LECTURE 11:

GEOFFREY JELLICOE
• Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe was an English architect, town planner, landscape architect and garden designer.
• His strongest interest was in landscape and garden design.
• Two of Geoffrey Jellicoe's favourite projects are:
• The Water Garden in Hemel Hempsted
• The Kennedy Memorial in Runnymede
• Geoffrey Jellicoe will be valued even more as a landscape theorist than as a landscape designer.
• Jellicoe had a vast knowledge of landscape design history
• Jellicoe was arguably the first Postmodern landscape and garden designer

KENNEDY MEMORIAL, Runnymede

• Visitors reach the memorial by treading a steep path of irregular granite steps, intended to symbolise a
pilgrimage

Kennedy Memorial Dublin Ducklands

MARTHA SCHWARTZ
• American landscape architect
• Impressive and controversial gardens : sometimes they neither contain plants nor water !!
• Her designs usually stand out from the normal and create an impact in the viewers mind
• Use of artificial materials, sharp lines, landscape installations , artificial structures and vibrant colours is a
general characteristic in her projects, commonly used materials include plastic and stone
• Through design we can enable people to make an emotional connection to a place by imbibing its
character, memory, identity, orientation and individuality
• Some of her major projects include;
• Dublin Ducklands, Ireland
• Leamouth peninsula, London,
• Cosmopolitan cosmo, Las Vegas
• Department of Housing and Urban development, DC, USA

INDIAN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS AND WORKS

M/S PRABHAKAR B BHAGWAT (Ar. ANIKET BHAGWAT), AHMEDABAD

Year Started: 1973
Design Motto: Great attention to detail is given to every design aspect—deeply abiding by the motto “every
aspect of design must celebrate the gift of life”.
• The firm undertakes architectural, master planning, and environmental planning projects
• It has become an influential force in landscape design.
• Aside from landscape design, the firm has taken up environmental planning, master planning and
architecture over the past four decades.
• The firm invests in research, academics and outreach programmes in order to strengthen its commitment
and approach to the design processes.

BRIDGE HOUSE, VADODARA

• The site for this weekend house is adjacent to a stream that floods regularly.
• The landscape thus, gives both the stream and the house space for their occupation and mediates the
terrain in between.

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• The house is sited on two existing hillocks and connected with a bridge that becomes an extremely visible
design element.
• The immediate manicured landscape and the larger landscape mingle below this bridge. The two natures
are also echoes in the two water bodies on either side of the bridge; the pool and the lake.
• The landscape moves from manicured land to fields and orchards towards the stream.
• The plant material adjacent to the stream is chosen specifically to reduce soil erosion due to the annual
flooding in the rivulet.
• ‘If there is a central idea that holds the house together, it is perhaps the idea of movement and rest; which
at all times explores the many stunning views of the surrounding landscape’
• “Every plant must matter. Every flower must find its place in the scheme of things. Every light on the street, or
pathway must be carefully crafted. Every bench must be detailed like a diamond. And every act of design
must celebrate the gift of life.”

RAVINDRA BAHN, NEW DELHI

Design Motto : Approach is guided by site and its constraints and potentials it offered.
There are two thumb rules: for whom to design and where to design
• Ravindra Bhan is a pioneer in the field of landscape architecture in India.
• B. Arch from Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri and Masters in Landscape architecture from University
of Pennsylvania
• Worked with Ian Mc Harg as a senior designer for over 7 years
• He established the first formal training in landscape architecture in India, at School of Planning and
Architecture in Delhi which he headed for 5 years.
• He has handled various projects, both in Architecture and Landscape
• Some of his important projects includes
• Shakti Sthala – Memorial for late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
• Development plans of Ayodhya Ghats
• Master planning and Site development for Rabindra Sarovar
• Landscape design for Kovalam Beach Resort
• Mughal Sheraton Hotel in Agra

SHAKTI STHALA, NEW DELHI

• It is the memorial of late Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in New Delhi

• It had design brief that the place should be reminiscent of her childhood memories of Kashmir – sweeping
meadows, framed views, clusters of flowering trees and rolling hill rocks.
• It also had to represent the diversity of the country for which she lived and died.

