Physics 4C

Solutions to Chapter 20 HW

Chapter 20: Conceptual Questions: 2, 4, 8

Problems: 6, 14, 16, 22, 29, 30, 35, 37, 43, 48, 71

Question 20-2
9 and –8, 8 and –5, 5 and –3, 3 and –2

Question 20-4
(a) AE (b) AC (c) AF (d) none

Question 20-8
c, a, b

Problem 20-6
(a) This may be considered a reversible process (as well as isothermal), so we use ΔS = Q/T
where Q = Lm with L = 333 J/g from Table 19-4. Consequently,

ΔS =
a333 J / gfa12.0 gf = 14.6 J / K.
273 K

(b) The situation is similar to that described in part (a), except with L = 2256 J/g, m = 5.00 g, and
T = 373 K. We therefore find ΔS = 30.2 J/K.

Problem 20-14
(a) Work is done only for the ab portion of the process. This portion is at constant pressure, so
the work done by the gas is

4V0 W
W =∫ p0 dV = p0 (4.00V0 − 1.00V0 ) = 3.00 p0V0 ⇒ = 3.00.
V0 p0V

(b) We use the first law: ΔEint = Q - W. Since the process is at constant volume, the work done by
the gas is zero and Eint = Q. The energy Q absorbed by the gas as heat is Q = nCV ΔT, where CV
is the molar specific heat at constant volume and ΔT is the change in temperature. Since the gas
is a monatomic ideal gas, CV = 3R / 2 . Use the ideal gas law to find that the initial temperature is

pbVb 4 p0V0
Tb = =
nR nR
and that the final temperature is

pcVc (2 p0 )(4V0 ) 8 p0V0

Tc = = = .
nR nR nR

Thus,
3 ⎛ 8p V 4p V ⎞
Q = nR ⎜ 0 0 − 0 0 ⎟ = 6.00 p0V0 .
2 ⎝ nR nR ⎠

The change in the internal energy is ΔEint = 6p0V0 or ΔEint/p0V0 = 6.00. Since n = 1 mol, this can
also be written Q = 6.00RT0.

(c) For a complete cycle, ΔEint = 0.

(d) Since the process is at constant volume, use dQ = nCV dT to obtain

dQ Tc dT T
ΔS = ∫ = nCV ∫ = nCV ln c .
T Tb T Tb

Substituting CV = 32 R and using the ideal gas law, we write

Tc pc Vc (2 p0 )(4V0 )
= = = 2.
Tb pb Vb p0 (4V0 )

Thus, ΔS = 32 nR ln 2 . Since n = 1, this is ΔS = 32 R ln 2 = 8.64 J/K.

(e) For a complete cycle, ΔEint = 0 and ΔS = 0.

Problem 20-16
In coming to equilibrium, the heat lost by the 100 cm3 of liquid water (of mass mw = 100 g and
specific heat capacity cw = 4190 J/kgK) is absorbed by the ice (of mass mi, which melts and
reaches Tf > 0 °C). We begin by finding the equilibrium temperature:

∑Q = 0
Qwarm water cools + Q + Qice melts + Qmelted ice warms = 0
ice warms to 0D

cw mw (T f − 20° ) + ci mi ( 0° − ( −10° ) ) + LF mi + cw mi (T f − 0° ) = 0
which yields, after using LF = 333000 J/kg and values cited in the problem, Tf = 12.24° which is
equivalent to Tf = 285.39 K. Sample Problem — “Entropy change of two blocks coming to
equilibrium” shows that
⎛T ⎞
Δ S temp change = mc ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠

for processes where ΔT = T2 – T1, and Eq. 20-2 gives

LF m
Δ S melt =
To

for the phase change experienced by the ice (with To = 273.15 K). The total entropy change is
(with T in Kelvins)

⎛ 285.39 ⎞ ⎛ 273.15 ⎞ ⎛ 285.39 ⎞ LF mi

ΔSsystem = mw cw ln ⎜ ⎟ + mi ci ln ⎜ ⎟ + mi cw ln ⎜ ⎟+
⎝ 293.15 ⎠ ⎝ 263.15 ⎠ ⎝ 273.15 ⎠ 273.15
= (−11.24 + 0.66 + 1.47 + 9.75)J/K = 0.64 J/K.

Problem 20-22
(a) We denote the mass of the ice (which turns to water and warms to Tf) as m and the mass of
original water (which cools from 80º down to Tf) as m′. From ΣQ = 0 we have

LF m + cm (Tf – 0º) + cm′ (Tf – 80º) = 0 .

Since LF = 333 × 103 J/kg, c = 4190 J/(kg·Cº), m′ = 0.13 kg, and m = 0.012 kg, we find Tf =
66.5ºC, which is equivalent to 339.67 K.

(b) Using Eq. 20-2, the process of ice at 0º C turning to water at 0º C involves an entropy change
of
Q LF m
T = 273.15 K = 14.6 J/K .

