Chapter 18 Student Solutions Manual 8.

The change in length for the aluminum pole is

=
0

A1T = (33m)(23 10 6 / C)(15 C) = 0.011m.

15. If Vc is the original volume of the cup, a is the coefficient of linear expansion of aluminum, and T is the temperature increase, then the change in the volume of the cup is Vc = 3a Vc T. See Eq. 18-11. If is the coefficient of volume expansion for glycerin then the change in the volume of glycerin is Vg = Vc T. Note that the original volume of glycerin is the same as the original volume of the cup. The volume of glycerin that spills is

Vg Vc = ( 3 a ) Vc T = ( 5.1 104 / C ) 3 ( 23 106 / C ) (100 cm3 ) ( 6.0 C ) 3 = 0.26 cm .

21. Consider half the bar. Its original length is 0 = L0 / 2 and its length after the temperature increase is = 0 + 0 T . The old position of the half-bar, its new position, and the distance x that one end is displaced form a right triangle, with a hypotenuse of length , one side of length 0 , and the other side of length x. The Pythagorean theorem yields x 2 = 2 2 = 2 (1 + T ) 2 2 . Since the change in length is small we may 0 0 0 2 approximate (1 + T ) by 1 + 2 T, where the small term ( T )2 was neglected. Then, x 2 = 2 + 2 2 T 2 = 2 2 T 0 0 0 0 and
x= 2 T = 3.77 m 2 ( 25 106 /C ) ( 32 C ) = 7.5 102 m. 2

25. The melting point of silver is 1235 K, so the temperature of the silver must first be raised from 15.0 C (= 288 K) to 1235 K. This requires heat

Q = cm(T f Ti ) = (236 J/kg K)(0.130 kg)(1235C 288C) = 2.91 104 J.

Now the silver at its melting point must be melted. If LF is the heat of fusion for silver this requires
Q = mLF = ( 0.130 kg ) (105 103 J/kg ) = 1.36 104 J.

The total heat required is ( 2.91 104 J + 1.36 104 J ) = 4.27 104 J.

27. The mass m = 0.100 kg of water, with specific heat c = 4190 J/kgK, is raised from an initial temperature Ti = 23C to its boiling point Tf = 100C. The heat input is given by Q = cm(Tf Ti). This must be the power output of the heater P multiplied by the time t; Q = Pt. Thus, t= Q cm (T f Ti ) ( 4190 J/kg K )( 0.100 kg )(100 C 23C ) = = = 160s. P P 200 J/s

41. (a) We work in Celsius temperature, which poses no difficulty for the J/kgK values of specific heat capacity (see Table 18-3) since a change of Kelvin temperature is numerically equal to the corresponding change on the Celsius scale. There are three possibilities: None of the ice melts and the water-ice system reaches thermal equilibrium at a temperature that is at or below the melting point of ice. The system reaches thermal equilibrium at the melting point of ice, with some of the ice melted. All of the ice melts and the system reaches thermal equilibrium at a temperature at or above the melting point of ice. First, suppose that no ice melts. The temperature of the water decreases from TWi = 25C to some final temperature Tf and the temperature of the ice increases from TIi = 15C to Tf. If mW is the mass of the water and cW is its specific heat then the water rejects heat
| Q | = cW mW (TWi T f ).

If mI is the mass of the ice and cI is its specific heat then the ice absorbs heat
Q = cI mI (T f TIi ).

Since no energy is lost to the environment, these two heats (in absolute value) must be the same. Consequently,
cW mW (TWi T f ) = cI mI (T f TIi ).

The solution for the equilibrium temperature is Tf = = cW mW TWi + cI mI TIi cW mW + cI mI

(4190 J / kg K)(0.200 kg)(25C) + (2220 J/kg K)(0.100 kg)( 15C) (4190 J/kg K)(0.200 kg) + (2220 J/kg K)(0.100 kg) = 16.6C.

This is above the melting point of ice, which invalidates our assumption that no ice has melted. That is, the calculation just completed does not take into account the melting of the ice and is in error. Consequently, we start with a new assumption: that the water and ice reach thermal equilibrium at Tf = 0C, with mass m (< mI) of the ice melted. The magnitude of the heat rejected by the water is | Q | = cW mW TWi , and the heat absorbed by the ice is Q = cI mI (0 TIi ) + mLF , where LF is the heat of fusion for water. The first term is the energy required to warm all the ice from its initial temperature to 0C and the second term is the energy required to melt mass m of the ice. The two heats are equal, so cW mW TWi = cI mI TIi + mLF . This equation can be solved for the mass m of ice melted:
m= = cW mW TWi + cI mI TIi LF (4190 J / kg K)(0.200 kg)(25C) + (2220 J / kg K)(0.100 kg)( 15C ) 333 103 J / kg

= 5.3 102 kg = 53g.

Since the total mass of ice present initially was 100 g, there is enough ice to bring the water temperature down to 0C. This is then the solution: the ice and water reach thermal equilibrium at a temperature of 0C with 53 g of ice melted. (b) Now there is less than 53 g of ice present initially. All the ice melts and the final temperature is above the melting point of ice. The heat rejected by the water is

Q = cW mW (TW i T f )
and the heat absorbed by the ice and the water it becomes when it melts is
Q = cI mI (0 TIi ) + cW mI (T f 0) + mI LF .

The first term is the energy required to raise the temperature of the ice to 0C, the second term is the energy required to raise the temperature of the melted ice from 0C to Tf, and the third term is the energy required to melt all the ice. Since the two heats are equal,

cW mW (TW i T f ) = cI mI (TI i ) + cW mI T f + mI LF .

