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    Assignment 1 - ALMOITE

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    Renz Dominic
    Barbara McClintock discovered chromosomal crossover and transposons, which she called "jumping genes", demonstrating that genes can move within chromosomes and are responsible for switching physical traits on or off. Despite initial skepticism, she was later awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. She believed in her own findings from studying maize specimens even when other scientists could not understand them. Her persistence and trust in evidence from organisms under the microscope make her one of the most respected scientists in cytogenetics. The discovery of restriction enzymes by Werner Arber and their mechanism by Hamilton Smith was also pivotal. These enzymes cut viral and bacterial DNA at specific sites, allowing genetic manipulation. This breakthrough enabled recombinant DNA research and genetically modified organisms like

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    Assignment 1 - ALMOITE

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    Renz Dominic
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    Barbara McClintock discovered chromosomal crossover and transposons, which she called "jumping genes", demonstrating that genes can move within chromosomes and are responsible for switching physical traits on or off. Despite initial skepticism, she was later awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. She believed in her own findings from studying maize specimens even when other scientists could not understand them. Her persistence and trust in evidence from organisms under the microscope make her one of the most respected scientists in cytogenetics. The discovery of restriction enzymes by Werner Arber and their mechanism by Hamilton Smith was also pivotal. These enzymes cut viral and bacterial DNA at specific sites, allowing genetic manipulation. This breakthrough enabled recombinant DNA research and genetically modified organisms like

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    Assignment 1_ ALMOITE

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    Barbara McClintock discovered chromosomal crossover and transposons, which she called "jumping genes", demonstrating that genes can move within chromosomes and are responsible for switching physical traits on or off. Despite initial skepticism, she was later awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. She believed in her own findings from studying maize specimens even when other scientists could not understand them. Her persistence and trust in evidence from organisms under the microscope make her one of the most respected scientists in cytogenetics. The discovery of restriction enzymes by Werner Arber and their mechanism by Hamilton Smith was also pivotal. These enzymes cut viral and bacterial DNA at specific sites, allowing genetic manipulation. This breakthrough enabled recombinant DNA research and genetically modified organisms like

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    36 views1 page

    Assignment 1 - ALMOITE

    Uploaded by

    Renz Dominic
    Barbara McClintock discovered chromosomal crossover and transposons, which she called "jumping genes", demonstrating that genes can move within chromosomes and are responsible for switching physical traits on or off. Despite initial skepticism, she was later awarded a Nobel Prize for this work. She believed in her own findings from studying maize specimens even when other scientists could not understand them. Her persistence and trust in evidence from organisms under the microscope make her one of the most respected scientists in cytogenetics. The discovery of restriction enzymes by Werner Arber and their mechanism by Hamilton Smith was also pivotal. These enzymes cut viral and bacterial DNA at specific sites, allowing genetic manipulation. This breakthrough enabled recombinant DNA research and genetically modified organisms like

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    RENZ DOMINIC O.

    ALMOITE
    BIO 30 (J)

    PART 1
    Barbara McClintock is a very important contributor in the field of genetics through her
    several groundbreaking discoveries. She made a mark in the field when she discovered and
    demonstrated a phenomenon known as the “chromosomal crossover” which is the culprit of
    increased genetic variation in an organism. She also was able to uncover the genes that move about
    within the chromosomes which she termed as transposons which she basically described as the
    jumping genes. She also showed that genes are responsible for switching on or off of the physical
    traits of an organism. Despite all her contributions which made paved the way to more innovations
    and discoveries, her study on maize seeds was shrugged off and snubbed a couple of times by her
    other fellow scientists. But eventually, a couple of decades later, they realized that she was right
    all along and she was then awarded a Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine, which up to this
    day is not shared by any other scientist. What made her a very commendable scientist to me was
    that she was so ahead of her time that scientists from those years couldn’t make sense of her study.
    She stood her ground and believed in her own intuition that these mosaic patterns on Indian corn
    specimen were trying to tell her something and that it is worth taking a shot. She never let her
    disappointments faze her and discourage her. Also, she did her study all by herself which I think
    is very brave of her. Because of her persistence and trust in the evidence she saw in the organism
    under the microscope, she is one of the most valued and praised scientists in the field of
    cytogenetics.

    PART 2.
    The modern breakthrough that appealed to me the most was the discovery of the restriction
    enzymes. Restriction enzymes were discovered by microbiologist Werner Arber when some
    certain bacterial species are immune to the infection of the bacteriophage. He found out that these
    immune bacteria have some sort of enzyme that cuts a viral DNA into pieces, which restrict the
    virus from creating more clones and thus preserving the bacteria. Hamilton Smith was the
    microbiologist who unlocked the mechanism behind these restriction enzymes. Smith found out
    that the restriction enzyme cut the viral DNA in exactly the same place, therefore discovering the
    first-ever site-specific enzyme. This breakthrough is so important in the field of genetic
    engineering and the related fields since scientists can now easily manipulate the DNA molecules
    of a number of organisms through these ‘molecular scissors.’ Recombinant DNA Research held
    on this discovery as their basis. Basically, they manipulate the DNA of an organism. Known
    examples of these genetically modified organisms are the pest-resistant crops like the BT Corn or
    bacteria such as E. coli. By cutting a portion of the bacteria’s plasmid and inserting a gene that
    code for insulin production, E. coli can now be used for the production of insulin which can be
    utilized by diabetes patients. These are just a small fraction of the several ways genetic engineering
    has made humanity’s lives less difficult and I think more innovations would follow soon.

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