TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

1. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
2. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

1. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

2. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(a) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(b) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(c) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(d) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

3. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

1
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

4. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

5. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

6. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

7. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

2
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(d) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(e) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

8. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

10. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

3
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

3. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house

of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
4. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
5. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
6. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
7. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
8. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?

4
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

9. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery

santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

9. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

10. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(e) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(f) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(g) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(h) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

5
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

11. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

12. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

13. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

14. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

15. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

6
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(f) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(g) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(h) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

16. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

11. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

7
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
10. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
11. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
12. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
13. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
14. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11

8
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess

considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
15. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
16. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

17. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

18. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(i) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(j) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(k) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(l) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

9
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

19. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

20. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

21. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

22. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

23. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

10
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(i) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(j) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(k) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

24. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

12. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

11
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
17. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
18. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
19. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
20. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
21. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11

12
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess

considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
22. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
23. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

25. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

26. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(m) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(n) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(o) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(p) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

13
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

27. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

28. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

29. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

30. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

31. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

14
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(l) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(m) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(n) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

32. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

15
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

13. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
24. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
25. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
26. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
27. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
28. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11

16
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess

considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
29. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
30. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

33. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

34. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(q) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(r) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(s) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(t) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

17
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

35. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

36. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

37. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

38. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

39. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

18
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(o) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(p) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(q) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

40. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

14. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

19
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
31. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
32. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
33. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
34. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
35. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11

20
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess

considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
36. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
37. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

41. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

42. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

21
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(r) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(s) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(t) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

43. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

15. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

22
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
38. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
39. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
40. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
41. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
42. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?

23
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

43. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
44. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

44. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

45. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(u) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(v) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(w) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(x) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

46. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

24
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

47. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

48. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

49. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

50. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

25
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(u) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(v) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(w) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

51. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

16. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

26
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

45. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house

of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
46. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
47. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
48. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
49. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
50. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?

27
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

51. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

52. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

53. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(y) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(z) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aa) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(bb) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

54. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

28
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

55. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

56. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

57. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

58. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

29
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(x) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(y) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(z) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

59. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

17. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

30
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

52. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house

of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
53. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
54. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
55. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
56. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
57. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?

31
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

58. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

60. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

61. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(cc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(dd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ee) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ff) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

62. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

32
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

63. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

64. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

65. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

66. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(aa)Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(bb) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)

33
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(cc)Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)

 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

67. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

18. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
59. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.

34
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
60. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
61. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
62. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
63. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
64. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
65. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be

35
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

68. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

69. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(gg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(jj) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

70. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

36
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

71. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

72. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

73. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

74. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

37
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(dd) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ee)Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ff) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

75. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

19. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

38
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

66. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house

of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
67. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
68. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
69. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
70. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
71. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?

39
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

72. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

76. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

77. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ll) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(mm) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(nn) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

78. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

40
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

79. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

80. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

81. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

82. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(gg) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(hh) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)

41
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(ii) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)

 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

83. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

20. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
73. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.

42
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
74. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
75. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
76. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
77. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
78. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
79. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be

43
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

84. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

85. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(oo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(pp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(rr) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

86. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

44
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

87. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

88. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

89. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

90. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(jj) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

45
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(kk)Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)

(ll) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

91. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

21. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
80. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.

46
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
81. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
82. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
83. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
84. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
85. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
86. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be

47
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

92. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

93. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(tt) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(uu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(vv) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

94. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or injury;”

Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and “accrual
of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

48
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

95. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in order that

a person may acquire a right of action in court against another to enforce
the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

96. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

97. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

98. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(mm) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(nn) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)

49
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(oo) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)

 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

99. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

22. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
87. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.

50
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
88. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
89. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a
servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
90. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
91. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
92. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery santol tree,
and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be able to pick.

51
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a result, Pedro
fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously. Will Juan be
liable in d
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

100. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

101. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(zz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

102. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

103. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

104. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

52
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give

(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

105. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

106. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(pp) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(qq) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(rr) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.

53
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :

(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

107. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

23. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
93. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct the house
of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to pay Engr.
So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the elements of the
obligation in this legal scenario.
94. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
95. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with
Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;

54
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free service as a

servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise the money
with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
96. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare land
planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to the
U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing” devastated
the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before the
typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility, Conan, a
conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6) farmers to
harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result, Conan
incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of the
farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
97. You went to the bank and let the teller change your P1,000.00 bill.
Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously gave you 11
pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the excess
considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
98. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the glass
window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on purpose.
It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the damage?
99. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery
santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be
able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a
result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously.
Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS

55
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

108. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

109. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

110. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

111. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

112. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation

56
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

113. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

114. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ss)Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(tt) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(uu) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

57
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

115. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

24. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
100. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
101. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
102. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

58
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

103. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
104. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
105. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
106. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

59
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

116. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

117. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(fff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(hhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

118. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

119. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

120. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

60
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

121. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

122. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(vv)Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ww) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(xx)Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

61
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

123. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

25. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
107. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
108. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
109. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

62
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

110. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
111. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
112. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
113. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

63
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

124. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

125. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(lll) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

126. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

127. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

128. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

64
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

129. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

130. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(yy)Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(zz) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(aaa) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

65
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

131. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

26. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
114. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
115. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
116. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
117. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

66
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
118. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
119. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
120. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

67
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

132. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

133. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmm) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(nnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

134. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

135. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

136. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation

68
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

137. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

138. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(bbb) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ccc) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ddd) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

69
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

139. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

27. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
121. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
122. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
123. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

70
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

124. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
125. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
126. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
127. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

71
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

140. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

141. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(sss) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ttt) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

142. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

143. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

144. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

72
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

145. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

146. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(eee) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(fff) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ggg) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

73
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

147. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

28. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
128. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
129. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
130. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
131. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

74
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
132. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
133. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
134. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

148. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

149. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(uuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(vvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(www) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(xxx) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

150. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

151. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

152. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

153. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

154. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(hhh) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(iii) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(jjj) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

77
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

155. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

29. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
135. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
136. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
137. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
138. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

78
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
139. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
140. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
141. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

79
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

156. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

157. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(zzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(bbbb) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

158. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

159. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

160. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

161. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

80
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

162. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(kkk) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(lll) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(mmm) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

81
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

163. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

30. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
142. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
143. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
144. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
145. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

82
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
146. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
147. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
148. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

164. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

83
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

165. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(nnn) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ooo) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ppp) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

84
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

166. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

31. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
149. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
150. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
151. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
152. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

85
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
153. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
154. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
155. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

167. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

86
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

168. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(cccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(dddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(eeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ffff) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

169. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

170. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

171. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

172. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

173. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

87
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(qqq) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(rrr) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(sss) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

174. Requisites for quasi-delict.

88
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

32. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
156. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
157. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
158. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
159. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

89
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
160. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
161. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
162. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

175. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

90
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

176. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(gggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(iiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(jjjj) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

177. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

178. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

179. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

180. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

91
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

181. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ttt) Quasi-contracts
(Art. 1160)
(uuu) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(vvv) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

92
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

182. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

33. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
163. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
164. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
165. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
166. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

93
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
167. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
168. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
169. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

183. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

94
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

184. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(llll)
(mmmm) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(nnnn) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

185. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

186. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

187. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

188. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

189. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

95
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(www) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(xxx) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(yyy) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

190. Requisites for quasi-delict.

96
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

34. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
170. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
171. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
172. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
173. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

97
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
174. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
175. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
176. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

98
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

191. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

192. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(oooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(pppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(rrrr) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

193. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

194. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

195. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

196. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

99
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

197. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(zzz) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(aaaa) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(bbbb) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

100
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

198. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

35. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
177. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
178. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
179. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
180. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

101
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
181. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
182. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
183. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

199. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

102
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

200. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(tttt) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(uuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(vvvv) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

201. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

202. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

203. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

204. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

103
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

205. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(cccc) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(dddd) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(eeee) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

104
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

206. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

36. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
184. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
185. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
186. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
187. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

105
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
188. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
189. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
190. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

207. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

106
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

208. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(zzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

209. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

210. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

211. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

212. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

107
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

213. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ffff) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(gggg) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(hhhh) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

108
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

214. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

37. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
191. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
192. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
193. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
194. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

109
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
195. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
196. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
197. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

215. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

110
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

216. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

217. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

218. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

219. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

220. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

221. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

111
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(iiii)Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(jjjj)Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(kkkk) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

222. Requisites for quasi-delict.

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

38. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
198. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
199. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
200. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
201. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

113
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the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
202. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
203. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
204. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

205. amages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

206. Derek will render free service as a servant to Caitlyn until

such time that Derek is able to raise the money with which to pay his loan
to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally enforceable?

114
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

207. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
208. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
209. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
210. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

115
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STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

223. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

224. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(fffff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(hhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

225. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

226. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

227. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

116
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

228. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

229. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(llll)Quasi-contracts
(Art. 1160)
(mmmm) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(nnnn) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

117
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

230. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

39. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
211. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
212. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
213. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

118
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

214. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
215. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
216. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
217. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

119
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

231. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

232. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(lllll) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

233. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

234. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

235. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

120
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

236. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

237. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(oooo) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(pppp) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(qqqq) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

121
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

238. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

40. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
218. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
219. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
220. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
221. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

122
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
222. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
223. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
224. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

123
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

239. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

240. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmmmm) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(nnnnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ooooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ppppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

241. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

242. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

243. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation

124
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

244. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

245. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(rrrr) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ssss) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(tttt) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

125
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

246. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

41. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
225. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
226. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
227. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

126
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

228. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
229. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
230. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
231. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

127
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

247. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

248. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqqqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrrrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(sssss) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ttttt) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

249. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

250. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

251. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

128
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

252. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

253. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(uuuu) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(vvvv) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(wwww) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

129
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

254. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

42. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
232. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
233. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
234. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
235. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

130
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
236. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
237. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
238. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

131
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

255. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

256. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(uuuuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(vvvvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(wwwww) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(xxxxx) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

257. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

258. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

259. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

132
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

260. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

261. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(xxxx) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(yyyy) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(zzzz) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

133
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

262. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

43. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
239. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
240. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
241. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

134
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

242. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
243. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
244. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
245. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

135
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

263. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

264. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyyyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(zzzzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aaaaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(bbbbbb) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

265. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

266. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

267. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

136
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

268. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

269. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(aaaaa) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(bbbbb) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ccccc) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

137
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

270. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

44. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
246. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
247. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
248. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
249. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

138
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
250. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
251. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
252. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

271. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

139
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

272. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ddddd) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(eeeee) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(fffff) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

140
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

273. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

45. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
253. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
254. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
255. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
256. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

141
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
257. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
258. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
259. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

274. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

142
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

275. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(cccccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(dddddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(eeeeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(ffffff) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

276. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

277. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

278. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

279. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

143
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

280. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ggggg) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(hhhhh) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(iiiii) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

281. Requisites for quasi-delict.

144
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

46. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
260. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
261. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
262. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
263. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

145
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
264. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
265. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
266. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

282. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

146
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

283. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(gggggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hhhhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(iiiiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(jjjjjj) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

284. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

285. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

286. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

287. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

147
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

288. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(jjjjj) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(kkkkk) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(lllll) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

148
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

289. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

47. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
267. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
268. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
269. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
270. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

149
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
271. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
272. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
273. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

290. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

150
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

291. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(llllll) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(mmmmmm) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(nnnnnn) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

292. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

293. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

294. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

295. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

151
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

296. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(mmmmm) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(nnnnn) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ooooo) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

297. Requisites for quasi-delict.

152
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

48. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
274. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
275. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
276. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
277. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

153
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
278. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
279. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
280. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

154
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

298. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

299. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(oooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(pppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(rrrrrr) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

300. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

301. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

302. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

303. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

155
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

304. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ppppp) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(qqqqq) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(rrrrr) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

156
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

305. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

49. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
281. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
282. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
283. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
284. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

157
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
285. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
286. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
287. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

306. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

158
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

307. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(tttttt) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(uuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(vvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

308. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

309. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

310. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

311. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

159
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

312. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(sssss) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ttttt) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(uuuuu) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

160
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

313. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

50. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
288. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
289. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
290. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
291. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

161
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
292. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
293. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
294. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

314. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

162
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

315. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(zzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

316. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

317. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

318. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

319. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

163
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

320. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(vvvvv) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(wwwww) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(xxxxx) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

164
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

321. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

51. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
295. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
296. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
297. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
298. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

165
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
299. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
300. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
301. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

322. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

166
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

323. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(ddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

324. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

325. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

326. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

327. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

167
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

328. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(yyyyy) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(zzzzz) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(aaaaaa) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

329. Requisites for quasi-delict.

168
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

52. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
302. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
303. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
304. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
305. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

169
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
306. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
307. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery santol tree,
and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be able to pick.
While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a result, Pedro
fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously. Will Juan be
liable in d
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

330. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

331. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(fffffff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ggggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(hhhhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

170
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

332. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

333. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

334. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

335. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

336. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

171
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(bbbbbb) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(cccccc) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(dddddd) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

337. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

53. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

172
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
308. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
309. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
310. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
311. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
312. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously

173
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
313. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
314. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

338. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

339. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(lllllll) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

174
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

340. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

341. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

342. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

343. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

344. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

175
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(eeeeee) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ffffff) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(gggggg) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

345. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

54. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

176
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
315. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
316. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
317. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
318. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
319. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously

177
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
320. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
321. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

346. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

347. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmmmmmm) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(nnnnnnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

178
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(ooooooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of the

obligation)
(ppppppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

348. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

349. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

350. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

351. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

352. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

179
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(hhhhhh) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(iiiiii) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(jjjjjj) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

353. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage

180
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(e) No pre-existing contractual

(c) Damage
relations

55. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
322. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
323. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
324. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
325. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in

181
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
326. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
327. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
328. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

354. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

355. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqqqqqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrrrrrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

182
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(sssssss) Object or prestation (subject matter of the

obligation)
(ttttttt) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

356. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

357. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

358. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

359. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

360. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

183
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(kkkkkk) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(llllll) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(mmmmmm) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

361. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage

184
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(e) No pre-existing contractual

(c) Damage
relations

56. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
329. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
330. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
331. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
332. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in

185
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
333. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
334. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
335. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

362. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

186
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

363. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(uuuuuuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(vvvvvvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(wwwwwww) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(xxxxxxx) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

364. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

365. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

366. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

367. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

187
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

368. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(nnnnnn) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(oooooo) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(pppppp) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

188
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

369. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

57. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
336. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
337. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
338. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
339. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

189
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
340. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
341. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
342. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

370. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

190
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

371. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyyyyyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(zzzzzzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aaaaaaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(bbbbbbbb) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

372. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

373. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

374. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

375. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

191
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

376. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(qqqqqq) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(rrrrrr) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ssssss) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

192
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

377. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

58. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
343. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
344. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
345. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
346. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

193
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
347. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
348. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
349. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

378. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

194
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

379. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(cccccccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(dddddddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(eeeeeeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(ffffffff) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

380. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

381. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

382. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

383. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

195
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

384. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(tttttt)
(uuuuuu) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(vvvvvv) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

196
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

385. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

59. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
350. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
351. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
352. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
353. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

197
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
354. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
355. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
356. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

386. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

198
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

387. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(gggggggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hhhhhhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(iiiiiiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(jjjjjjjj) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

388. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

389. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

390. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

391. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

199
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

392. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(wwwwww) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(xxxxxx) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(yyyyyy) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

393. Requisites for quasi-delict.

200
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

60. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
357. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
358. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
359. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
360. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

201
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
361. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
362. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
363. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

394. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

395. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

202
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(zzzzzz) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(aaaaaaa) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(bbbbbbb) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

396. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage

203
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(e) No pre-existing contractual

(c) Damage
relations

61. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
364. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
365. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
366. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
367. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in

204
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
368. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
369. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
370. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

397. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

398. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkkkkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(llllllll) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

205
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(mmmmmmmm) Object or prestation (subject matter of the

obligation)
(nnnnnnnn) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

399. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

400. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

401. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

402. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

403. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

206
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ccccccc) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ddddddd) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(eeeeeee) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

404. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage

207
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(e) No pre-existing contractual

(c) Damage
relations

62. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
371. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
372. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
373. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
374. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in

208
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
375. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
376. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
377. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

405. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

209
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

406. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(oooooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(pppppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(rrrrrrrr) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

407. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

408. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

409. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

410. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

210
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

411. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(fffffff)
(ggggggg) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(hhhhhhh) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

412. Requisites for quasi-delict.

211
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

63. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
378. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
379. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
380. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
381. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

212
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
382. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
383. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
384. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

413. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

414. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

213
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(ssssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(tttttttt)
(uuuuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(vvvvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

415. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

416. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

417. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

418. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

419. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

214
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(iiiiiii) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(jjjjjjj) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(kkkkkkk) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

420. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission

215
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence
fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

64. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
385. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
386. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
387. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
388. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was

216
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
389. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
390. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
391. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

421. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

217
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

422. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwwwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(zzzzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

423. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

424. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

425. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

426. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

218
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

427. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(lllllll)
(mmmmmmm) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(nnnnnnn) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

219
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

428. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

65. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
392. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
393. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
394. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
395. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

220
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
396. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
397. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
398. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

429. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

221
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

430. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ccccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(ddddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

431. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

432. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

433. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

434. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

222
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

435. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ooooooo) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ppppppp) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(qqqqqqq) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

223
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

436. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

66. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
399. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
400. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
401. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
402. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