The solution for Tf is

Tf =

cW mW TW i + cI mI TIi mI LF cW ( mW + mI )

Inserting the given values, we obtain Tf = 2.5C. 43. Over a cycle, the internal energy is the same at the beginning and end, so the heat Q absorbed equals the work done: Q = W. Over the portion of the cycle from A to B the pressure p is a linear function of the volume V and we may write
p= 10 20 Pa + Pa/m 3 V , 3 3

where the coefficients were chosen so that p = 10 Pa when V = 1.0 m3 and p = 30 Pa when V = 4.0 m3. The work done by the gas during this portion of the cycle is

WAB =

pdV =

10 2 10 20 10 + V dV = V + V 3 3 3 3 1

40 160 10 10 J = 60 J. = + 3 3 3 3 The BC portion of the cycle is at constant pressure and the work done by the gas is WBC = pV = (30 Pa)(1.0 m3 4.0 m3) = 90 J. The CA portion of the cycle is at constant volume, so no work is done. The total work done by the gas is W = WAB + WBC + WCA = 60 J 90 J + 0 = 30 J and the total heat absorbed is Q = W = 30 J. This means the gas loses 30 J of energy in the form of heat. 49. (a) The change in internal energy Eint is the same for path iaf and path ibf. According to the first law of thermodynamics, Eint = Q W, where Q is the heat absorbed and W is the work done by the system. Along iaf Eint = Q W = 50 cal 20 cal = 30 cal. Along ibf , W = Q Eint = 36 cal 30 cal = 6.0 cal. (b) Since the curved path is traversed from f to i the change in internal energy is 30 cal and Q = Eint + W = 30 cal 13 cal = 43 cal.

(c) Let Eint = Eint, f Eint, i. Then, Eint, f = Eint + Eint, i = 30 cal + 10 cal = 40 cal. (d) The work Wbf for the path bf is zero, so Qbf = Eint, f Eint, b = 40 cal 22 cal = 18 cal. (e) For the path ibf, Q = 36 cal so Qib = Q Qbf = 36 cal 18 cal = 18 cal. 51. The rate of heat flow is given by
Pcond = kA TH TC , L

where k is the thermal conductivity of copper (401 W/mK), A is the cross-sectional area (in a plane perpendicular to the flow), L is the distance along the direction of flow between the points where the temperature is TH and TC. Thus, Pcond =

( 401W/m K ) ( 90.0 104 m2 ) (125C 10.0C )

0.250 m

= 1.66 103 J/s.

The thermal conductivity is found in Table 18-6 of the text. Recall that a change in Kelvin temperature is numerically equivalent to a change on the Celsius scale. 65. Let h be the thickness of the slab and A be its area. Then, the rate of heat flow through the slab is kA ( TH TC ) Pcond = h where k is the thermal conductivity of ice, TH is the temperature of the water (0C), and TC is the temperature of the air above the ice (10C). The heat leaving the water freezes it, the heat required to freeze mass m of water being Q = LFm, where LF is the heat of fusion for water. Differentiate with respect to time and recognize that dQ/dt = Pcond to obtain dm . Pcond = LF dt Now, the mass of the ice is given by m = Ah, where is the density of ice and h is the thickness of the ice slab, so dm/dt = A(dh/dt) and
Pcond = LF A dh . dt

We equate the two expressions for Pcond and solve for dh/dt:

dh k ( TH TC ) . = dt LF h Since 1 cal = 4.186 J and 1 cm = 1 102 m, the thermal conductivity of ice has the SI value k = (0.0040 cal/scmK) (4.186 J/cal)/(1 102 m/cm) = 1.674 W/mK. The density of ice is = 0.92 g/cm3 = 0.92 103 kg/m3. Thus,

(1.674 W m K )( 0C + 10C ) dh = = 1.1 106 m s = 0.40 cm h . 3 3 3 dt 333 10 J kg 0.92 10 kg m ( 0.050 m )

)(

73. The work (the area under the curve) for process 1 is 4piVi, so that Ub Ua = Q1 W1 = 6piVi by the First Law of Thermodynamics. (a) Path 2 involves more work than path 1 (note the triangle in the figure of area 1 2 (4Vi)(pi/2) = piVi). With W2 = 4piVi + piVi = 5piVi, we obtain Q2 = W2 + U b U a = 5 piVi + 6 piVi = 11 piVi . (b) Path 3 starts at a and ends at b so that U = Ub Ua = 6piVi. 75. The volume of the disk (thought of as a short cylinder) is rL where L = 0.50 cm is its thickness and r = 8.0 cm is its radius. Eq. 18-10, Eq. 18-11 and Table 18-2 (which gives = 3.2 106/C) lead to V = (rL)(3)(60C 10C) = 4.83 102 cm3 . 77. We have W = p dV (Eq. 18-24). Therefore,
W = a V 2 dV = a 3 (V f Vi 3 ) = 23 J. 3

81. Following the method of Sample Problem 18-4 (particularly its third Key Idea), we have (900 kgC )(2.50 kg)(Tf 92.0C) + (4190 kgC )(8.00 kg)(Tf 5.0C) = 0 where Table 18-3 has been used. Thus we find Tf = 10.5C.
J J

82. We use Q = Fmice = W + Eint. In this case Eint = 0. Since T = 0 for the ideal gas, then the work done on the gas is W ' = W = F mi = (333J/g)(100 g) = 33.3kJ. 83. This is similar to Sample Problem 18-3. An important difference with part (b) of that sample problem is that, in this case, the final state of the H2O is all liquid at Tf > 0. As discussed in part (a) of that sample problem, there are three steps to the total process: Q = m ( cice (0 C (150 C)) + LF + cliquid ( Tf 0 C)) Thus, Tf =
Q/m (cice(150) + LF )

cliquid

= 79.5C .