless cars is that commutes no longer have to be wasted time. People on
their way to the office or a meeting can get some extra work done during drive-time instead of
focusing on driving. This adds extra time to one’s day to be more productive. Another pro is that
computers don’t get distracted as easily as people—not to mention, computers don’t drive drunk either.

Who Is Building Autonomous Vehicles?

There are many companies working on a driverless car. Here is a list of some of the most notable and
recognizable names: Uber, Honda, Toyota, Tesla, Hyundai, Volvo, Waymo (partnered with Google,
Fiat Chrysler), BMW, Volkswagen, General Motors, and Ford.

Amongst all of these working on this technology, the companies that we hear the most about are Tesla,
Uber, and Waymo (Google). But regarding driverless cars, the news coverage isn’t merely positive.
Just in the last couple of months, multiple accidents have been reported involving autonomous
vehicles. A fatal accident occurred when an autonomous Uber vehicle struck and killed a woman
illegally crossing the street in Arizona on March 18. Uber and the victim’s family have since reached a
settlement. Although this may not have been the vehicle’s fault—the accident should be an eye-opener
to the driverless car industry.

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When Will Driverless Cars Be Available?
Driverless cars are well on their way, but we still might have to wait a decade or more. According
to Fortune, fully autonomous vehicles will not noticeably hit the market until about 2020, but it is
predicted that by 2040, 95 percent (or 96.3 million) of new vehicles sold will be driverless.

Connected and autonomous vehicles  

Mercedes-Benz Smart Vision EQ Level 5 autonomous car/Source: Susan Fourtané for Interesting
Engineering

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Connected vehicles provide extensive assistance to drivers while keeping their passengers entertained
at the same time. Autonomous and unmanned vehicles already deliver improvements to many
industries in logistics, delivery, and agriculture as well as terrestrial and aerial transportation of people
themselves.

Connected vehicles currently on the market have reached Level 3 of autonomy. Level 4 is going to
give the vehicle full control over the entire trip under certain conditions but the passenger can take
over the wheel as a backup at will.

Vehicles with Level 5 of autonomy are not going to have steering wheel or pedals. Instead, an
intelligent unmanned ride is going to be requested by a mobile device to collect the user. The user
simply climbs in, relax, and can make use of the riding time to work, read, make phone calls, watch a
movie, or even take a nap while approaching their destination.

Companies including Google’s Waymo, Uber, Tesla, Volvo, General Motors/Cruise, Nissan,
Mercedes, BMW, and Ford are currently conducting Level 4 pilots on public roads. Automotive
companies are conducting Level 5 tests as well.

The Mercedes-Benz Smart Vision EQ (pictured above) is a Level 5 autonomous car being tested by the
German automaker. Because the network upgrade is paramount for Level 5 vehicles, the automotive
industry and mobile operators are collaborating in order to develop strategies for disruptive trends in
connectivity and automation.Services based on autonomous vehicles, or emerging Mobility as a
Service (MaaS), are going to initially be limited to carefully control urban environments before
becoming mainstream in the late 2030s.

Drone Delivery 

Drone powered by 5G/Source: Susan Fourtané for Interesting Engineering 

5G networks are set to enable Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) --also known as drones-- to provide
fast, low-cost, secure connected delivery. You will be able to place your orders from your mobile

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device, pay fewer delivery costs, and receive your goods quickly and securely. The 5G network will
help to coordinate large fleets letting drones fly safely, automatically avoiding collisions with high
buildings and other drones or flying vehicles.

Smart homes' access control to your property is going to increase flexibility in delivery times. The 5G
network also provides secure connections, authentication, and smart autonomous navigation with high-
definition video backup and recovery location in case of emergencies. Artificial Intelligence is going to
optimize drone route management.  

This may sound futuristic, however, Amazon Prime Air , Boston Dynamics, and others are already
working to introduce fleets of aerial and road-based unmanned, autonomous delivery vehicles, such
as Spot-Mini(4 leg robot ), which will deliver goods across almost any terrain.

Some types of drones are going to be able to navigate autonomously while others are going to climb
stairs and open smart doors based on the access permissions that they were granted. Imagine the
convenience of ordering throughout the week without needing to be in when your deliveries arrive.

How Do Self-Driving Cars Work?

