x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò

ˆòy›˛

514
x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 1
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò

1.0. ¢)â˛òy ı
D. El. Ed Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ î,!T˛¶˛!AÜ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ õyÏõ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ v˛zߨ#ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃
ˆòy›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ £ú ı
(i) ¢%˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y Ó˚â˛òyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–
(ii) ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xò%ÎyÎ˚# Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôy‡˛ îyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛y xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ᛲòyÑ ˛ˆÏõ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ î%!›˛
v˛z˛ôyîyò Ö%Ó£z Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛ !ü«˛íÈÙÈ!üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ î%!›˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚
ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú xy˛ô!ò ¢% !ü«˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓò– ~Ñ˛!ò¤˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ õyÏõ xy˛ô!ò
v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ïòydÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò– x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò xò%ü#úòˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y
ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚ !¶˛!_ ≤Ãhfl˛Ï Ó ˚ ÓˆÏ ú õˆÏ ò Ñ˛Ó˚ y £Î˚ – 40!›˛ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò xy˛ôòyÓ˚ õˆÏ ì ˛y
!ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚ ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ !îˆÏì˛– ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓy¢yñ ≤ÃÓú õyò!¢Ñ˛ £zFäÈyñ Ñ ˛õyÜì˛ xò%ü#úò xÓüƒ£z ¶˛yˆÏúy ö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ äÈ˛ôÓ˚Î˚ £ò–
Óúy ÎyÎ˚ xò%ü#úò Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ e%!›˛£#ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏúñ ˆ¢£zÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ xò%ü#úò !ò¶)≈˛úì˛y
xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 8 ˆÑ ˛!v˛›˛ ïÓ˚y £Î˚ñ ˆ¢!›˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe 240 á^˘›˛yÓ˚ ¢õì%˛úƒ–

2.0. x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò ı

˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ÇÎ%=˛– !òˆÏ¡¨ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛
¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £úñ ˆÎÜ%!ú x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛– xy˛ô!ò
!ü«˛Ñ˛≤Ã!ü«˛Ñ˛òyÌ≈# !£¢yˆÏÓ ~Ü%!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏÎ≈ Ó˚)˛ôyÎ˚ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–

2.1. ì˛y!cÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò ı

~Ñ˛ãò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !òÓ˚!Ó!FäÈߨ¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%ü#úò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò– ˆÑ˛Óúõye
ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ K˛yòñ ¢õÎ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy ò¡∫Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# ~ÓÇ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛
˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Îy!s˛fÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ãò ¢%!ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy– ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ K˛yò ~ÓÇ xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ õyÏõ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y xã≈ò xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ü!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü
ᛲyˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ xy˛ô!ò ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xï#«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Á !ö˛v‰˛ÓƒyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õyÏõ ¢õ,Âï
£ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓò– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ î%Ó≈úì˛yÜ%!ú ¢ÇˆÏüy!ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏÓ– xy˛ô!ò ~Ñ˛ãò ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓò–

2.2. ˛ôy‡˛îyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı

˛ôy‡˛îyò £ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ xLjÏüÓ˚ Órï%c˛ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüò Ñ˛Ó˚y– ¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
2 D.El.Ed. 514
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
!ü«˛í ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚#¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆîÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ¢%ö˛ú ˛ôyÁÎ˚y SxÌ≈˛ô)í≈ ~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚# !üÖòV– !Ñ˛
ˆüÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÓ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ¢)â˛#˛ôe ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛õò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆüÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÓñ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆüÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú !îÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛– ¢õ@˘Ã !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– xy!ï˛ôì˛ƒ ~ÓÇ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y
xã≈ò ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛í ˆÑ˛Ôüú @˘Ã£í ¢õhfl˛Ï ≤ö˛yÓüyú# v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õß∫ˆÏÎ˚ñ ~£z î%!›˛ Ü%íyÓú# ˆòy›˛
£ú ~Ñ˛ãò ¢%!ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ–
ˆ˛ôüyÜì˛ ˜ò!ì˛Ñ˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ ¢ì˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ãò Óƒ!=˛ v˛z§â%˛ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
~ÓÇ x!¶˛K˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !üˆÏÖ !òã K˛yò Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò– ~£z ¢õhfl˛Ï ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ~Ñ˛ãò
î%Ó≈ú !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
ü%ï%õye !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ K˛yò ~ÓÇ !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ü«˛í ˆÑ˛Ôüú ãyòˆÏú£z
¶˛yˆÏúy !ü«˛Ñ˛ £ÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛Ôüú ˛ôäÈ® Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛
˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ñ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛ÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛y!‡˛ˆÏòƒÓ˚ õyò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú£z xy˛ô!ò ¢%!ü«˛Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓò–

