Answer THREE questions: u d s c b t ν z w z w 0 8 −1 F −5 −2 2

Answer THREE questions
Mark Allocation
The numbers in square brackets in the right-hand margin indicate the provisional allo-
cation of maximum marks per sub-section of a question.
Masses and Other Values

The following symbols may be used in this paper. The following values for these quan-
tities may be assumed for this paper.
Meaning Symbol Value

Mass of u quark mu 1 MeV
Mass of d quark md 2 MeV
Mass of s quark ms 0.2 GeV
Mass of c quark mc 1.5 GeV
Mass of b quark mb 4.5 GeV
Mass of t quark mt 172 GeV
Mass of all neutrinos mν 0
Mass of Z boson Mz 91 GeV
Mass of W boson Mw 80 GeV
Width of Z boson Γz 2.5 GeV
Weinberg Angle θw 28.660
Speed of Light c 3 × 108 ms−1
Fermi Weak Decay Constant GF 1.11 × 10−5 GeV−2
2
EM Coupling α = e /(4π) 1/137
Dirac Matrices
The Dirac γ matrices satisfy γ µ γ ν + γ ν γ µ = 2g µν (for µ, ν = 0,1,2,3) are defined as:
! ! !
0 I 0 i=1,2,3 0 σi 5 0 1 2 3 0 I
γ = γ = γ = iγ γ γ γ =
0 −I −σi 0 I 0
And the Pauli spin matrices, σi , are:

! ! !
0 1 0 −i 1 0
σ1 = , σ2 = , σ3 =
1 0 i 0 0 −1
which satisfy: (~σ · ~a)(~σ · ~c) = ~a · ~c + i~σ · (~a × ~c) for 3 component vectors ~a, ~c.
Lorentz Transformation
! ! !
x0 γ −βγ x
=
t0 −βγ γ t
PHASM442/2009 PLEASE TURN OVER
1
[Part marks]
1. The CKM unitary matrix gives the flavour-dependent relative couplings for the
charged-current weak interactions for quarks and has the following elements:
   
|Vud | |Vus | |Vub | 0.974 0.227 0.004
 |Vcd | |Vcs | |Vcb |  =  0.227 0.973 0.042 
   
|Vtd | |Vts | |Vtb | 0.008 0.042 0.999
where Vij is the factor for interactions involving quarks i and j.

0
(a) Draw Feynman diagrams for the decays: B + → π 0 e+ νe and B + → D e+ νe .
Ignoring phase space and form-factors, estimate the ratio of the partial widths
of these two decay modes. [7]
(b) Ignoring phase space and form-factors, estimate the ratio of the partial widths
0 0
for the two decays: B + → D e+ νe and B + → D π + . [3]
(c) In low-energy, semi-leptonic, weak-decays of B(D)-mesons, containing a single
b(c)-quark, such as the decays in part (a), the relevant energy scale is set by
the mass of the meson, MX . Show, using dimensional arguments, that the
semi-leptonic decay rate (Γ) of such mesons, is proportional to MX5 . [5]
0 + 0
(d) The branching ratio for the decays, B + → D e νe and D → K + e− ν e are
6.5% and 3.6% respectively. Considering these decays and neglecting form-
0
factors and phase space, show that the lifetime ratio of B + to D mesons,
+
τ (B )
0 , is expected to be approximately 4. [5]
τ (D )
0
The quark content of the B + meson is ub, that of the D meson is cu, that of the
K + is su, that of the π + is ud and the π 0 is uu or dd.
PHASM442/2009 CONTINUED
2
[Part marks]
2. (a) Given Ĥψ = i dψ

dt
and the Dirac equation (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ = 0.
Show that the Dirac Hamiltonian, ĤD , is given by,

~ ψ + γ 0m
ĤD = −iγ 0 ~γ · ∇
and hence that:

!
m ~σ · p~
ĤD = .
~σ · p~ −m
[5]
(b) Y = u(a)Xu(b), where X is a 4×4 matrix, u(b) is a Dirac spinor and u(a) is
an adjoint Dirac spinor (u = u† γ 0 ) for fermions b and a respectively.
Show, by considering the dimensions of the matrices, that Y is a 1×1 matrix
and hence that Y ∗ = Y † . [5]
(c) Show, without using explicit matrix representations, that:
Y ∗ = u(b)γ 0 X † γ 0 u(a).
[5]
0 µ † 0 µ
(d) Show that γ (γ ) γ = γ for µ = 0, 1, 2, 3. [5]
3
[Part marks]
3. (a) Draw the Feynman diagram for the scattering process: νµ e− → νe µ− . [2]
(b) In the laboratory frame the e− is at rest and√the νµ has an energy, Eν . De-
termine an expression for the total energy, s, in the centre-of-mass (CM)
frame, in terms of me and Eν , where me is the rest mass of the electron. You
should assume that mν = 0 and Eν mµ . [4]
(c) The velocity, β, of the CM frame with respect to the laboratory frame is
P P P P
defined by β = p~LAB / ELAB , where p~LAB and ELAB are the total mo-
menta and energy in the laboratory frame respectively.
Show that the Lorentz boost,qγ, of the CM frame with respect to the labora-
Eν
tory frame is approximately 2m e
. [5]
(d) By considering a Lorentz transformation