The self-driving car revolution is ramping up. But there are still a few obstacles standing in the way.

It’s no secret that in just a few years, our cars will be able to take us wherever we want to while we
relax. That could potentially enhance our quality of life considerably. It may sound fictional or
imaginary, but the autonomous vehicle revolution is underway. The fact that self-driving cars have
already started being produced is quite impressive. The future of transportation is bright, and self-
driving cars are blazing the path. But amid all of the buzz you may be wondering, how do self-driving
cars work? 

Many cars today are actually semi-autonomous already. Some have features like self-parking.
Completely autonomous cars are entering the scene. Tesla has already started selling autonomous
solutions, and Google is planning to drop an autonomous vehicle product line on the market by 2020.

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To Error is Human
So, why autonomous cars? A recent study has shown that over 90 percent of road accidents are
caused by human error. To err is human, but behind the wheel, mistakes are often catastrophic.
Accidents have led to a massive number of unnecessary deaths—lives that could have otherwise been
saved through safer driving. This is where self-driving cars come in.

What do they have to offer?

Autonomous cars are much safer than human-driven cars. They’re unaffected by factors like driver
fatigue, emotion, or illness. This makes them very safe.

Self-driving cars are always attentive and active, observing their environments and scanning multiple
directions. It would be difficult to make a move that the car has not anticipated.

Adoption of self-driving cars would mean safer roadways, which in turn would mean less demand for
emergency response services, pricey insurance premiums, not to mention savings in accident-related
health care for everyone.

Self-Driving Cars Work?

The technological leaps and bounds we have made in recent years have finally culminated in making
self-driving cars a reality. Self-driving cars are only possible today due to the existence of three
technologies:

1: IoT Sensors
There are many types of sensors available today that make autonomous cars a reality. Sensors for
blind-spot monitoring, forward collision warning, radar, camera, LIDAR, and ultrasonic all work
together to make navigation of a self-driving car possible.

2: IoT Connectivity
Self-driving cars use cloud computing to act upon traffic data, weather, maps, adjacent cars, and
surface conditions among others. This helps them monitor their surroundings better and make
informed decisions. Self-driving cars must be connected to the internet even if edge computing
hardware can solve small computing tasks locally.

3: Software Algorithms
All the data the car collects needs to be analyzed to determine the best course of action. This is the
main function of the control algorithms and software. This is the most complex part of the self-driving
car since it has to make decisions flawlessly. A “flaw,” like in Robotic cars, can be fatal. 

Google and Tesla Lead the Charge

The most famous self-driving cars in existence today are those made by Tesla and Google. Tesla cars
work by analyzing their environments using a software system known as “Autopilot“. Autopilot uses
high-tech cameras to view and collect data on the world, much like we use our eyes to do, using what’s
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called “computer vision” or sophisticated image recognition. It then interprets this information and
makes the best decision based on it. As stated earlier, Tesla’s self-driving technology is already being
sold today. On the other hand, Google takes a very different approach to its cars. The self-driving cars
Google makes use LIDAR. Simply put, lidar is like radar, but with light instead of radio waves. This
sensor technology makes Google’s cars bypass the need for steering wheels and pedals. With another:
what obstacles still stand in the way for self-driving cars? The path towards self-driving cars, like all
great breakthroughs, is littered with obstacles. Some of these hurdles are technological but many more
are political and regulatory. Self-driving cars are illegal—often by default—in many US states.
Another hurdle developer’s face is how to safely integrate the cars into a world of human-driven
vehicles. Remember, it’s humans who make mistakes. The fact that we’re looking at the mainstream
adoption of autonomous vehicle technology by 2020 is pretty amazing. The technology could change
all of our lives whether we own a self-driving car or not. Our society can definitely benefit from
autonomous vehicles, in areas such as driving privileges for the old and the physically impaired. Soon,
everyone will be able to own a self-driving car. We can hope that there’ll be fewer crazy drivers on our
roads soon. 