224
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
403. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
404. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
405. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

437. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

225
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

438. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeeeeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(fffffffff)
(ggggggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(hhhhhhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

439. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

440. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

441. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

442. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

226
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

443. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(rrrrrrr) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(sssssss) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ttttttt) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

227
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

444. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

67. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
406. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
407. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
408. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
409. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

228
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
410. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
411. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
412. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

445. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

229
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

446. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiiiiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjjjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkkkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(lllllllll) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

447. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

448. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

449. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

450. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

230
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

451. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(uuuuuuu) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(vvvvvvv) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(wwwwwww) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

231
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

452. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

68. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
413. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
414. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
415. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
416. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

232
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
417. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
418. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
419. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

420. amages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(mmmmmmmmm) Passive

233
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

421. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct

the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
422. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an agreement with Caitlyn.
Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a) Caitlyn will lend
P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on January 15, 2015;
and, (b) In case of non-payment,
(Arts. 1156-1162)

(nnnnnnnnn) Passive
423. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
424. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
425. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
426. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

234
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
427. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
428. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
429. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

235
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

453. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

454. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ooooooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ppppppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(rrrrrrrrr)Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

455. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

456. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

457. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

458. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

236
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

459. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(xxxxxxx) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(yyyyyyy) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(zzzzzzz) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

237
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

460. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

69. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
430. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
431. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
432. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
433. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”

238
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
434. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
435. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
436. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

461. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

239
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

462. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(sssssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ttttttttt)
(uuuuuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(vvvvvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

463. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

464. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

465. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

466. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

240
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

467. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(aaaaaaaa) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(bbbbbbbb) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(cccccccc) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

241
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

468. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

70. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
437. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
438. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
439. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
440. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

242
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
441. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
442. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
443. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

243
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

469. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

470. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwwwwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxxxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(zzzzzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

471. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

472. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

473. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

244
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

474. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

475. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(dddddddd) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(eeeeeeee) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ffffffff) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

245
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

476. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

71. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
444. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
445. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
446. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

246
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

447. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
448. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
449. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
450. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

247
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

477. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

478. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(cccccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(dddddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

479. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

480. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

481. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

248
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

482. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

483. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(gggggggg) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(hhhhhhhh) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(iiiiiiii) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

249
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

484. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

72. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
451. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
452. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
453. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

250
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

454. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
455. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
456. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
457. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

251
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

485. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

486. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeeeeeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ffffffffff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(gggggggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(hhhhhhhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

487. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

488. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

489. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation

252
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

490. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

491. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(jjjjjjjj) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(kkkkkkkk) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(llllllll) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

253
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

492. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

73. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
458. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
459. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
460. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

254
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

461. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
462. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
463. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
464. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

255
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

493. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

494. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiiiiiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjjjjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkkkkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(llllllllll) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

495. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

496. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

497. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

256
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

498. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

499. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(mmmmmmmm) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(nnnnnnnn) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(oooooooo) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

257
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

500. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

74. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
465. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
466. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
467. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

258
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

468. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
469. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
470. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
471. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

501. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

259
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

502. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(pppppppp) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(qqqqqqqq) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(rrrrrrrr) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

260
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

503. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

75. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
472. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
473. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
474. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
475. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

261
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
476. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
477. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
478. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

504. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

262
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

505. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmmmmmmmmm) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(nnnnnnnnnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(oooooooooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(pppppppppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

506. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

507. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

508. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

509. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

263
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

510. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ssssssss) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(tttttttt) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(uuuuuuuu) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

264
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

511. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

76. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
479. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
480. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
481. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
482. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

265
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
483. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
484. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
485. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

512. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

266
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

513. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqqqqqqqqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrrrrrrrrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ssssssssss) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(tttttttttt) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

514. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

515. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

516. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

517. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

267
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

518. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(vvvvvvvv) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(wwwwwwww) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(xxxxxxxx) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

268
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

519. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

77. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
486. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
487. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
488. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
489. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

269
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
490. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
491. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
492. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

520. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

270
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

521. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(uuuuuuuuuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(vvvvvvvvvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(wwwwwwwwww) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(xxxxxxxxxx) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

522. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

523. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

524. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

525. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

271
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

526. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(yyyyyyyy) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(zzzzzzzz) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(aaaaaaaaa) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

272
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

527. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

78. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
493. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
494. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
495. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
496. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

273
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
497. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
498. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
499. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

274
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

528. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

529. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyyyyyyyyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(zzzzzzzzzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aaaaaaaaaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(bbbbbbbbbbb) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

530. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

531. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

532. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

275
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

533. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

534. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(bbbbbbbbb) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ccccccccc) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ddddddddd) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

276
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

535. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

79. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
500. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
501. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
502. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

277
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

503. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
504. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
505. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
506. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

278
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

536. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

537. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ccccccccccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ddddddddddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(eeeeeeeeeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(fffffffffff) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

538. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

539. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

540. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

279
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

541. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

542. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(eeeeeeeee) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(fffffffff) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ggggggggg) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

280
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

543. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

80. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
507. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
508. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
509. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

281
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

510. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
511. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
512. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
513. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

282
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

544. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

545. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ggggggggggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hhhhhhhhhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(iiiiiiiiiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(jjjjjjjjjjj) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

546. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

547. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

548. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

283
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

549. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

550. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(hhhhhhhhh) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(iiiiiiiii) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(jjjjjjjjj) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

284
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

551. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

81. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
514. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
515. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
516. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

285
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

517. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
518. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
519. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
520. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

286
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

552. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

553. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkkkkkkkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(lllllllllll) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(mmmmmmmmmmm) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(nnnnnnnnnnn) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

554. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

555. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

556. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

287
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

557. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

558. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(kkkkkkkkk) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(lllllllll) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(mmmmmmmmm) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

288
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

559. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

82. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
521. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
522. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
523. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

289
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

524. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
525. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
526. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery santol tree,
and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be able to pick.
While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a result, Pedro
fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously. Will Juan be
liable in d
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

560. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

290
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

561. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ooooooooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ppppppppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqqqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(rrrrrrrrrrr) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

562. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

563. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

564. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

565. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

291
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

566. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(nnnnnnnnn) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ooooooooo) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ppppppppp) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

567. Requisites for quasi-delict.

292
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

83. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
527. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
528. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
529. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
530. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

293
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
531. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
532. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
533. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

568. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

569. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

294
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(sssssssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

(ttttttttttt) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(uuuuuuuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(vvvvvvvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

570. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

571. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

572. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

573. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

574. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

295
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(qqqqqqqqq) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(rrrrrrrrr) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(sssssssss) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

575. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission

296
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence
fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

84. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
534. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
535. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
536. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
537. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was

297
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
538. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
539. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
540. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

576. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

298
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

577. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwwwwwwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxxxxxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyyyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(zzzzzzzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

578. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

579. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

580. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

581. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

299
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

582. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ttttttttt) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(uuuuuuuuu) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(vvvvvvvvv) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

300
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

583. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

85. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
541. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
542. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
543. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
544. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

301
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
545. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
546. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
547. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

584. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

302
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

585. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(cccccccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(dddddddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

586. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

587. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

588. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

589. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

303
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

590. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(wwwwwwwww) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(xxxxxxxxx) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(yyyyyyyyy) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

591. Requisites for quasi-delict.

304
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

86. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
548. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
549. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
550. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
551. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

305
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
552. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
553. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
554. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

306
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

592. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

593. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeeeeeeeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ffffffffffff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(gggggggggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(hhhhhhhhhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

594. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

595. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

596. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

597. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

307
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

598. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(zzzzzzzzz) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(aaaaaaaaaa) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(bbbbbbbbbb) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

308
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

599. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

87. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
555. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
556. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
557. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
558. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

309
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
559. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
560. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
561. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

600. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

310
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

601. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiiiiiiiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjjjjjjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkkkkkkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(llllllllllll) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

602. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

603. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

604. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

605. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

311
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

606. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(cccccccccc) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(dddddddddd) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(eeeeeeeeee) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

312
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

607. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

88. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
562. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
563. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
564. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
565. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

313
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
566. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
567. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
568. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

608. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

314
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

609. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmmmmmmmmmmm) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(nnnnnnnnnnnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(oooooooooooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(pppppppppppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

610. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

611. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

612. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

613. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

315
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

614. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ffffffffff) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(gggggggggg) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(hhhhhhhhhh) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

316
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

615. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

89. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
569. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
570. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
571. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
572. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

317
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the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
573. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
574. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
575. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

616. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

318
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

617. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqqqqqqqqqqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrrrrrrrrrrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ssssssssssss) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(tttttttttttt) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

618. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

619. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

620. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

621. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

319
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

622. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(iiiiiiiiii) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(jjjjjjjjjj) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(kkkkkkkkkk) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

320
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

623. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

90. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
576. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
577. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
578. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
579. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)

321
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
580. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
581. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
582. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

624. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

625. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

322
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(llllllllll) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(mmmmmmmmmm) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(nnnnnnnnnn) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

626. Requisites for quasi-delict.

323
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

91. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
583. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
584. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
585. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
586. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

324
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
587. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
588. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
589. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

627. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

628. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

325
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(uuuuuuuuuuuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

(vvvvvvvvvvvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(wwwwwwwwwwww) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(xxxxxxxxxxxx) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

629. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

630. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

631. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

632. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

633. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

326
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(oooooooooo) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(pppppppppp) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(qqqqqqqqqq) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

634. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission

327
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence
fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

92. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
590. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
591. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
592. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
593. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was

328
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
594. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
595. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
596. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

635. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

329
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

636. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyyyyyyyyyyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(zzzzzzzzzzzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aaaaaaaaaaaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbb) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

637. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

638. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

639. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

640. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

330
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

641. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(rrrrrrrrrr) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ssssssssss) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(tttttttttt) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

331
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

642. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

93. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
597. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
598. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
599. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
600. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

332
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
601. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
602. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
603. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

643. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

333
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

644. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ccccccccccccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ddddddddddddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(eeeeeeeeeeeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(fffffffffffff) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

645. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

646. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

647. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

648. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

334
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

649. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(uuuuuuuuuu) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(vvvvvvvvvv) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(wwwwwwwwww) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

335
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

650. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

94. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
604. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
605. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
606. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
607. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,

336
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
608. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
609. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
610. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

337
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

651. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

652. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ggggggggggggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hhhhhhhhhhhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(iiiiiiiiiiiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the obligation)
(jjjjjjjjjjjjj) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

653. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

654. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

655. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

656. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

338
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

657. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(xxxxxxxxxx) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(yyyyyyyyyy) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(zzzzzzzzzz) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

339
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

658. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

95. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
611. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
612. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
613. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
614. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

340
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
615. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
616. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
617. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

659. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

341
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

660. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkkkkkkkkkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(lllllllllllll) Passive
subject (obligor or debtor)
(mmmmmmmmmmmmm) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(nnnnnnnnnnnnn) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

661. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

662. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

663. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

664. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

342
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

665. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(aaaaaaaaaaa) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(bbbbbbbbbbb) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(ccccccccccc) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

343
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

666. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

96. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
618. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
619. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
620. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
621. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

344
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
622. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
623. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
624. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

345
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

667. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

668. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ooooooooooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ppppppppppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqqqqqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(rrrrrrrrrrrrr) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

669. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

670. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

671. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

672. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

346
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

673. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ddddddddddd) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(eeeeeeeeeee) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(fffffffffff) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

347
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

674. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

97. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
625. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
626. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
627. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
628. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”

348
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
629. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
630. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
631. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

675. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

349
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

676. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(sssssssssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ttttttttttttt) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(uuuuuuuuuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(vvvvvvvvvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie ( vinculum or efficient cause)

677. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

678. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

679. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

680. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

350
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

681. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ggggggggggg) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(hhhhhhhhhhh) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(iiiiiiiiiii) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

351
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

682. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

98. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
632. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
633. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
634. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
635. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

352
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
636. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
637. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
638. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

639. amages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

353
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

640. Derek will render free service as a servant to Caitlyn until

such time that Derek is able to raise the money with which to pay his loan
to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally enforceable?
641. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
642. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
643. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
644. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

354
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

683. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

684. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwwwwwwwwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxxxxxxxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyyyyyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(zzzzzzzzzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

685. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

686. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

355
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

687. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

688. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

689. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(jjjjjjjjjjj) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(kkkkkkkkkkk) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(lllllllllll) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

356
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

690. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

99. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
645. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
646. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?

