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    5 Three Mental Operations PDF

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    Noriel Y. Gurrea
    The document discusses the three mental operations of logic: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. 1) Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it, such as concepts formed from sense experience. 2) Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them, forming a proposition. 3) Reasoning draws a conclusion from a set of validly drawn premises through argumentation and syllogisms.

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    5 Three Mental Operations PDF

    Uploaded by

    Noriel Y. Gurrea
    386 views12 pages
    The document discusses the three mental operations of logic: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. 1) Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it, such as concepts formed from sense experience. 2) Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them, forming a proposition. 3) Reasoning draws a conclusion from a set of validly drawn premises through argumentation and syllogisms.

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    The document discusses the three mental operations of logic: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. 1) Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it, such as concepts formed from sense experience. 2) Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them, forming a proposition. 3) Reasoning draws a conclusion from a set of validly drawn premises through argumentation and syllogisms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    386 views12 pages

    5 Three Mental Operations PDF

    Uploaded by

    Noriel Y. Gurrea
    The document discusses the three mental operations of logic: simple apprehension, judgment, and reasoning. 1) Simple apprehension is grasping a thing without affirming or denying it, such as concepts formed from sense experience. 2) Judgment is joining two apprehended terms and affirming or denying them, forming a proposition. 3) Reasoning draws a conclusion from a set of validly drawn premises through argumentation and syllogisms.

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    THE THREE

    MENTAL
    OPERATIONS
    Exploring the Epistemic Foundations of the
    Science of Correct Reasoning
    The need…
    1.  Studying logic entails the understanding of how the mind works.
    -  Reasoning as a mental procedure needs to be shown, in a
    framework coming from the originary Organon - Aristotle.
    3.  These mental operations practically presents the Course
    Plantilla in Formal Logic.
    -  Familiarity allows one to understand the procedure and the
    necessity of undergoing each step so as to achieve the ends
    of reasoning.
    3. Eventual realization of the limits of logic as a tool to truth and
    validity.
    The Framework: Formal Logic
    ADVANTAGES: WHY FORMAL AND ARISTOTELICO LOGIC?
    •  HUMANISTIC IN CHARACTER. Reasoning comes from man, in his
    attempt to provide sense in life and his world.
    •  Pedagogy: advantageous in teaching students from the
    Humanities, Fine Arts and Social Sciences.
    •  Curriculum: provides a paradigm that is consistent with the
    usual presentation of basic Philosophy Classes: Philosophy of
    the Human Person and Ethical Systems.
    •  Never a passé. A paradigm that is ever timely and timeless.
    Unchanging in substance, flexible in expression.
    T he Acts of the Mind

    Simple Apprehension

    A PROCEDURE WHERE THE MIND GRASPS A THING


    WITHOUT AFFIRMING OR DENYING IT.
    SENSE
    EXPERIENCE external qualities
    internal
    COMMON SENSE, MEMORY, IMAGINATION, ESTIMATIVE
    FACULTY
    T he Acts of the Mind

    Simple Apprehension
    IDEA – internal product TERM – expressed product
    IDEOGENESIS – birth of an idea

    q1 External sense
    q2 Idea Term
    Internal sense
    q3

    ABSTRACTION
    Stripping off accidents to arrive at being.
    - Physical, Mathematical, Metaphysical
    Terms Material sign
    Word; sensible conventional signs
    expressive of an idea.

    Tree

    Coconut
    TREE

    COCONUT

    ideas Formal sign


    Intellectual image/representation of
    an essence; the building blocks
    knowledge.
    T he Acts of the Mind

    Judgment
    THE ACT OF THE MIND WHERE TWO APPREHENDED TERMS
    ARE JOINED THEN AFFIRMED OR DENIED.

    IDENTITY
    NON-IDENTITY Materially
    expressed: spoken/
    written
    MENTAL SENTENCE – internal product

    Coconut
    Tree

    COCONUTS ARE
    TREES.

    PROPOSITION – EXTERNAL PRODUCT


    - A statement or a component, standing as one, and
    is capable of expressing truth/falsity.
    - A plausible premise.
    T he Acts of the Mind

    Reasoning
    THE ACT OF THE MIND WHERE WE DRAW A CONCLUSION
    FROM A GIVEN SET OF VALIDLY DRAWN PREMISES.

    THE MIND PROCEEDS TO CERTAIN


    KNOWLEDGE BY WAY OF INFERENCE.
    ARGUMENTATION – internal product
    - ARGUMENT: group of statements that is claimed
    to provide support one of the others.

    ALL TREES ARE TALL

    ALL COCONUTS
    ARE TREES

    Ergo: ALL
    COCONUTS ARE
    TALL.
    SYLLOGISM – expressed product.
    -  Premises: statements setting forth reason/evidence
    -  Conclusion: statement that the evidence is claimed to support or imply.
    A, B, C ideas

    A is B. proposition
    A is B.
    C is A. syllogism
    : C is B.
    The Acts of the Mind and their Features
    1ST ACT 2ND ACT 3RD ACT
    NAME Simple Apprehension Judgment Reasoning

    MENTAL PRODUCT Concept Mental Sentence Argument

    LINGUISTIC Term Declarative Sentences Paragraph


    EXPRESSION
    EXAMPLES “Man”, “Mortal” Socrates is a man. All men are mortal.
    Socrates is a man.
    Therefore, Socrates is
    mortal.

    STRUCTURAL PARTS None, unitary Subject Term, Premises, Conclusion


    Predicate Term
    QUESTION What it is. Whether it is. Why it is.
    ANSWERED
    ASPECT OF REALITY Essence Existence Cause

    GOOD WHEN Clear True Valid


    HOW TO ACHIEVE Definition of terms No one way. Rules of Logic
    BAD WHEN Unclear False Invalid, Fallacious
    QUESTION TO What do you mean? What is your point? Why? (Prove it)
    HABITUALLY ASK (Define your terms) (State your
    conclusion.)

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