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ABSTRACT

AMOLED (active- matrix organic light-emitting diode) is

an emerging display technology for use in mobile devices like mobile
phones. An active matrix OLED (AMOLED) display consists of OLED
pixels that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin film transistor
(TFT) array to form a matrix of pixels that illuminate light upon electrical
activation, which functions as a series of switches to control the current
flowing to each of the pixels. They are very thin and light weight and have
greatly minimized propensity for breakage. They have been extensively
studied owing to their promising features like thin thickness, self emission,
and lower driving voltage, a wide viewing angle, fast response time, high
brightness and flexible characteristics.
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CONTENTS

PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 2

3 WORKING PRINCIPLE 3

4 MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES 5

5 OLED STRUCTURE 6

6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 7

7 COMMERCIAL USES 8

8 ACTIVE MATRIX OLED 9

9 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MATRIX 11

10 AMOLED DISPLAY PANEL 12

11 FACTORS AFFECTING BRIGHTNESS 15

12 NOVEL LTPS-TFT PIXEL CIRCUIT 17

13 ADVANTAGES 19

14 DISADVANTAGES 21

15 COMMERCIAL USE 21

16 CONCLUSION 23

17 REFERENCES 24
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INTRODUCTION

AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) is an

emerging display technology for use in mobile devices like mobile phones.
OLED describes a specific type of ultra thin, ultra bright display technology
which doesn’t require a backlight and Active-matrix refers to the technology
behind the addressing of pixels. AMOLED technology continues to make
progress towards low-power and low cost large size (e.g. 40 inch) for
applications such as TV.

Active matrix (AM) OLED displays stack cathode, organic, and

anode layers on top of another layer – or substrate- that contains circuitry.
The pixels are defied by the deposition of the organic material in a
continuous, discrete “dot” pattern. Each pixel is activated directly. A
corresponding circuit delivers voltage to the cathode and anode materials,
stimulating the middle organic layer. AMOLED pixels turn on and off more
than three times faster than speed of conventional motion picture film-
making these displays ideal for fluid, full motion video.
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ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE

An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also light emitting polymer

(LEP) and organic electro luminescence (OEL), is a light emitting diode
(LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of
organic compounds. This layer of organic semiconductor material is formed
between two electrodes. The layer usually contains a polymer substance that
allows suitable organic compounds to be deposited. They are deposited in
rows and columns onto a flat carrier by a simple “printing” process. The
resulting matrix of pixels can emit light of different colors.

Such systems can be used in television screens, computer monitors,

small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, advertising,
information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for
general space illumination, and large-area light emitting elements. OLEDs
typically emit less light per area than inorganic solid state based LEDs
which are usually designed for use in point light sources.

A significant benefit of OLED displays over traditional liquid crystal

displays is that OLEDs do not require a backlight to function. Thus they
draw far less power and when powered from a battery, can operate longer on
the same charge. Because there is no need for a backlight OLED display can
be much thinner than LCD panel.

The electroluminescence in organic materials were first produced in

1950s by applying high voltage alternating current fields in air to acridine
orange either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films.
In 1960s, martin pope discovered ohmic injecting electrode contacts to
organic crystals. And the injecting hole and electron injecting electrode
contacts are the basis of all current OLED devices, molecular and polymeric.
In 1965 he refined his experiment and showed that in the absence of an
external electric field, the electroluminescence in anthracene single crystal
was caused by thermalized electrons and holes.
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The first diode device was invented at Eastman Kodak in the 1980s. this
diode giving rise to the term OLED used a novel two layer structure with
separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that
recombination and emission occurred in the middle of the organic layer. This
resulted in the reduction in operating voltage and improvements in
efficiency, and started the current era of OLED research and device
production.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

A typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive

layer, a substrate, and anode and cathode terminals. The layers are made of
organic molecules that conduct electricity the layers have conductivity levels
ranging from insulators to conductors, so OLEDs are considered organic
semiconductors.

The first most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for
example the first light-emitting polymer device involved a single layer of
poly (p-phenylene vinylene). Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two
layers of to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties,
layers may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a
more gradual electronic profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite
electrode and being wasted.

Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (-), 2. Emissive layer,

3.emission of radiation, 4.conductive layer, 5.anode
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A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive
with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of electrons to flow
through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons
to the emissive layer and the anode withdraw electrons from the conductive
layer; in other words, the anode gives electron holes to the conductive layer.

Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged holes.

Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and
they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in
organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons. The
recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied
by an emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. That is
why this layer is called emissive.

The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential
with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and
electrons to the cathode, so they are moving from each other and do not
recombine.

Indium tin oxide is commonly used as the anode material. It is

transparent to visible light and has a high work function which promotes
injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as aluminium and
calcium are often used for the cathode as they have low work functions
which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.

OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active-matrix

displays. Active matrix OLEDs require a thin film transistor backplane to
switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and
larger size displays possible.
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MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES

Small molecules

OLED technology using small molecules was first developed at

Eastman Kodak Company. The production of small molecule displays
involves vaccum deposition, which makes the production process more
expensive than other processing techniques. Since this is typically carried
out on glass substrates, these displays are also not flexible, though this
limitation is not inherent to small molecule organic materials. The term
OLED traditionally refers to this type of device, though some are using the
term SM-OLED.

Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organo- metallic

chelates, for example Alq3, used in the first organic light emitting device
and conjugated dendrimers.

Contrary to polymers, small molecules can be evaporated and

therefore very complex multilayer structures can be constructed. This high
flexibility in layer design is the main responsible for the high efficiencies in
the SM OLEDs. Recently hybrid light emitting layer has been developed
that uses nonconductive polymers doped with light emitting conducting
molecules. The polymer is used for its production and mechanical
advantages without worrying about optical properties. The small molecules
then emit the light and have the same longetivity that they have in the
SMOLEDs.

Polymer light emitting diodes

Polymer light emitting diodes, also light emitting polymers, involve

an electroluminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected
to an external voltage source. They are used as a thin film for full spectrum
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color displays and require a relatively small amount of power for the light
produced. No vaccum is required and the emissive materials can be applied
on the substrate by a technique derived from commercial printing. The
substrate used can be flexible. And this flexible polymer light emitting diode
displays, also called flexible OLED may be produced inexpensively. Typical
polymers used in polymer light emitting diode displays include derivatives
of poly (p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene.
Phosphorescent materials

Phosphorescent OLED (POLED)uses the principle of electro

phosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in highly
efficient manner.

Patterning technologies

Patternable OLED, uses a light or heat activated electro active layer. A

latent material is included in this layer that upon activation, becomes highly
efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light emitting devices
with arbitrary patterns can be prepared.

OLED structures

Bottom emission/top emission

Bottom emission uses a transparent or semitransparent bottom electrode

to get the light through a transparent substrate. Top emission uses a
transparent or semi transparent top electrode to get the light through the
counter substrate.

Transparent OLED

Transparent organic light emitting device uses a proprietary transparent

contact to create displays that can be made to be top –only emitting, bottom
only emitting, or both top and bottom emitting(transparent).
TransparentOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to
view displays in bright sunlight.
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Stacked OLEDs

Stacked OLEDs uses pixel architecture that stacks the red, green and blue
sub pixels on top of one another, instead of next to one another. This leads to
substantial increase in gamut and color depth, and greatly reducing pixel
gap. At the moment all display technologies have the RGB pixels mapped
next to each other.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

The radically different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to

many advantages over flat panel displays made with LCD technology. They
can have a significantly lower cost than LCDs or plasma displays. OLEDs
enable a great range of colors, gamut, brightness, contrast and viewing angle
than LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colors
appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90
degrees from normal. LCDs use a backlight and cannot show true black,
while an off OLED element produces no light and consumes no power.

Energy is also wasted in LCDs because they require polarizers that filter out
about half of the emitted by the backlight.