(c) Using Eq. 20-1, the process of m = 0.012 kg of water warming from 0º C to 66.5º C involves
an entropy change of

339.67 cmdT ⎛ 339.67 ⎞

∫273.15 T
= cm ln ⎜ ⎟ = 11.0 J/K .
⎝ 273.15 ⎠

(d) Similarly, the cooling of the original water involves an entropy change of
 339.67 cm′dT ⎛ 339.67 ⎞
∫353.15 T
= cm′ ln ⎜ ⎟ = −21.2 J/K .
⎝ 353.15 ⎠

(e) The net entropy change in this calorimetry experiment is found by summing the previous
results; we find (by using more precise values than those shown above) ΔSnet = 4.39 J/K.

Problem 20-29
(a) The net work done is the rectangular “area” enclosed in the pV diagram:

W = (V − V0 )( p − p0 ) = ( 2V0 − V0 )( 2 p0 − p0 ) = V0 p0 .

Inserting the values stated in the problem, we obtain W = 2.27 kJ.

(b) We compute the energy added as heat during the “heat-intake” portions of the cycle using Eq.
19-39, Eq. 19-43, and Eq. 19-46:

⎛3 ⎞ ⎛T ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞ ⎛T T ⎞
Qabc = nCV (Tb − Ta ) + nC p (Tc − Tb ) = n ⎜ R ⎟ Ta ⎜ b − 1⎟ + n ⎜ R ⎟ Ta ⎜ c − b ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ Ta ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ Ta Ta ⎠
⎛3⎛T ⎞ 5 ⎛ T T ⎞⎞ ⎛3 5 ⎞
= nRTa ⎜ ⎜ b − 1⎟ + ⎜ c − b ⎟ ⎟ = p0V0 ⎜ ( 2 − 1) + ( 4 − 2 ) ⎟
⎜2 T ⎟
⎝ ⎝ a ⎠ 2 ⎝ Ta Ta ⎠ ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠
13
= p0V0
2

where, to obtain the last line, the gas law in ratio form has been used. Therefore, since W = p0V0,
we have Qabc = 13W/2 = 14.8 kJ.

(c) The efficiency is given by Eq. 20-11:

W 2
ε= = = 0.154 = 15.4%.
QH 13

(d) A Carnot engine operating between Tc and Ta has efficiency equal to

Ta 1
ε = 1− = 1 − = 0.750 = 75.0%
Tc 4

where the gas law in ratio form has been used.

(e) This is greater than our result in part (c), as expected from the second law of
thermodynamics.
Problem 20-30
(a) Equation 20-13 leads to
TL 333 K
ε = 1− = 1− = 0.107.
TH 373 K

We recall that a watt is joule-per-second. Thus, the (net) work done by the cycle per unit time is
the given value 500 J/s. Therefore, by Eq. 20-11, we obtain the heat input per unit time:
W 0.500 kJ s
ε= ⇒ = 4.67 kJ s .
QH 0.107

(b) Considering Eq. 20-8 on a per unit time basis, we find (4.67 – 0.500) kJ/s = 4.17 kJ/s for the
rate of heat exhaust.

Problem 20-35
(a) The pressure at 2 is p2 = 3.00p1, as given in the problem statement. The volume is V2 = V1 =
nRT1/p1. The temperature is

p2V2 3.00 p1V1 T

T2 = = = 3.00T1 ⇒ 2 = 3.00.
nR nR T1

(b) The process 2 → 3 is adiabatic, so T2V2γ −1 = T3V3γ −1 . Using the result from part (a), V3 = 4.00V1,
V2 = V1, and γ =1.30, we obtain
γ −1 0.30
T3 T3 ⎛V ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= = 3.00 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 3.00 ⎜ ⎟ = 1.98 .
T1 T2 / 3.00 ⎝ V3 ⎠ ⎝ 4.00 ⎠

(c) The process 4 → 1 is adiabatic, so T4V4γ −1 = TV

1 1
γ −1
. Since V4 = 4.00V1, we have

γ −1 0.30
T4 ⎛ V1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.660.
T1 ⎝ V4 ⎠ ⎝ 4.00 ⎠

(d) The process 2 → 3 is adiabatic, so p2V2γ = p3V3γ or p3 = (V2 V3 ) p2 . Substituting V3 =

γ

4.00V1, V2 = V1, p2 = 3.00p1, and γ = 1.30, we obtain

p3 3.00
= = 0.495.
p1 (4.00)1.30

(e) The process 4 → 1 is adiabatic, so p4V4γ = p1V1γ and

 γ
p4 ⎛ V1 ⎞ 1
=⎜ ⎟ = = 0.165,
p1 ⎝ V4 ⎠ (4.00)1.30

where we have used V4 = 4.00V1.