Philosophy of Autonomous Cars

The prime reason for adopting this technology of driverless car goes to the several functionalities that
are not achievable by the humans itself. This AI based car can determine its surrounding environment
with efficiency. There are a number of devices on the market that helps to accomplish that which
specifically includes laser rangefinder, LADAR, RADAR etc. So, this AI-based technology is relying
on number of sensors for performing operation

Another major functionality of driverless car is its capability of planning the ultimate motion which
makes it far more accurate. It might be complex, but recent advances in these fields have resulted in
some algorithms which have dramatically enhanced its ability. Managing the speed and steering of
autonomous cars are a very important factor for the perfection of motion planning. These cars also use
Global positioning system GPS to determine its location along with the inertial navigation system
(INS), for keeping the position in the continuous record and the position as well, and for that purpose it
utilizes the gyroscopes and accelerometers.

When everything is ready for planning, location and navigation, it uses the concept of vision-based
lane analysis i.e. 2D, 3D, straight or twisted. But point to be noted, the implementation of these cars is
only done on the well-organized roads, on the other hand there requires lot more improvement to make
it friendlier to be used on the unstructured roads. Overtaking is one of the biggest causes of road
accidents around the World. One of the major concern of these cars to adopt the safer procedure to
perform overtaking safely, so for that reason there are number of different sensors and stereo cameras
where they detect the car ahead and the distance, linked it to the speed of the car itself and by
performing other perception through sensors it carries out the position to pass the other car.

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Big data associated with autonomous car

Challenges involved with Autonomous Cars

Without any doubt, it is clear the various advantages of this driverless car like giving the source of
mobility for non-drivers and decreased the driving stress for the driver, but along with these useful
effects, there are numbers of challenges and difficulties that are involved in the implementation of this
technology. Following are some of the major issues associated with the driverless cars:

Infrastructure
Although many big companies like BMW, Audi, Nissan etc. has done a commitment to introduce
driverless car, the infrastructure like roads is not up to date to that level where these cars could be
compromised to launch. According to one report, it will take another 10-15 years to develop a certain
type of infrastructure. Companies are really focusing to invest such a big amount with something in
return

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 Expected release of Autonomous cars

Cost
Various cars manufacturers had to spend a huge amount of money for designing these autonomous
vehicles. The example Google can be considered where they are paying around $80,000 for one of
their AV model, which is totally unaffordable by the ordinary company or the person. According to the
future predictions, it is estimated that this price will come down to the half, which is still more to be
afforded. According to the recent survey done by the JD power, which concluded that in the future
37% of the people will choose autonomous car as their next vehicle

Replacing Conventional Cars

This is one of the biggest challenges which are being faced by the experts; replacing old conventional
car would be required to increase the efficiency of the autonomous cars. If the old cars are left over
under the same platform then this may lead to unpredictable results for the autonomous car and
compromises the security during its interaction with the other cars.

Security Concerns
Security and privacy are always being the biggest issue associated with the electronic system.
Autonomous cars are based on the AI system, where it also requires a source of Internet for managing
and information exchange, and this is the compromise medium which can be abused by the hackers.
The second major concern is the involvement of terrorist activity where this platform of the driverless
car can give a favorable place where they can perform their suicide mission. And as this car is
depending on GPS system, so anyone can get itself into it to use it for the bad purpose .

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Ethical Issues with Driverless cars
There are many ethical issues which can be raised due to the implementation of these cars. One of the
major issues is the unemployment for the drivers. The implementation will cause the replacing of all
the manual procedures of driving which specifically includes for taxis, trucking etc., and it is the
source of ultimate livelihood for millions of peoples around the World, and this source of earning
would be in serious risk as the autonomous cars will take over all the driving system, and there will be
no longer need of human drivers.

As this technology is depending on the sensors, where stereo cameras are one of them. These cameras
continuous record the video and keep it in database for future perception and learning, but on the other
hand these recording can be used by the owner or anyone else for bad purpose, as the recorded videos
are not secure, and it includes the pictures of other vehicles detail along with the images of people
around which is quite unethical.

The efficiency of the autonomous car could bring a good change in people perception of buying such
an efficient car. This will cause the conversion of the conventional car into the autonomous car very
quickly. Meanwhile, this will cause a huge loss to the manufacturers of conventional cars. According
to one of the report, the overall business involving conventional car will come down 37%, and this
trend can further go down in the future when more awareness will be spread among the people about
the advantages of adopting this AI-based technology. So, the booming of autonomous cars is quite an
unethical approach for the other companies based on the conventional cars.