q between the CM and laboratory
Eν
frames defined by β = 1, γ = 2me , show that the maximum angle (in the
laboratory frame), θMAX , that the µ− can have with respect to the νµ direction
in the laboratory frame is given by:
s
2me
tan θMAX = ,
Eν
in the limit that the muon mass can be neglected. [6]

(e) Experimentally, how would one determine the energy of a muon with energy
≈ 10 GeV and distinguish it from an electron? [3]
PHASM442/2009 CONTINUED
4
[Part marks]
4. (a) The Lagrangian density of QED is:
LQED = ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ + eψ̄γµ Aµ ψ − 14 Fµν F µν
where F µν = ∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ . Explain with reference to Feynman diagrams

what the three terms in the expression for LQED correspond to physically. [3]
(b) Show that LQED is not invariant when ψ undergoes a local phase transforma-
tion of the form ψ → ψeieθ where θ depends on position. [5]
(c) Derive a transformation rule for Aµ that restores the invariance of LQED under
such a local phase transformation. [2]
(d) Based on the limits from direct searches and the precision measurements of
the W boson and top quark masses and assuming the Higgs mechanism is re-
sponsible for electroweak symmetry breaking, what is the approximate upper
(at 95% confidence) and lower mass limit of the Higgs boson ?
In the absence of a Higgs signal at the LHC, illustrate with a Feynman diagram
what other measurement at the LHC can be used to clarify the mechanism of
electroweak symmetry breaking. [4]
(e) For a Higgs boson of mass 115 GeV, draw the dominant Feynman√diagram for
Higgs boson production and decay in proton proton collisions at s = 14 TeV
at the LHC. [3]
(f) Draw a Feynman diagram for a process that will occur at a far greater rate
than the Higgs process in part (e) but will result in the same final state
particles. Explain briefly why the rate is so much higher. [3]
5
[Part marks]
5. (a) Draw the Feynman diagram for neutron decay, n → p e− ν e . Write down the
vertex factors in terms of the weak coupling, gW , and the Dirac γ matrices. [6]
(b) The left-handed state of a particle, uL , is defined by the projection:
uL = 21 (1 − γ 5 )u and the adjoint projection by uL = u 12 (1 + γ 5 ).
h i2
Show that 12 (1 − γ 5 ) = 21 (1 − γ 5 ) and hence that uγ µ 21 (1 − γ 5 )u = uL γ µ uL
and interpret the significance of this latter result in the context of neutron
decay. [7]
+ −
√ the dominant Feynman diagram producing cc or bb in e e collisions
(c) Draw
at s = 30 GeV.
At leading order, neglecting phase-space, what is the value of Rc/b ? Rc/b is
defined as:
σ(e+ e− → cc)
Rc/b = .
σ(e+ e− → bb)
[4]
(d) In approximately what fraction of interactions producing a bb would one
expect the bb to have an additional associated hadronic jet?
Experimentally how would one distinguish between this additional hadronic
jet and the particles associated with the bb system? [3]
PHASM442/2009 END OF PAPER

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Answer THREE questions

Masses and Other Values

Meaning Symbol Value

And the Pauli spin matrices, σi , are:

PHASM442/2009 PLEASE TURN OVER

|Vtd | |Vts | |Vtb | 0.008 0.042 0.999

where Vij is the factor for interactions involving quarks i and j.

2. (a) Given Ĥψ = i dψ

and hence that:

PHASM442/2009 PLEASE TURN OVER

(d) By considering a Lorentz transformation

in the limit that the muon mass can be neglected. [6]

4. (a) The Lagrangian density of QED is:

LQED = ψ̄ (iγ µ ∂µ − m) ψ + eψ̄γµ Aµ ψ − 14 Fµν F µν

where F µν = ∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ . Explain with reference to Feynman diagrams

PHASM442/2009 PLEASE TURN OVER

PHASM442/2009 END OF PAPER

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