(f) The efficiency of the cycle is ε = W/Q12, where W is the total work done by the gas during the
cycle and Q12 is the energy added as heat during the 1 → 2 portion of the cycle, the only portion
in which energy is added as heat. The work done during the portion of the cycle from 2 to 3 is
W23 = ∫ p dV. Substitute p = p2V2γ V γ to obtain

⎛ p2V2γ ⎞ 1−γ
( )
V3
W23 = p2V2 ∫ V dV = ⎜
γ −γ 1−γ
⎟ V2 − V3 .
V2
⎝ γ −1 ⎠

Substitute V2 = V1, V3 = 4.00V1, and p3 = 3.00p1 to obtain

⎛ 3pV ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3nRT1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
W23 = ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 − γ −1 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − γ −1 ⎟ .
⎝ 1 − γ ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

Similarly, the work done during the portion of the cycle from 4 to 1 is

⎛ p V γ ⎞ 1−γ ⎛ pV ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ nRT1 ⎞ ⎛
(
W41 = ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ V4 − V1
1−γ
) 1 ⎞
= − ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ ⎜ 1 − γ −1 ⎟ = − ⎜
1 ⎞
⎟ ⎜1 − γ −1 ⎟ .
⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

No work is done during the 1 → 2 and 3 → 4 portions, so the total work done by the gas during
the cycle is
⎛ 2nRT1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
W = W23 + W41 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜1 − γ −1 ⎟ .
⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
The energy added as heat is

Q12 = nCV (T2 – T1) = nCV (3T1 – T1) = 2nCVT1,

where CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume. Now

γ = Cp/CV = (CV + R)/CV = 1 + (R/CV),

so CV = R/(γ – 1). Here Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure, which for an ideal gas
is Cp = CV + R. Thus, Q12 = 2nRT1/(γ – 1). The efficiency is

2nRT1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ γ −1 1
ε= ⎜1 − γ −1 ⎟ = 1 − γ −1 .
γ − 1 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 2nRT1 4

With γ = 1.30, the efficiency is ε = 0.340 or 34.0%.

Problem 20-37
The coefficient of performance for a refrigerator is given by K = |QL|/|W|, where QL is the energy
absorbed from the cold reservoir as heat and W is the work done during the refrigeration cycle, a
negative value. The first law of thermodynamics yields QH + QL – W = 0 for an integer number
of cycles. Here QH is the energy ejected to the hot reservoir as heat. Thus, QL = W – QH. QH is
negative and greater in magnitude than W, so |QL| = |QH| – |W|. Thus,
Q −W
K= H .
W

The solution for |W| is |W| = |QH|/(K + 1). In one hour,

7.54 MJ
W = = 1.57 MJ.
3.8 + 1

The rate at which work is done is (1.57 × 106 J)/(3600 s) = 440 W.

Problem 20-43
The efficiency of the engine is defined by ε = W/Q1 and is shown in the text to be

T1 − T2 W T1 − T2
ε= ⇒ = .
T1 Q1 T1

The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator is defined by K = Q4/W and is shown in the
text to be
T4 Q4 T4
K= ⇒ = .
T3 − T4 W T3 − T4

Now Q4 = Q3 – W, so
(Q3 – W)/W = T4/(T3 – T4).

The work done by the engine is used to drive the refrigerator, so W is the same for the two. Solve
the engine equation for W and substitute the resulting expression into the refrigerator equation.
The engine equation yields W = (T1 – T2)Q1/T1 and the substitution yields

T4 Q Q3T1
= 3 −1 = − 1.
T3 − T4 W Q1 (T1 − T2 )

Solving for Q3/Q1, we obtain

 Q3 ⎛ T4 ⎞ ⎛ T − T ⎞ ⎛ T3 ⎞ ⎛ T1 − T2 ⎞ 1 − (T2 T1 )
=⎜ + 1⎟ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟= .
Q1 ⎝ T3 − T4 ⎠ ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ T3 − T4 ⎠ ⎝ T1 ⎠ 1 − (T4 T3 )

With T1 = 400 K, T2 = 150 K, T3 = 325 K, and T4 = 225 K, the ratio becomes Q3/Q1 = 2.03.

Problem 20-48
(a) A good way to (mathematically) think of this is to consider the terms when you expand:
(1 + x)4 = 1 + 4x + 6x2 + 4x3 + x4.

The coefficients correspond to the multiplicities. Thus, the smallest coefficient is 1.

(b) The largest coefficient is 6.

(c) Since the logarithm of 1 is zero, then Eq. 20-21 gives S = 0 for the least case.

(d) S = k ln(6) = 2.47 × 10-23 J/K.

Problem 20-71
(a) We use Eq. 20-16. For configuration A

N! 50!
WA = = = 1.26 × 1014.
( N 2 ) !( N 2 ) ! ( 25!)( 25!)
(b) For configuration B
N! 50!
WB = = = 4.71× 1013.
( 0.6 N )!( 0.4 N )! [0.6(50)]![0.4(50)]!
(c) Since all microstates are equally probable,

WB 1265
f = = ≈ 0.37.
WA 3393

We use these formulas for N = 100. The results are

N! 100!
(d) WA = = = 1.01×1029 ,
( N 2 )!( N 2 )! ( 50!)( 50!)
 N! 100!
(e) WB = = = 1.37 × 1028 ,
( 0.6 N )!( 0.4 N )! [0.6(100)]![0.4(100)]!
(f) and f WB/WA ≈ 0.14.

Similarly, using the same formulas for N = 200, we obtain

(g) WA = 9.05 × 1058,

(h) WB = 1.64 × 1057,

(i) and f = 0.018.

(j) We see from the calculation above that f decreases as N increases, as expected.