Standard and Regulation

Although this technology of autonomous cars is not yet implemented on the commercial basis, there is
a number of rules and regulations that are required to be adopted before getting on with autonomous
cars. And these standards must be official and strictly implemented not just by the user of these cars
but also on the automobile companies that are implementing this technology. Following are some of
the rules and standard proposed by the US:

Environmental Impact
The practical implementation of the autonomous car on the commercial basis will bring a huge impact
on the environment. These cars are designed in a way that they are environmental friendly in many
aspects. AI-based cars planned their journey by keeping in consideration all the aspects like shortest
path to the destination and stay restricted to the lane. This will result in the less consumption of fuel
and ultimately less emission of carbon into the atmosphere.

The same concept is applied to the feature of accuracy followed by these cars. Precision and accuracy
based on the AI avoid the traffic congestion. For example, when this car is parked in a lane for a traffic
signal, it will keep a very small distance between the other cars in a lane. Thus, following this
algorithm makes it more accurate in terms of its physical location, and this feature causes the positive
impact on the environment.

The impact on the environment by these autonomous cars were proved when one of the autonomous
car manufactured by VisLab named it BRAiVE was tested to drive in the downtown of Parma in July

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2013. And the results were totally tremendous, the car successfully went through all the hurdles like
narrow roads, rural areas, traffic signs etc. and the accuracy in terms of time and fuel consumption was
found to be more environmentally friendly than the conventional cars driven by the human

Short-term and Long-Term Impacts

Autonomous vehicles can bring a huge change in the society and that changes are not just limited to
the humans but also on the other areas which make it a more favorable way of transportation. This
technology is still at its beginning level and there is a lot to come up in the future. So, the predictions
justify a number of impacts which could be short-term and long-term.

The technology of these cars is very expensive, initially from its launch there won’t be a large number
of people to buy these cars because of its cost. As the Google has launched the AI based AV module
for $80,000 and this cost is predicted to come down gradually over the period. People might get
frightened initially to ride on it or even to encounter it by the roads and the payment. But this fear can
be abolished if the standards and rules for autonomous cars are strictly obeyed. There will be a big
contradiction between the conventional and autonomous cars, and its concept will gradually spread in
the society. Other terrorist and security threats will always be the biggest challenge and short-term
impact can be disastrous.

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 Stages of Autonomous car

The long-term impact of this technology could result in the complete conversion of conventional cars into
autonomous cars. As the time will pass, people will start getting awareness about these cars and take a
chance to adopt them, and if it satisfied them with all of their needs both for driver and non-drivers, it can
revolutionize the World. According to one of the predictions by the expert states that by 2050, half of the
World will already adopt this technology and the quantity will keep increasing. Work is still underway and
the pace of progression in AI will make this technology more secure than ever before.

Debating Issues
In one way where this technology is bringing a positive change, on the other sides there are few issues
associated with it, which makes the expert recognize them and take the decision to be fair for everyone.
Autonomous vehicles can be the best source for non-drivers or disable people to enjoy the ride in their
own car without any driver, which is cost effective as well. But on the other hand, it is taking away the
source of livelihood for millions of other peoples that are relying on driving.

GPS and another AI-based system will make this technology more secure and make it independent to
operate just with the command by the users of the destination. This AI-based system is based on the
Internet and this medium of Internet compromise the security of the vehicle which includes the controlling
by an unauthorized person or hacks the system to get the location and other details of the owner and the
car. Safety of the passengers and the pedestrians is also one of the big dilemmas of these autonomous cars.
No doubt the accuracy and the precision of these cars are incredible, but it must be kept in mind we are
relying on the technology which is totally based on AI-based sensors. In exceptional cases, if autonomous
car is caught in an accident by the other conventional car and this may lead to hardware disruption of the

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car and it can spoil or damage sensors as well which can dramatically affect its operation, now this
situation creates a big risk for the passenger and the other pedestrians that are travelling along by the road.
So, there are still many things that are required for these autonomous cars to make it more secure and
friendly for the people.

Legal Issues
There are a number of legal barriers to the implementation of autonomous cars; mostly it is concerned
about the accidents that can happen.

In 2016, a guy was killed in an accident caused by the fault in Tesla’s autopilot when it failed to recognize
the truck turning the car. Later it has been reported that deceased guy’s family hired experts and lawyers
for litigation of product defect. So, it’s a big legal issue in case of any happening of an accident if the
owner of the car is prosecuted or the manufacturer of the car.