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• The primordial elements of nature – earth, water, rocks and trees were the only design elements used in the
project.
• The diversity of the country was represented by displaying large rocks (numbering almost a thousand and
weighting 5 to 60 tons) of geological significance from each state and union territory of India making it the
first geological park of it kind in the world and representative of the total geological crust of India.
• To begin with, the land was extremely flat
• The noise level was very high, as the site is adjacent to the highway, next to the Raj Ghat and Shanti Van
• To resolve these problems, it was decided to create large earthen mounds, so converting this flat area into
an undulating landscape of hills and downs.
• Before one reaches the actual Samadhi, two earthen mounds and a belt of trees would be effectively block
out sound, so that in Samadhi area the noise from highway is minimal.
• Planning an effective drainage system was an uphill task, as this is a flood-prone area, perennially soggy and
damp, with the salts having accumulated on the low-laying areas, over the years

MOHAMMED SHAHEER , NEW DELHI

Year Started : 1976
Design Motto : Based on principles obtained from the past, but adjustable in dimension and different scales to
the view of modern and current view of life of the people and cultural circumstances of India
• Professor Mohammad Shaheer was a Delhi based landscape architect
• Dr. Shaheer was educated at the SPA, New Delhi and the University of Sheffield (Landscape Architecture,
Ford Foundation Fellow 1972-74)
• Mainly concentrated primarily on large-scale public projects & conservation work.
• He was head of the Department of Landscape Architecture at the School of Planning and Architecture.
• Amongst his projects, his work at
• Sanskriti Kendra, Delhi
• Restoration of the gardens of Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi
• Restoration of the Baghe-Babur in Kabul

SANSKRITI KENDRA, NEW DELHI

• Sanskriti Kendra is a cultural complex, in shape of a garden
• Built for the life and work of artists in a creative space.
• This complex was established in 1993 by Sanskrit charity foundation to help preservation and rehabilitation of
cultural and historical legacy in New Delhi.
• In this project 7 hectares of arid and uncultivated land was transformed into a green area with thousands of
trees and shrubs.
• Principal approach is based on merging Indian traditions and modern ideas together which is perceptible in
his projects.
• He believes “every district has its own standards for evaluation and definition of a suitable approach of
contemporary understanding, while keeping touch with thoughts and ideas of the past”.
• His other approach is continuity which creates a space that is sustained by the continuous presence of
people.
• As he says about this project: “a lot of functions or the probability of their occurrence played an important
role in the idea of the landscape design”.

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LECTURE 12:
STREET AND SITE FURNITURE

DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Elements placed in a landscape or streetscape for comfort, convenience, information, circulation control,
protection, and user enjoyment are collectively referred to as site furniture. Benches, bollards, signage, lighting,
tree grates, and utility boxes are but a few examples . Their design and placement require careful
consideration, involving several factors.

Appropriateness:
Appropriateness is a major objective in the design and placement of site furniture elements. It is important to
respond to the character of a site as well as its existing and proposed functions
Response to Setting:
Design should respond to the essential identity or inherent character of a place. Successful, lasting design will
flow out of its setting, continually responding to the needs of its users, meeting functional requirements, and
adapting to the environmental stresses affecting it.

DESIGN DETERMINANTS
Settings should be analyzed in terms of both cultural and physical factors.
Cultural factors include:
1. Social context
2. Political context
Physical factors include:
1. Climate
2. Natural physiography
3. The existing built environment

1. The cultural traditions and habits of particular user groups provide a basis for unique design departures that
can enliven the setting as a whole . Similarly, inattention to these habits and desires can foster negative
reaction in a neighborhood .
2. Design must balance the thoughtful examination of the natural, built, and social setting, with regulatory
concerns and politically-charged issues of maintenance and safety.
3. Particular landforms, vegetation, vistas, and other distinctive qualities that give an area its special character
should be considered in the selection, design and placement of site furnishings.
4. 4. Furniture elements should reflect the character of the built environment, be internally integrated between
themselves, and not promote a cluttered appearance.
5. The physical dimensions and movement characteristics of the human body are essential determinants for
the design of site furniture.

CULTURAL FACTORS
• Social Context: Attention to both the existing and proposed large-scale social setting will indicate who is
currently using the site and who will likely use the site in the future. The manner in which the site is being used
requires careful investigation.
• Political Context: Design ideas will evolve from thoughtful examination of the natural, built, and social
setting, but a complex and contradicting array of administrative, operational, regulatory, and legal issues
can compromise a design.

The nature of the setting, whether a public square or a corporate courtyard, implies major differences in the
choice of design elements. Public streets and spaces are susceptible to incidences of vandalism, and are also
periodically abandoned by revenue- starved local governments. Lastly, issues of long-term maintenance,
public safety, and circulation control require careful consideration.