357
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

647. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an

agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
648. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
649. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
650. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
651. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

358
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

691. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

692. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaaaaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(cccccccccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(dddddddddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

693. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

694. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

359
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

695. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

696. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

697. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(mmmmmmmmmmm) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(nnnnnnnnnnn) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(ooooooooooo) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

360
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

698. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

100. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
652. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
653. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian

361
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation

legally enforceable?
654. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
655. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
656. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
657. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
658. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

362
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

699. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

700. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeeeeeeeeeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ffffffffffffff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(gggggggggggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(hhhhhhhhhhhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

701. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

363
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

702. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

703. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

704. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

705. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

364
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(ppppppppppp) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(qqqqqqqqqqq) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(rrrrrrrrrrr) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

706. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

101. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

365
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

659. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct

the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
660. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
661. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
662. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
663. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
664. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on

366
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
665. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

707. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

708. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiiiiiiiiiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjjjjjjjjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkkkkkkkkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(llllllllllllll) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

709. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

367
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

710. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

711. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

712. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

713. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

368
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(sssssssssss) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ttttttttttt) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(uuuuuuuuuuu) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

714. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

102. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

369
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
666. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
667. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
668. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
669. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
670. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?

370
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

671. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
672. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

715. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

716. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmmmmmmmmmmmmm) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(nnnnnnnnnnnnnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(oooooooooooooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(pppppppppppppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

371
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

717. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

718. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

719. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

720. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

721. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

372
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(vvvvvvvvvvv) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(wwwwwwwwwww) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(xxxxxxxxxxx) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

722. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

373
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

103. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
673. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
674. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
675. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
676. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?

374
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

677. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
678. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
679. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

723. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

724. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqqqqqqqqqqqqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrrrrrrrrrrrrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ssssssssssssss) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)

375
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(tttttttttttttt) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

725. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

726. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

727. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

728. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

729. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

376
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(yyyyyyyyyyy) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(zzzzzzzzzzz) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(aaaaaaaaaaaa) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

730. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(c) Damage (e) No pre-existing contractual

377
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

relations

104. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
680. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
681. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
682. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
683. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?

378
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

684. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
685. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
686. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

731. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

732. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

379
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(bbbbbbbbbbbb) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(cccccccccccc) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(dddddddddddd) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

733. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

380
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

105. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
687. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
688. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
689. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
690. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?

381
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

691. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
692. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
693. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

734. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

735. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(uuuuuuuuuuuuuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(vvvvvvvvvvvvvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(wwwwwwwwwwwwww) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)

382
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(xxxxxxxxxxxxxx) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

736. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

737. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

738. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

739. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

740. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

383
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(eeeeeeeeeeee) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ffffffffffff) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(gggggggggggg) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

741. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(c) Damage (e) No pre-existing contractual

384
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

relations

106. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
694. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
695. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
696. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
697. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?

385
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

698. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
699. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
700. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

742. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

743. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyyyyyyyyyyyyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

386
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(zzzzzzzzzzzzzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

(aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbbbb) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

744. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

745. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

746. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

747. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

748. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

387
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(hhhhhhhhhhhh) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(iiiiiiiiiiii) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(jjjjjjjjjjjj) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

749. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission

388
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence
fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

107. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
701. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
702. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
703. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
704. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was

389
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
705. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
706. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
707. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

750. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

751. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ccccccccccccccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

390
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(ddddddddddddddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

(eeeeeeeeeeeeeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(fffffffffffffff) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

752. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

753. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

754. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

755. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

756. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

391
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(kkkkkkkkkkkk) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(llllllllllll) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(mmmmmmmmmmmm) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-
aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

757. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission

392
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence
fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

108. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
708. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
709. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
710. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
711. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was

393
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
712. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
713. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
714. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

758. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

394
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

759. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ggggggggggggggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(iiiiiiiiiiiiiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(jjjjjjjjjjjjjjj) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

760. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

761. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

762. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

763. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

395
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

764. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(nnnnnnnnnnnn) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(oooooooooooo) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(pppppppppppp) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

396
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

765. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

109. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
715. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
716. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
717. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
718. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”

397
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
719. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
720. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
721. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

766. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

398
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

767. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(lllllllllllllll)Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm) Object or prestation (subject
matter of the obligation)
(nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

768. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

769. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

770. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

771. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

399
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

772. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(qqqqqqqqqqqq) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(rrrrrrrrrrrr) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(ssssssssssss) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

400
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

773. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

110. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
722. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
723. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
724. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
725. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”

401
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
726. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
727. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
728. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

402
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

774. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

775. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ooooooooooooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ppppppppppppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqqqqqqqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

776. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

777. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

778. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

403
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

779. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

780. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(tttttttttttt) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(uuuuuuuuuuuu) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(vvvvvvvvvvvv) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

404
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

781. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

111. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
729. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
730. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
731. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?