The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of

the organic materials. The intrusion is the limited lifetime of the organic
materials. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical
manufacturing and may limit the longevity of more flexible displays.
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COMMERCIAL USES

OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as small

screens for mobile phones and portable digital audio players, car radios,
digital cameras and high resolution micro displays for head mounted
displays. Such portable applications favor the high light output of OLEDs
for readability in sunlight, and their low power drains. Portable displays are
also used intermittently, so the lower life span of OLEDs is less important
here. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use
OLEDS unique characteristics. OLEDs have been used in most Motorola
and Samsung color cell phones as well as some LG and Sony Ericsson
phones, notably the Z610i and some models of the Sony walkman.
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ACTIVE MATRIX OLED

An active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display consists of OLED

pixels that have been deposited or integrated onto a thin film transistor
(TFT) array to form a matrix of pixels that illuminate light upon electrical
activation, which functions as a series of switches to control the current
flowing to each of the pixels. The TFT array continuously controls the
current that flows to the pixels, signaling to each pixel how brightly to shine.

Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by at least two

TFTs at each pixel, one to start and stop the charging of a storage capacitor
and the second to provide a voltage source at the level needed to create a
constant current to the pixel and eliminating the need for very high currents
required for passive OLED matrix operation.

AMOLED screens have four separate layers to control the picture.

 An anode layer
 A middle organic layer
 A cathode layer
 A bottom layer which contains circuitry

The major feature of the AMOLED display is the use of a thin film
transistor(TFT) technique to drive the organic light emitting diode, and the
driving integrated circuit(IC) is installed on the panel directly, so as to be
small in volume and low in cost. The digital display is characterized by a
display screen composed of multiple pixels in a matrix arrangement. In order
to control individual pixels, a specific pixel is commonly selected via a
scanning line and data line, and an appropriate operating voltage is also
provided, so as to display information corresponding to this pixel.
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The active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED)

display technology is a newly developed technology, and will be mainstream
for display devices accompanying liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in the
future. The major feature of the AMOLED display is the use of a thin film
transistor technique to drive the organic light emitting diode, and the driving
integrated circuit is installed on the panel directly, so as to be small in
volume and low in cost. The AMOLED display can be applied on a medium
or small sized panel in a cellular phone, PDA, digital camera and palm game
player, portable DVD player and automobile global positioning system.

The digital display is characterized by a display screen composed

of multiple pixels in a matrix arrangement. In order to control individual
pixels, a specific pixel is commonly selected via a scanning line and a data
line and an appropriate operating voltage is also provided, so as to display
information corresponding to this pixel.

In order to create an AMOLED display, a TFT substrate and organic

light emitting diode (OLED) films are incorporated into the AMOLED
display pixels. When the TFT and OLED degrades, the entire display
degrades as well. One approach that the design of the pixels must be geared
towards compensating for the degradation of the TFT. Judging from the
current technology, however the brightness of the OLED cannot be
maintained, even if the electric currents provided by the TFT are kept
constant. This is because the efficiency of the OLED itself declines with
time, and it declines faster than the TFT. Therefore according to
conventional techniques, even when electric currents are kept steady by the
TFT, the brightness of the AMOLED display still decays.
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PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MATRIX

Passive matrix LCDs use a simple grid to supply the charge to a

particular pixel on the display. It starts with two glass layers called
substrates. One substrate is given columns and the other is given rows made
from a transparent conductive material.
This is usually indium tin oxide. The rows or columns are connected to
integrated circuits that control when a charge is sent down a particular
column or row. The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between two glass
substrates, and a polarizing film is added to the outer side of each substrate.
To turn on a pixel the integrated circuits sends a charge down the correct
column of one substrate and a ground activated on the correct row of the
other. The row and column intersect at the designated pixel, and that delivers
the voltage to untwist the liquid crystals at that pixel.

But it has significant drawbacks, notably slow response time and

imprecise voltage control. Response time refers to the LCDs ability to
refresh the image displayed. The precise voltage control hinders the passive
matrix’s ability to influence only one pixel at a time. When voltage is
applied to untwist one pixel, the pixels around it also partially untwist,
which makes image appear fuzzy and lacking in contrast.

