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    Lecture #1 Today's Program

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    Cainã
    The document provides an overview of classical mechanics concepts to be covered in a lecture. It will discuss: (1) classical states defined by position and momentum variables (x,p); (2) Hamiltonians that describe the total energy of a system; and (3) the time evolution of states determined by solving equations of motion derived from Hamiltonians. Examples will include a mass in a gravitational field and a diatomic molecule to illustrate these concepts. Attendees should understand classical states, generating Hamiltonians, and predicting time evolution from the Hamiltonian.

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    Lecture #1 Today's Program

    Uploaded by

    Cainã
    20 views4 pages
    The document provides an overview of classical mechanics concepts to be covered in a lecture. It will discuss: (1) classical states defined by position and momentum variables (x,p); (2) Hamiltonians that describe the total energy of a system; and (3) the time evolution of states determined by solving equations of motion derived from Hamiltonians. Examples will include a mass in a gravitational field and a diatomic molecule to illustrate these concepts. Attendees should understand classical states, generating Hamiltonians, and predicting time evolution from the Hamiltonian.

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    Quantum Physics

    Original Title

    Lecture 1

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    The document provides an overview of classical mechanics concepts to be covered in a lecture. It will discuss: (1) classical states defined by position and momentum variables (x,p); (2) Hamiltonians that describe the total energy of a system; and (3) the time evolution of states determined by solving equations of motion derived from Hamiltonians. Examples will include a mass in a gravitational field and a diatomic molecule to illustrate these concepts. Attendees should understand classical states, generating Hamiltonians, and predicting time evolution from the Hamiltonian.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views4 pages

    Lecture #1 Today's Program

    Uploaded by

    Cainã
    The document provides an overview of classical mechanics concepts to be covered in a lecture. It will discuss: (1) classical states defined by position and momentum variables (x,p); (2) Hamiltonians that describe the total energy of a system; and (3) the time evolution of states determined by solving equations of motion derived from Hamiltonians. Examples will include a mass in a gravitational field and a diatomic molecule to illustrate these concepts. Attendees should understand classical states, generating Hamiltonians, and predicting time evolution from the Hamiltonian.

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    Lecture #1

    Today’s Program
    1. Classical States - trajectories
    2. Hamiltonians
    3. Time evolution (ref. Goldstein 2nd edition Ch. 8 p339).

    Suggested References for today’s lecture:

    Classical Mechanics, Goldstein 2nd edition Ch. 8 p339

    By the end of today’s lecture you should:


    Know how to analyze a system of particles moving in a potential field classically in
    particular:
    (a) Understand what the classical definition of a state is, and what are the state
    variables.
    (b) Know how to generate a classical Hamiltonian function.
    (c) Know how to predict the time evolution of a classical system by
    generating the equations of motion from the Hamiltonian.
    (d) Remind yourself how to solve systems of coupled differential equations
    (e) Learn how to use Mathematica to solve systems of coupled first order
    equations.
    Classical States, Hamiltonians and time evolution
    The system
    Physical description
    The state
    The state of a classical system is determined by the variables x ( t ) and p ( t ) .

    The Hamiltonian
    All physical quantities of the system (energy, angular momentum) can be expressed in
    terms of these variables. For example the total energy of the system is determined by its
    classical Hamiltonian which can be defined as,
    p2
    H ( x , p, t ) = + V ( x, t )
    2m
    Time evolution of the state
    Once the state ( x ( t ) , p ( t ) ) is known at a particular time t0 the state of the system at any

    other time t is determined completely by the equations of motion.


    ∂H ( x, p, t ) dx
    =
    ∂p dt
    ∂H ( x, p, t ) dp
    =−
    ∂x dt
    the complete set of ( x ( t ) , p ( t ) ) is called the trajectory of the system.

    Example: Mass in a gravitational field


    The system consists of a single mass m=1kg which is released at t=0 from a height of 1m
    above the floor the state of the system at t=0 is ( x ( t = 0 ) = 1, p ( t = 0 ) = 0 ) the total

    energy is given by the Hamiltonian,

    p2 m
    H ( x , p, t ) = + mgx = 1[ kg ] 9.8  2  1[ m] = 9.8 [ J ] = 6.11× 1019 [ eV ]
    2m s 
    The time evolution of the state is given by,
    ∂H ( x, p, t ) p dx t2
    = = → − ∫ gtdt = ∫ dx →x0 − g = x ( t )
    ∂p m dt 2
    ∂H ( x, p, t ) dp
    = mg = − → − ∫ mgdt = ∫ dp → p0 − mgt = p ( t )
    ∂x dt

    Example: Diatomic molecule


    [I] The system:

    x1 , p1 x2 , p2

    [II] The Hamiltonian:


    p12 p22 k
    H ( x1 , p1; x2 , p2 ) = + + ( x2 − x1 − l )
    2

    2m 2m 2
    k is the spring constant and l is the equilibrium position of the spring (i.e. at that distance
    the spring is not exerting any force on the masses)
    [III] The equations of motion:
    ∂H ( x1 , p1 , x2 , p2 ; t ) p1 dx1
    = =
    ∂p1 m dt
    ∂H ( x1 , p1 , x2 , p2 ; t ) dp1 dp
    =− → − k ( x2 − x1 − l ) = − 1
    ∂x1 dt dt
    ∂H ( x1 , p1 , x2 , p2 ; t ) p2 dx2
    = =
    ∂p2 m dt
    ∂H ( x1 , p1 , x2 , p2 ; t ) dp2 dp
    =− → k ( x2 − x1 − l ) = − 2
    ∂x2 dt dt
    p1 p
    x&1 = , x&2 = 2 , p&1 = k ( x2 − x1 − l ) , p& 2 = −k ( x2 − x1 − l )
    m m
    these coupled first order equations can be solved by generating uncoupled second order
    equations (attached is an example of a Mathematica code which can be used to solve such
    a system of coupled first order equations):
    k = 1;
    m = 1;
    solution = NDSolveA
    p1@tD
    9x1¢@tD Š ,
    p2@tD
    m
    x2¢@tD Š ,
    p1¢@tD Š k Hx2@tD - x1@tD - 1L,
    m

    p2¢@tD Š -k Hx2@tD - x1@tD - 1L,


    x1@0D == 0,
    x2@0D Š 1,
    p1@0D Š -0.25,
    p2@0D Š 0.25
    =, 8x1, x2, p1, p2<, 8t, 0, 50<E;
    Plot@88x2@tD - x1@tD< •. solution<, 8t, 0, 10<D;

    The relative distance between the atoms as a function of time is plotted below (x2-x1)

    1.3

    1.2

    1.1

    2 4 6 8 10
    0.9

    0.8

    0.7

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