405
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

732. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare

land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
733. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
734. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
735. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

406
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

782. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

783. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(sssssssssssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ttttttttttttttt) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

784. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

785. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

786. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

407
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

787. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

788. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(wwwwwwwwwwww) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(xxxxxxxxxxxx) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(yyyyyyyyyyyy) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)

408
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

789. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

112. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
736. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
737. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
738. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise

409
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
739. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
740. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
741. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and slippery santol tree,
and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he will be able to pick.
While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot slipped. As a result, Pedro
fell from the tree to the ground and died instantaneously. Will Juan be
liable in d
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

790. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

410
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

791. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwwwwwwwwwwww) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyyyyyyyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(zzzzzzzzzzzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

792. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

793. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

794. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

795. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

411
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

796. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(zzzzzzzzzzzz) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(aaaaaaaaaaaaa) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbb) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

412
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

797. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

113. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
742. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
743. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
744. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
745. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before

413
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,

Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
746. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
747. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
748. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

798. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

414
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

799. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(cccccccccccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(dddddddddddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

800. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

801. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

802. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

803. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

415
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity

(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

804. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ccccccccccccc) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(ddddddddddddd) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(eeeeeeeeeeeee) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

416
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

805. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

114. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
749. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
750. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
751. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
752. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”

417
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
753. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
754. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
755. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

418
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

806. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

807. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ffffffffffffffff) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(gggggggggggggggg) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

808. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

809. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

810. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

419
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

811. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

812. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(fffffffffffff)
(ggggggggggggg) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(hhhhhhhhhhhhh) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)

420
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

813. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

115. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
756. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
757. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
758. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise

421
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
759. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
760. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
761. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
762. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

422
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

814. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

815. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(llllllllllllllll) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

816. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

817. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

818. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation

423
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

819. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

820. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(iiiiiiiiiiiii) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(jjjjjjjjjjjjj) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(kkkkkkkkkkkkk) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)

424
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

821. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

116. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
763. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
764. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
765. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise

425
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
766. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
767. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
768. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
769. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

426
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

822. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

823. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm) Active subject (obligee or
creditor)
(nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(oooooooooooooooo) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(pppppppppppppppp) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

824. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

825. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.

427
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

826. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

827. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

828. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(lllllllllllll)Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(mmmmmmmmmmmmm) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161)
(See Art. 2142)
(nnnnnnnnnnnnn) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)

428
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

829. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

117. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
770. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.

429
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

771. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a

consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
772. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
773. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
774. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
775. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
776. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot

430
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

830. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

831. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ssssssssssssssss) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(tttttttttttttttt) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

832. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

431
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

833. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

834. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

835. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

836. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ooooooooooooo) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

432
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(ppppppppppppp) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.

2142)
(qqqqqqqqqqqqq) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

837. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

118. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :

433
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

777. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct

the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
778. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
779. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
780. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
781. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
782. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on

434
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
783. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

838. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

839. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(wwwwwwwwwwwwwwww) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

435
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

840. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

841. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

842. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

843. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

844. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

436
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(rrrrrrrrrrrrr) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(sssssssssssss) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(ttttttttttttt) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

845. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

437
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

119. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
784. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
785. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
786. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
787. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
788. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously

438
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
789. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
790. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

846. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

847. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

439
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

848. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

849. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

850. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

851. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

852. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

440
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(uuuuuuuuuuuuu) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(vvvvvvvvvvvvv) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(wwwwwwwwwwwww) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

853. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(c) Damage (e) No pre-existing contractual

441
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

relations

120. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
791. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
792. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
793. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
794. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?

442
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

795. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
796. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
797. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

(a) (b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

854. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

855. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

443
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(xxxxxxxxxxxxx) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(yyyyyyyyyyyyy) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(zzzzzzzzzzzzz) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

856. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

444
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

121. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
798. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
799. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
800. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
801. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
802. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously

445
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
803. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
804. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

857. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

858. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ccccccccccccccccc) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ddddddddddddddddd) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(fffffffffffffffff)Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

446
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

859. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

860. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

861. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

862. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

863. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

447
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(aaaaaaaaaaaaaa) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(bbbbbbbbbbbbbb) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(cccccccccccccc) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

864. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

448
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

122. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
805. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
806. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
807. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
808. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?

449
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

809. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
810. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
811. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

865. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

866. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ggggggggggggggggg) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

450
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

(iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii) Object or prestation (subject matter of the
obligation)
(jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

867. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

868. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

869. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

870. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

871. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

451
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(dddddddddddddd) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(eeeeeeeeeeeeee) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(ffffffffffffff) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

872. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission

452
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence
fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

123. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
812. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
813. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
814. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
815. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was

453
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
816. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
817. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
818. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

873. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

874. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk) Active subject (obligee or creditor)

454
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

Passive subject (obligor or debtor)

(lllllllllllllllll)
(mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm) Object or prestation (subject
matter of the obligation)
(nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

875. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

876. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

877. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

878. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

879. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

455
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(gggggggggggggg) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(hhhhhhhhhhhhhh) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(iiiiiiiiiiiiii) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

880. Requisites for quasi-delict.

456
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

124. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
819. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
820. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
821. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
822. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of

457
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
823. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
824. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
825. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL TITLE I -

OBLIGATIONS
(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

458
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

881. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

882. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(ooooooooooooooooo) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(ppppppppppppppppp) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient cause)

883. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

884. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

885. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

886. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

459
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

887. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(jjjjjjjjjjjjjj) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(kkkkkkkkkkkkkk) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(llllllllllllll) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

460
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

888. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

125. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
826. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
827. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
828. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
829. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”

461
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
830. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
831. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
832. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

889. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

462
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”

(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

890. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(sssssssssssssssss) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(ttttttttttttttttt)
(uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

891. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

892. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

893. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation
(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

894. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

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(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law

(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

895. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(mmmmmmmmmmmmmm) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(nnnnnnnnnnnnnn) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(oooooooooooooo) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)
(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

896. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

126. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
833. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
834. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
835. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
836. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to

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the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
837. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
838. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
839. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

1 – GENERAL TITLE I - OBLIGATIONS

(Articles 1156-1304, New Civil Code)

CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

(Arts. 1156-1162)

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

897. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

898. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww) Active subject (obligee or
creditor)
(xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

899. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

900. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

901. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give
(b) Personal obligation

467
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)

(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

902. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

903. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(pppppppppppppp) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(qqqqqqqqqqqqqq) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art.
2142)
(rrrrrrrrrrrrrr) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art. 1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :
(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)

468
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)

NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

904. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

127. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
840. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
841. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
842. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free
service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise

469
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
843. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
844. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
845. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
846. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

PROVISIONS
(Arts. 1156-1162)

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TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

STUDY GUIDE: (10 JULY 2015 – Friday)

905. “Obligation” defined. (Art. 1156)

(a) Explain why an obligation is a “juridical necessity.”
(b) Distinguish an “obligation” from a “contract”

906. Requisites or elements of an obligation:

(aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa) Active subject (obligee or creditor)
(bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb) Passive subject (obligor or debtor)
(cccccccccccccccccc) Object or prestation (subject matter of
the obligation)
(dddddddddddddddddd) Juridical or legal tie (vinculum or efficient
cause)

907. Distinction between “obligation”, “right” and “wrong or

injury;” Distinction between the following concepts: “right of action” and
“accrual of cause of action.”

CASES: Borbe vs. Calalo, G.R. No. 152572, October 5, 2007.

Elido vs. CA, G.R. No. 95441, December 16, 1992.

908. Elements of a legal wrong or injury, or the requisites in

order that a person may acquire a right of action in court against another
to enforce the performance of the latter’s obligation.
 What is damnum absque injuria?

CASE: BECC vs. CA, G.R. No. 120639, Sept. 25, 1998, 296 SCRA 260.

909. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of subject matter :

(a) Real obligation - obligation to give

471
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(b) Personal obligation

(b.1.) Positive – obligation to do (Art. 1167)
(b.2.) Negative – obligation not to do (Art. 1168)

910. Kinds of obligations from the viewpoint of sanction :

(a) Civil obligations – the sanction is positive law
(b) Natural obligations – the sanction is equity
(c) Moral obligations – the sanction is conscience

911. Sources of obligations : (Art. 1157)

(a) Law (Art. 1158)

CASE: Pelayo vs. Lauron, G.R. No. L-4089, January 12, 1990

(b) Contracts (Art. 1159) – NOTE: Correlate with Art. 1306

CASE: Prisma Construction and Development Corporation vs.

Menchavez, G.R. No. 160545, March 9, 2010

(ssssssssssssss) Quasi-contracts (Art. 1160)

(tttttttttttttt) Crimes or delicts (Art. 1161) (See Art. 2142)
(uuuuuuuuuuuuuu) Quasi-delicts/torts/culpa-aquiliana (Art.
1162)
 quasi-delict defined (Art. 2176)
 test of negligence (Art. 1173)

CASE: Umali vs. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976

NOTE: Be able to give examples of obligations arising from each of the

sources under Article 1157.
2 principal kinds of quasi-contracts :

472
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

(c) Negotiorum Gestio (Art. 2144)

(d) Solutio Indebiti (Art. 2154)
NOTE: Know the requisites.

 concept of quantum meruit

CASE: DPWH vs. Quiwa, G.R. No. 183444, February 8, 2012

912. Requisites for quasi-delict.

(a) Act or omission (d) Causal connection between

(b) Fault or negligence fault and damage
(e) No pre-existing contractual
(c) Damage
relations

128. Scope of civil liability arising from crimes :

(a) restitution (b) reparation (c) indemnification

APPLICATION/PROBLEMS :
847. Under a building contract, Engr. So agreed to construct
the house of Mr. Rey for 6 months. On the other hand, Mr. Rey agreed to
pay Engr. So P3M after the construction is finished. Point out the
elements of the obligation in this legal scenario.
848. Christian and Carina entered into an agreement. For a
consideration of P200,000.00 to be given by Carina to him, Christian
agreed to attend mass for four consecutive Sundays. Is this obligation
legally enforceable?
849. On November 15, 2014, Derek entered into an
agreement with Caitlyn. Among other things, the parties agreed that: (a)
Caitlyn will lend P100,000.00 to Derek who promises to pay the loan on
January 15, 2015; and, (b) In case of non-payment, Derek will render free

473
TITLE I, CHAPTER 1 – General Provisions (Articles 1156-1162)

service as a servant to Caitlyn until such time that Derek is able to raise
the money with which to pay his loan to Caitlyn. Is this agreement legally
enforceable?
850. Don, a merchant-farmer, was the owner of a ten-hectare
land planted to lanzones. On April 1, 2015, Don left for a pleasure trip to
the U.S. While Don was on vacation in the U.S., typhoon “Babing”
devastated the entire Philippines including the land owned by Don. Before
the typhoon, however, reached the Philippine area of responsibility,
Conan, a conscientious neighbour and friend of Don, employed six (6)
farmers to harvest the lanzones planted on the land of Don. As a result,
Conan incurred expenses amounting to P60,000.00. The employment of
the farmers and the harvest of the lanzones from the land of Don was
undertaken by Conan without the approval of Don as the latter was still in
the U.S. Upon the arrival of Don in the Philippines from his trip, may he
be compelled by Conan to refund the P60,000.00 expenses incurred?
851. You went to the bank and let the teller change your
P1,000.00 bill. Because of the negligence of the teller, she erroneously
gave you 11 pieces of P100 bills. Can you be compelled to return the
excess considering the negligence of the bank’s teller?
852. While playing baseball with his friends, Jay broke the
glass window of Kay, his neighbour. The breakage was not made on
purpose. It was only an accident. Can Kay hold Jay liable for the
damage?
853. Juan ordered ten-year old Pedro to climb a high and
slippery santol tree, and promised to give the boy 2 kilos of the santol he
will be able to pick. While climbing the tree, however, Pedro’s foot
slipped. As a result, Pedro fell from the tree to the ground and died
instantaneously. Will Juan be liable in damages for the death of Pedro?

*** END ***

854. amages for the death of Pedro?

474
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*** END ***

475