Another legal issue of the autonomous car is the responsibility of insurance, as it is not being driven by the
driver or owner, so the third-party liability consideration is the big question. In the UK, 11 prominent
insurance companies including Arriva and Direct line are working on a common platform to conclude a
framework for autonomous car insurance policy. According to some of them, compulsory insurance must
cover product liability while the other says it must be self-insured so, there is a number of legal constraints
that are required to be considered and hopefully as this technology will get more common, it will decrease
these kinds of issues.

Top Three Challenges Facing Autonomous Vehicles

Automation is popular, even to the point of self-driving cars. However, automating everything is not
without its challenges. Here are the biggest challenges to automated vehicles, including radar interference,
accident liability, and navigating crowds.

Google’s Self-driving Cars

Google’s ‘self-driving’ cars (presently) are standard cars equipped with multiple sensors, have logged
hundreds of hours and many miles of tests. In all tests, while there has been a person physically present
behind the steering wheel (as mandated by US vehicle driving rules and just in case manual intervention is
needed), in most situations, the car has driven itself. Initially, a modified Toyota Prius was used for
testing, but a recent prototype from Google shows a design that does not have a steering wheel or driving
controls. Each ‘self-driving’ car uses many sensors, to enable it to drive on the road. Each car is mounted
with a video camera that detects traffic lights and moving objects; a rotating sensor on the roof that scans
the surroundings and creates a dynamic, three-dimensional map of the environment; a position estimator
that measures lateral movements and determines the vehicle’s position on the map; and multiple (four)
distance sensors (radars) that measure distances to various obstacles.

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In situations where the Google car has been involved in accidents, post-facto analysis has indicated that
these accidents were caused due to the fault of other cars, driven by humans. Over the years, the
technology of self-driving has made dramatic progress. But this technology still has a long way to go
before such vehicles become commonplace on the street.

Challenges
Autonomous vehicles will have to cross many hurdles before they gain wide acceptance. While their
acceptance in the developed countries will be easier, they will still face challenges even though drivers
have more discipline and follow driving rules. In developing countries, the challenges will be
monumental, primarily due to the number of vehicles on the road as well as the non-compliance to road
rules by many drivers. While many of the challenges will be overcome with the passage of time, we
believe that three of these challenges– elaborated below –are critical to the success of self-driving cars.

Challenge 1: Radar Interference

The Google autonomous car uses lasers and radar for navigation. The lasers are mounted on the roof of the
vehicle while the radar sensors (around four in number) are mounted on the body of the vehicle. The
principle of radar works by detecting reflections of radio waves from surrounding objects. When on the
road, a car will continuously emit radio frequency waves, which get reflected from the surrounding cars
and other objects near the road. The time taken for the reflection is measured in order to calculate the
distance between the car and the object. Appropriate action is then taken based on the radar readings.

We believe that this principle of reflection may fall prey to interference from other similar vehicles if the
density of such radar-enabled vehicles (on the road) is very large. It is likely that radar waves from one car
may interfere with radar waves from another car in the same locality. Though the principle works very
well for airplanes, the number of airplanes in the sky is quite limited. Additionally, the distance between
airplanes is fairly large.

When this technology is used for hundreds of vehicles on the road, will a car be able to distinguish
between its own (reflected) signal and the signal (reflected or transmitted) from another vehicle? Even if
multiple radio frequencies are available for radar, this frequency range is unlikely to be insufficient for all
the vehicles manufactured. A comparative example that may immediately come to mind is that of mobile
telephony. Mobile telephony also uses radio signals for communication and hundreds of mobile devices
per cell / tracking station / tracking tower are being used simultaneously. Mobile networks use
microwaves for communication and the density of mobile devices is usually very high.

The biggest difference between a mobile signal and radar is that radar works on the principle of reflection
while mobile devices encode additional information and send it to the tower. In reality, a mobile device
never sends the same signal that it receives. It sends different information. In other words, each mobile
device is also a transmitter in its own right. The information sent by mobile devices is used to distinguish
between multiple mobile devices.