Active matrix LCDs depend on thin film transistors (TFT). Basically

TFTs are tiny switching transistors and capacitors. They are arranged in a
matrix on a glass substrate. To address a particular pixel, the proper row is
switched on, and then a charge is sent down the correct column. Since all the
other rows the column intersects are turned off, only the capacitor at the
designated pixel receives a charge. The capacitor is able to hold the charge
until the next refresh cycle. And if we carefully control the amount of
voltage supplied to a crystal, we can make it untwist only enough to allow
some light through.

AMOLED DISPLAY PANEL

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Active matrix element:

TFT backplane technology

A thin film transistor is a special kind of field effect transistor made

by depositing thin films of a semiconductor active layer as well as the
dielectric layer and metallic contacts over a supporting substrate. A common
substrate is glass, since the primary application of TFTs is in liquid crystal
displays. This differs from the conventional transistor where the
semiconductor material typically is the substrate such as silicon wafer.
TFTs can be made using a wide variety of semiconductor materials. A
common material is silicon. The characteristics of silicon based TFT depend
on the crystalline state. That is the semiconductor layer can be either
amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon or it can be annealed into
polysilicon.
Other materials which have been used as semiconductors in TFTs
include compound semiconductors such as cadmium selenide and metal
oxides such as zinc oxide. TFTs have also been made using organic
materials. By using transparent semiconductors and transparent electrodes,
such as indium tin oxide (ITO), some TFT devices can be made completely
transparent. Because the substrate cannot withstand the high annealing
temperature, the deposition process has to be completed under relatively low
temperature. Chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition are
applied.

TFT backplane technology is a crucial enabler for the fabrication of

flexible AM OLED displays.

The conventional glass substrate based TFT process cannot be used

with the flexible plastic substrates, primarily because of the low temperature
process constraint.

Two primary TFT backplane technologies poly- silicon (poly-si) and

amorphous-silicon (a-si) are used today in AMOLEDs these technologies
offer the potential for fabricating the required active matrix backplanes at
low temperatures(<150 degree Celsius) directly on the flexible plastic
substrate for producing flexible AMOLED displays.
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In a typical AMOLED display panel, the TFT device circuits are formed
on a TFT back panel of the display panel. The TFT devices, which generally
include a polycrystalline silicon film as a semiconductor layer, may be a
bottom gate type or a top gate type, such as low temperature polysilicon thin
film transistor. The polycrystalline silicon film requires high electron
mobility in order for the TFT device to function optimally. In general the
polycrystalline silicon film is formed from an amorphous silicon film. One
way to form the polycrystalline silicon film from the amorphous silicon film
is to crystallize the amorphous silicon film by irradiating it with laser light,
such as a high power excimer laser. An excimer laser is a pulsed laser having
KrF, ArF, or XeCL as a light source. The amorphous silicon film is generally
crystallized over its entire surface by irradiating the substrate from one end
to the other with excimer laser light that has been processed to have a linear
shape. The linear shaped laser beam generally spans a portion or the whole
length of a TFT back panel and is scanned in a lateral direction.

AMOLED CIRCUIT LAYOUT

Illustrated in FIG is a 4*4 pixel array portion of a conventional AMOLEDs

TFT back panel 200. As illustrated, pixel region 210 comprises a TFT circuit
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portion 212 and an OLED circuit portion 214. The amorphous silicon film
layer is initially deposited over the entire TFT back panel 200 and
crystallized into polycrystalline form using the excimer laser annealing
process. A linear –shaped excimer laser beam 220 is scanned over the entire
surface of the TFT back panel 200 by irradiating a portion of the TFT back
panel 200 at a time. Since the size of the laser beam is limited, many pulses
of the laser beam are required to cover the entire TFT back panel 200. After
the amorphous silicon film is laser annealed into polycrystalline film,
subsequent photolithographic process remove unnecessary portions of the
polycrystalline film except for the polycrystalline islands that are required
for the source, drain, and channel regions of the TFT devices in the TFT
circuit portion 212.

