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Introduction To Computing: Prof. Wilber Sabado

The document provides a history of computing from early human computers to modern computers. It discusses [1] how the earliest computers were humans who performed calculations, [2] early mechanical aids like the abacus and slide rule, and [3] pioneering machines like Babbage's Analytical Engine and the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer. It also outlines the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.

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John Kenmore Maglente
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79 views

Introduction To Computing: Prof. Wilber Sabado

The document provides a history of computing from early human computers to modern computers. It discusses [1] how the earliest computers were humans who performed calculations, [2] early mechanical aids like the abacus and slide rule, and [3] pioneering machines like Babbage's Analytical Engine and the ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer. It also outlines the five generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors.

Uploaded by

John Kenmore Maglente
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computing

Prof. Wilber Sabado


History of Computing
What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic machine that accepts


information (Data), processes it according to specific
instructions, and provides the results as new information.
Earliest Computer

Originally calculations were computed by humans,


whose job title was computers.
These human computers were typically engaged in
the calculation of a mathematical expression.
Earliest Computer

The calculations of this period were specialized and


expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics.
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in
1613, referring to a person who carried out
calculations, or computations, and the word
continued to be used in that sense until the middle of
the 20th century.
Abacus

An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an


individual in performing mathematical calculations.
Tally Sticks

A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to


record and document numbers, quantities, or even
messages.
Napier’s Bones

Invented by John Napier in 1614.


Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate
square and cube roots by moving the rods around and
placing them in specially constructed boards.
Slide Rule

Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.


Based on Napier's idea about logarithms.
Used primarily for:
– multiplication
– division
– roots
– logarithm
– Trigonometry
Pascaline

Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.


It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
It is too expensive.
Stepped Reckoner

Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.


The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and
divide automatically.
Jacquard Loom

The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom, invented


by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.
It’s an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.
Arithmometer

A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de


Colmar in 1820.
The first reliable, useful and commercially successful
calculating machine.
Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to


tabulate polynomial functions.
Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) in
1822 and 1834.
Augusta Ada Byron

In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron


suggests to Babbage that he use
the binary system.
She writes programs for the
Analytical Engine.
Scheutzian Calculation Engine

Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.


Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
Tabulating Machine

Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.


To assist in summarizing information and
accounting.
Harvard Mark 1

Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled


Calculator (ASCC).
Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943.
Z1

Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to


1938.
To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch
tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also
generated through punch tape.
ABC

It was the first electronic digital computing device.


Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate
student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University
between 1939 and 1942.
ENIAC

ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator


and Computer.
It was the first electronic general purpose computer.
Completed in 1946.
UNIVAC 1

The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1)


was the first commercial computer.
EDVAC

EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable


Automatic Computer.
The First Stored Program Computer
Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
Osborne 1

The first portable computer.


Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.
Electronic Controls Company

The first computer company was the Electronic


Controls Company.
Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.
Generations of Computer

There are five generations of computer:


First Generation – 1946 – 1958
Second generation – 1959 – 1964
Third generation – 1965 – 1970
Fourth generation – 1971 – today
Fifth generation – Today to future
Generations of Computer

• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry


and magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
• They were very expensive to operate and in addition
to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of
heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
Generations of Computer
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered
in the second generation of computers.
One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40
vacuum tubes.
Allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable.

Transistor
Generations of Computer
The development of the
integrated circuit was the
hallmark of the third
generation of computers.
Transistors were miniaturized
and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors,
which drastically increased
the speed and efficiency of
computers. Integrated Circuit
Much smaller and cheaper
compare to the second
generation computers.
Generations of Computer
The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single
silicon chip.
Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.
Microprocessor
Generations of Computer
Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Still in development.
The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality.
There are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.
End

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