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The principle of radar works on the principle of reflection. There is no transmitter involved in the
transaction. The sender emits a signal and then waits for the wave to be reflected from an object. It is
important to note that the signal received by the sender is essentially the same as the one it had
transmitted/generated. A self-driving car uses radar, in order to find out the distance between itself and
other objects and/or vehicles on the road. Even if we assume that other autonomous vehicles send
information to each other like mobile devices, it will not be possible to calculate the distance between the
vehicles unless this information is supported by accurate GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates.
But what of objects like walls and trees, which do not have any transmission mechanism to inform self-
driving vehicles of their position?

Challenge 2: Accident Liability

In the case of self-driving cars, one of the most important aspects that will delay their wide adoption is
relating to the question of accident liability. Who is liable for accidents caused by a self-driving car? In the
famous Toyota case, a few drivers faced problems when their Toyota Prius accelerated even when the
drivers pressed the brake pedal. While some of the accidents were minor, a few were fatal for the drivers.
While some drivers faced such issues because the floor carpet got pulled into the pedal hole cut-out, some
drivers faced problems due to the software used to control the behavior of the car. During the
investigation, the appointed expert had many comments about the quality of the software itself, in addition
to the software development process used for development and testing.

In the case of autonomous cars, the software will be the main component that will drive the car and will
make all the important decisions. While the initial designs have a person physically placed behind the
steering wheel, newer designs showcased by Google, do not have a dashboard and a steering wheel! In
such designs, where the car does not have any controls like a steering wheel, a brake pedal, an accelerator
pedal, how is the person in the car supposed to control the car in case of an untoward incident?
Additionally, due to the nature of autonomous cars, the occupants will mostly be in a relaxed state and
may not be paying close attention to the traffic conditions. In situations where their attention is needed, by
the time they need to act, it may be too late to avert the situation.

In the case of an accident, who is going to be held liable for damages? Today, the driver of the vehicle is
supposed to pay the damages. But, in an autonomous car, if the driver does not have control over the car,
how can we hold her responsible for the actions of the automobile? If the car is manufactured by Google,
will Google be held liable for the damage caused?

Challenge 3: Crowd Navigation

A person crossing the road does not present a serious issue in developed countries (in most cities) but is a
serious problem in crowded cities and most developing countries. We believe that crowds will present
significant problems for autonomous cars as well. While is perfectly acceptable to wait for people to cross
the road at a zebra crossing, will the autonomous car keep waiting even when the signal turns green and

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people continue to cross the road? If this occurs in cities like Mumbai, an autonomous car will keep
probably waiting for an eternity.

Robotic cars (Self Driving cars) advantages and disadvantages

Self-Driving Car uses the digital map which can be constantly updated according to the sensory input,
this allows the vehicle to adapt to change the situations, as well as travel through previously unknown
territories.

Advantages of Robot Cars

Robotic cars cause less accidents, The human error supposedly causes 93% of all car accidents, They will
have faster reaction times compared to the human drivers, They will drive faster due to the increased
safety, The speed limits can be increased to reflect the safer driving, shortening the journey times.
The inter-vehicle communication rolls out on the wider scale, each robot take better defensive actions,
Robot cars cause less traffic, They will be able to eliminating the gap that usually occurs when the human
drivers stop in traffic and they will reduce the car theft.

Robotic car

Robot cars can eliminate distracted drivers, You can text, sleep, watch a movie, play video games while
driving, They offers better accessibility, The blind people can now drive, There are no more parking
issues, There will be no bad drivers and there will be less mistakes on the roads.
The robot cars are programmed not to break the laws, if they are safer than the human drivers, they may
be less dangerous to the bikes on the road, and there may be an opportunity to create wider bicycle lanes
and better infrastructure.

The computer is an ideal motorist, most of car crashes are the result of human error, the computers use the
complicated algorithms to determine the appropriate stopping distance which reduces the chances of car
accidents, and the human driven cars come at a very high cost in terms of danger.

There is a cost savings associated with the time, when the computer takes over the driving responsibilities;
the drivers can use that time to do the other things such as catch up on reading or chat with the passengers.

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Self-driving cars will improve the traffic conditions and congestion, they will reduce the commute times
for the drivers in high-traffic areas but to maximize on gasoline usage, they will communicate with one
another to operate most efficiently, helping to identify the traffic problems or road risks.