Although the polycrystalline silicon film is subsequently removed from

the OLED portion 221, this often results in undesirable line Mura defects in
the finished AMOLED display panel. Mura defects are defects that exhibit
as non-uniform contrast regions on an LCD or an OLED display panel and
are attributed to pulse-to-pulse variations in the laser beam energy that is
used to crystallize the amorphous silicon film. These defects are more
pronounced when a constant gray value image or patter is displayed. In
AMOLED display panels, the laser anneal irradiation of the non-TFT
regions such as the ILED circuit portion 221, on the TFT back panel often
results in line shaped Mura defects. The non uniform laser beam energy
caused by pulse to pulse variations in the laser beam energy results in non-
uniform performance of polycrystalline silicon. And because the TFT
characteristics is sensitive to the performance of the polycrystalline silicon
and the TFT devices drive the OLED devices, the non uniform
characteristics results in non-uniformity in OLEDs brightness.

FACTORS AFFECTING BRIGHTNESS

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Active matrix organic light-emitting diodes(AMOLEDs) have been
extensively studied owing to their promising features such as thin thickness,
self emission, lower driving voltage, a wide viewing angle, fast response
time, high efficiency, high brightness and flexible characteristics. Two
programming methods exist- the passive matrix (PM) and active matrix
(AM) driving methods (fig 1). The PM driving method has some benefits,
such as a simple structure and low cost. However the PM method cannot
emit light continuously and power consumption is markedly higher then that
of the AM method when applied to large displays.

Passive matrix active matrix

fig1. Schematic of PMOLED (PM) and AMOLED (AM)

The difference between PMOLEDs and AMOLEDs is that the pixel in

an AMOLED includes a capacitor for storing data and eliminating light
continuously. Therefore, AMOLED is applicable to large-high-resolution
displays and highly promising for future flexible displays. However the
structure of AMOLEDs is mare complex than that of PMOLEDs
additionally, the following factors affect the brightness uniformity in
AMOLED.

1. Threshold voltage variations:

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The OLED current is determined by the driving thin-film
transistor (TFT), operated in the saturated region. Therefore, Vth
variations are due to process differences and long term operational result
for OLED brightness non-uniformity. The OLED current formula is
IOLED =1/2k (VGS-VTH) 2,
Where Vth represents the threshold voltage of a driving TFT.

2. OLED degradation and brightness efficiency:

The anode potential of the OLEDs must be considered as OLED
threshold voltage degrades at 0.2mV/h during operation. In most
OLED pixel circuits, the source node of an n-type drive TFT connects
the OLED anode. Therefore, an n-type pixel circuit must
accommodate the threshold voltage degradation of OLEDs as OLED
current is determined by VGS of the driving TFT.

3. Process consideration.
The AMOLED pixel driver can be fabricated as a low-temperature
polysilicon (LTPS) and amorphous silicon (a-si). An n-type TFT can
be fabricated by LTPS and a-Si processes. However p-type TFT can
only be fabricated using the LTPS process. Furthermore, although
including several advantages like low cost, mature manufacturability
and high stability an a-Si process technology has a serious threshold
voltage shift over long-term operation.

Due to these problems associated with AMOLEDs, numerous mechanisms

where developed to maintain display brightness uniformity. However these
studies focused on TFT threshold voltage variation; the effect of OLED
degradation on brightness is seldom discussed. To overcome the brightness
degradation, some compensating techniques have been developed, such as
the optical feedback and ac driving methods. However the disadvantage of
optical feedback is a strong wavelength dependence on photo efficiency and
sensitivity to ambient light. Additionally the ac driving methods does not
account for VTH variations completely. Therefore a work is presented where
a novel five TFT pixel circuit with a feedback structure that detects OLED
ageing phenomena and produces additional current to compensate for OLED
degradation, thereby preventing luminescence drops.
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NOVEL LTPS-TFT PIXEL CIRCUIT

(a) Circuit schematic (b) Control signal timing diagram

Fig. 3. Circuit schematic and control signal timing diagram for the proposed
driving method

To reduce the non uniform brightness problem mentioned above, this

work proposes a novel circuit comprising of 3 n-type TFTs, 2 p-type TFTs, a
storage capacitor, and an additional control signal. Fig.3 schematically
depicts the proposed pixel circuit and its control signal timing diagram.
First, TFT1 determines the OLED current by analyzing the storage capacitor
voltage of C1, utilized to store the driving voltage during one frame, and the
other TFTs are used for a switching function. The operational scheme and
compensation principle of the proposed circuit are described as follows.

