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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)
TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)
CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)
STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)
1. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”
2. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(a) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(b) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(c) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(d) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)
3. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”
CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.
4. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
1
 What is damnum absque injuria?
CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.
5. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)
6. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience
7. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)
CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990
(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306
CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010
(c) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(d) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(e) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)
2
CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976
NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.
 concept of quantum meruit
CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012
8. Requisites for quasi-delict.
(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations
10. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification
APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
1. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
2. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
3
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation

legally enforceable?
3. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
4. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
5. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
6. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
7. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?
4
*** END ***
PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)
STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)
9. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”
10. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(e) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(f) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(g) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(h) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)
11. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”
CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.
12. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?
5
CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.
13. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)
14. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience
15. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)
CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990
(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306
CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010
(f) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(g) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(h) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)
CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976
6
NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.
 concept of quantum meruit
CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012
16. Requisites for quasi-delict.
(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations
11. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification
APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
8. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
9. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
7
10. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with

Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
11. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
12. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
13. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
14. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?
*** END ***
8

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

1. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

2. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

3. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

4. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

 What is damnum absque injuria?

5. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

6. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

7. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

(c) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

8. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

10. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation

*** END ***

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

9. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

10. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

11. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

12. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

13. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

14. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

15. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

(f) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

16. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

11. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

10. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with

*** END ***

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