Many cars are equipped with the features in the first stage of automatic driving such as autonomous
braking, self-parking, or the sensors that clue the driver in to a nearby obstacle, The sensors allow the
vehicles to ride closer together that causes less traffic.

Robotic cars can double the capacity of roads, They will be less likely to the crash, They are lighter and
they reduce the fuel consumption, They can eliminate all 93% of the human errors, They helps the people
who have difficulties with driving such as disabled people and older citizens.

The robotic cars are lightweight, So, They will decrease the amount of fuel consumption or they can be
run on hydrogen and the electricity which make the air pollution and the fuel consumption a thing of the
past.

The use of automated shipping trucks will impact the world’s economy, Robotic cars increase the car
efficiency & speed, they can reduce the insurance premiums for the car owners, and you do not need for
the drivers’ licenses or driving tests.

Robotic cars reduce fatigue from driving, they reduce the arguments over the directions and the
navigation, the efficient travel means the fuel savings, cutting the costs, and reduced need for safety gaps
means that the road capacities for the vehicles would be increased.

The sensory technology can perceive the environment better than the human senses, the robotic cars can
see farther ahead, they can see better in poor visibility, they can detect smaller and more subtle obstacles
and they can reduce the traffic accidents.

Disadvantages of Robot Cars

Cyber security effects on robot cars, the car’s computer can be compromised, as could the
communication system between the cars, the security behind self-driving cars would be the major
obstacle, especially the hackers affect on the vehicle’s software and control its operation.
Robots cars cause loss of driving-related jobs, they cause the criminal and terrorist activities, they can be
loaded with the explosives and they used to drive the bomb to its destination or they can be used in the
other criminality acts such as the getaway vehicles.

The ethical problems arise when the robot car is in the unavoidable crash and it must choose between
multiple harmful actions that could lead to the death, the self-driving car doesn’t eliminate the likelihood
of the car accident and there’s no legal precedent for how the case would be handled.
The ability to operate a self-driving car will require the driver education, the cost of implementing the
new technology is very high, the engineering, the power, the computer requirements, the software and
the sensors cost a lot of money.
Self-driving cars will eliminate many jobs in the transportation sector, especially when it comes to the

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freight transportation and the taxi drivers, this could have the negative impact on the unemployment rate
and the economy.

The robotic cars cannot operate at a high level of safety in all weather conditions, the heavy rain affect on
them & it damage the laser sensor mounted on the car’s roof and the snow can interfere with its cameras.

The robotic cars depend on accurate mapping systems through GPS that are not always accurate, many
people are worried about handing over all the power to the robotic cars that could malfunction and put
them in dangerous situations.
Self-driving cars will maneuver through the hazards such as the roadblocks or unique local driving laws, it
is difficult to identify the different local and state rules of the road and they cannot interpret the human
traffic signals.
The gasoline industry suffers because the self-driving cars would be electric, if self-driving cars are safer
and reduce the number of accidents on the road, they will reduce the earning of the personal injury
lawyers.

Robotic cars costs a lot of money, Truck drivers and taxi drivers will lose their jobs, The road system and
infrastructure would need major upgrades for Self Driving vehicles to operate on them such as the traffic
and street lights

Conclusion
The vision-guided autonomous car developed by the Mercedes Benz gave a new dimension to this
technology and opened doors for the research work. According to Official report, there will be quite a
large number of autonomous cars that will be launched by 2020, which will be partial as well the fully
autonomous. And by 2035 most of the car around will be autonomous according to the predictions. It is
very important that automobile companies put all their effort to make it as secure as possible because any
accident caused by these vehicles can disrupt all the industry. But indeed, this technology can play an
integral part as the source of transportation for public and military, in the various search operation and use
for accessing certain location which is rather a risk for the human drivers

The autonomous car can bring a great revolution in the World of auto motors. There are many firms and
companies that are working on this technology to make it even better and secure. Many big investments
are carrying out in the United States where they are trying to create a smooth platform for these
autonomous cars as they require special roads and areas, but work is being done so that even we could use
these vehicles in all various platforms and other uneven roads and places. This technology is still at its
beginning, it might take a while for people to develop a trust for this technology and adopt it. A number of
security threats and concerns are on the way, but it won’t last forever.

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