1. Initialization period: during the first period, SCAN1 goes

To low voltage and SCAN2 is high voltage; TFT2, TFT4 and
TFT5 are turned on and TFT3 is turned off. The data voltage (V
data) is applied to node A (VA) through TFT5 and the gate voltage
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of TFT1 (VB) is charged approaching to the voltage difference
between VDATA and VB, that is, the initialization period.

2. compensation period: SCAN2 signal goes to low voltage,

Turning off TFT2, and TFT3remains turned off. The VB is
discharged through TFT4 and TFT1 until TFT1 is turned off. This
node voltage settles to VOLED_0 +VTH_T1, where VTH_T1 is the
threshold voltage of TFT1, and VOLED_0 is the threshold voltage of
OLED when no current is flowing through OLED. The storage
capacitor (C1) is discharged to VOLED_0 +VTH_T1-Vdata.

3. emission period: both TFT2 and TFT3 are turned on:

VDD is connected to the drain node of TFT1 through TFT2. Node A
is connected to a source node of TFT1, such that VA becomes
VOLED_1. the C1 continuous to sustain the voltage (VOLED_0
+VTH_T1 - V data) until the next initialization period; consequently,
VB becomes VOLED_0 + VTH_T1 +VOLED_1 -V data, where
VOLED_1 is the voltage of OLED when the OLED is emitting light.
The corresponding OLED current is determined based on the VGS
of TFT1. At this time, the drain- current of TFT1 (IOLED) is given as

IOLED=1/2k (VGS-VTH_TFT1)2
=1/2k (VOLED_0+VTH_TFT1+VOLED_1
-V data-VOLED_1-VTH_TFT1)2
=1/2k (VOLED_0-VDATA)2

ADVANTAGES

 Very thin and light weight

 Greatly minimized propensity for breakage.
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 High perceived luminescence: Perceived luminescence is 1.5 times higher
than thet of conventional lcd display

Contrast ratio
the contrast of an AMOLED is unbelivable it offers clear images and
readability in any environment.

o Wide viewing angle

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 True colors
High color gamut and no color shift by viewing angle/or gray
scales.

 Fast response
More vivid and dynamic image quality is realized in moving
pictures.
 Lower power, highly rugged with superior image quality and
low cost compared to the current LCD display.
 Due to their inherent ruggedness, allow a unique form factor of
conformability and roll ability during use, transportation and
storage.
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DISADVANTAGES

AMOLED displays are prone to material degradation. However

technology has been invented to circumvent this problem.

COMMERCIAL USES
AMOLED displays are used in mobile phones, PDA, digital camera
and palm game player, portable DVD player and automobile global
positioning system.

In April 2009, Samsung brought to the United States the first phone
using an AMOLED display.

In July 2009, Samsung electronics launched a 3.5inch WVGA

AMOLED 3g-full touch screen phone called “HAPTIC AMOLED”.

Samsung NV24HD

NOKIA N85 has a 2.6 inch display with support for up to 16 million
colors. The colors are bright and evenly lit with no side or backlighting. The
display is viewable for virtually any angle and looks great in the dark and in
direct sunlight.
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The world AMOLED market will grow to US$ 4.6 billion by 2014,
representing a compound annual growth rate of 83.3 percent up from $67
million in 2007
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CONCLUSION

Active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays

have been considered a potential candidate for the next generation of flat
panel displays due to the ability of AMOLED in providing wider viewing
angle, larger color gamut, and lower fabrication cost. It can be efficiently
utilizes in mobile displays. AMOLED continues to make progress towards
low power and low cost applications.
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REFERENCES

www.google.com

http://research.ncku.edu.tw/re/articles/e/20071102/3.html

www.patentstorm.us/patents/7352345/description.html

www.wikipedia.org

courtesy - RINKU MARIA MATHEW