PHYSICAL FACTORS
• Climate: Different climates and/or dramatic seasonal changes can significantly influence the design of site
furniture and the consequent comfort of the users.
• Physiography: Particular landforms, vegetation, and other distinctive qualities which give an area its special
regional or local character should be responded to in a congruent manner. Special attention should be
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 given to examining local landscapes and materials before translating program requirements into built
elements.
• Built Environment: Site furnishings can strengthen the link between a development and its surroundings, can
personalize the setting, and can enhance the positive aspects of the surrounding built landscape. Furniture
elements should reflect the character of the built environment, be internally integrated between
themselves, and not promote a cluttered appearance. There should be a balance between the visual
importance of individual furniture elements and their compatibility within the visual context of the setting. It
is important to incorporate the vistas, views, and visual composition of the entire site.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Individual site furniture elements should meet the following environmental criteria:

Temperature:
• Heat: The climate of a particular area is a key consideration when trying to determine whether permanent,
partial, or temporary shade and glare reduction measures are needed . Furniture elements, such as
permanent benches, should not be placed near extensive areas of paving or wall surfaces which reflect or
radiate excessive amounts of heat, unless adequately buffered by shade, etc . Benches, handles, and
handrails exposed to full sunlight should be nonmetallic and/or light in color to remain comfortable to the
touch .
• Cold: Site furniture should be placed to take advantage of natural sun traps in cool weather regions,
thereby extending the usefulness of the site. Materials which absorb and radiate heat are advantageous in
cold climates.

Precipitation:
• Rain: In regions subject to rain and/or snowfall, some of the site furniture used for sitting should be placed in
sheltered locations. Benches should drain well ; they could be constructed of no absorptive materials to
promote rapid drying . They should also be located to take advantage of the warming effects of sunlight.
Materials selected for use in humid climates should be naturally decay and fungus-resistant, or specially
treated to minimize mildew, rot, and consequent staining.
• Wind: Site furniture (benches, tables, etc.) should be located to minimize any negative gusting impacts
upon users in areas subject to strong prevailing winds. Patterns of snow drifting should be studied to minimize
its accumulation on furniture. Furniture can be located to take advantage of natural cooling breezes in
warm climates. Trees can provide shade and, to some extent, control the movement of air.
• Light: Site furniture should take advantage of the quality and character of light available on the site.
Wherever possible, minimize the glare from light fixtures and intense sunlight. Recognizing that light
conditions change both daily and seasonally, locate furniture and especially outdoor signs in such a way as
to minimize the glare caused by low sun angles on wet, frosted, or otherwise reflective surfaces .
• Noise: Site furniture may be focused toward pleasant sources such as the sounds of songbirds, children,
street performers, and the like. Reciprocally, undesirable sounds can be blocked. Sound barrier walls, earth
mounds, and other techniques of noise control should be considered.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
The selection and design of site furniture should take climatic issues of temperature, and precipitation into
consideration.
1. In hot climates, furniture elements should be nonmetallic or light in color, and placed away from surfaces
that reflect or radiate excessive amounts of heat .
2. In cool climates, furniture should be dark in color, placed to take advantage of natural sun traps and avoid
areas where snow is stockpiled.
3. In wet climates, benches should drain well and be constructed of nonabsorptive materials to promote rapid
drying.
4. Materials selected for use in humid climates should be naturally decay and fungus-resistant, or specially
treated to minimize mildew, rot, and staining .

OPERATIONAL FACTORS
Human Body Dimensions and Movement:
The physical dimensions and movement characteristics of the human body are essential determinants for the
design of all types of site furniture. These common denominators set all working distances and operational
dimensions in the design of furniture components and their aggregate layout.

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Regulatory Standards: Site furniture must also conform to a host of regulatory standards imposed by municipal,
state, and federal governments. Typical standards deal with required light intensities for pedestrians and
vehicles, light fixture mounting heights, the proximity of trees to utility poles and underground utilities, traffic
signalization, signage and control systems, intersection setbacks, wheelchair ramp gradients and placement,
the height of mailboxes, the width of vehicular lanes, turning radii, curbside usage, and even the size of
garbage cans.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Selection Process: Key factors in the process of either selecting ready-made or custom designing elements are:
• Availability of each unit,
• Maintenance requirements,
• Initial and lifetime costs, and
• Whether the solution will be consistent with the overall design of the project.

Design Elements
• Seating
• Shelters
• Convenience elements: zones, drinking fountains, bike racks, trash receptacles.
• Information: directional, locational, identification and display.
• Lighting
• Generic examples like bollards, kerbs, ramps, handrail.traffic control and protection.
• Surface utility elements.
• Seasonal elements.
• Special features.

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