2.3. ˛ôy‡˛îyò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛úy xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ !ÓK˛yò ı

!ü«˛í ~Ñ˛yïyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛úyñ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ ÎÖò ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ ÎÖò ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚
xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !ü“#¢%ú¶˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓò
(ii) ˆÑ˛õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó=˛Óƒ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò SÑ˛Ìy ÓúyÓ˚ ïÓ˚í ~ÓÇ fl˛∫Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛òV
(iii) Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ã#Óò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
(iv) ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓò ÎÖò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xÌ≈˛ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛ô,ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò–
(v) !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛hs˘˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆüÖyˆÏÓò–
(vi) ˆÑ˛õò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ,˛°÷Ïö˛úÑ˛ Óy ¢yîyö˛úÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ ≤Ãî#˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(vii) !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ß¿ !ãK˛y¢yÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏí !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîˆÏÓ–
(viii) xAܶ˛!AÜ ~ÓÇ xÓfiÌyò ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y
õˆÏò Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ~£zÜ%!ú £ú ˛ôÂï!ì˛Üì˛ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y–
!ü«˛í £ú !ÓK˛yò ˆÎÖyˆÏò K˛yò ~ÓÇ î«˛ì˛y v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ
(i) ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
(ii) ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛í !Ó®% ¢òy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í
(iii) ~Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í ~ÓÇ !üÖò v˛zˆÏjüƒ¢õ)£ ܇˛ò–
(iv) !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˛ôäÈ® ~ÓÇ Órï%c˛ô)í≈ !üÖò–
(v) !üÖò x!¶˛K˛ì˛y¢õ)£ ܇˛ò
(vi) ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# ≤ß¿ ˜ì˛Ó˚# ~ÓÇ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y–
(vii) !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛ £ˆÏì˛ xyÜì˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ v˛z_Ó˚îyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜfiÌy˛ôò–
(viii) õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ x¶˛#«˛y˛ôe ܇˛ò ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ¢Ç܇˛ò–

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 3
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy ı ~£zÜ%!ú !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ~ÓÇ xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y–

2.4. ˛ôy‡˛îyò ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛í ı

ˆòy›˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛í ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xÇü– ˛ôÓ˚#«˛í ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏú ı
(i) ì§˛yÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ !ü«˛yîyò ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ~ÓÇ !òÎ˚s˛fí ¢òy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í–
(ii) !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
v˛z˛ô!Ó˚v˛z=˛ î%!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ãòƒ !ö˛v‰˛ÓƒyÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú xy˛ô!ò ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓò ¢ÇˆÏüyïòõ)úÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yˆÏúy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ– xy˛ô!ò ~õò ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ãyÜÓ˚í ᛲˆÏÓ
ˆÎ!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !üÖò ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ÇÎ%=˛– ~äÈyv˛¸y xy˛ô!ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú
~ÓÇ v˛zFⲲôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿ !ãK˛y¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ˆÎÜ%!ú !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yÓ˚ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
˛ôy‡˛îyò ¢õy!ƈÏì˛ !ü«˛í#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ≤ß¿ !ãK˛y¢yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ü!=˛üyú# Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ü,£Ñ˛yã ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–

3.0. ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îy!Î˚c ~ÓÇ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı

x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y £ˆÏFäÈ ¢!ì˛ƒÑ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!òˆÏî≈üÑ˛– ì§˛yÓ˚y ¢õhfl˛Ï !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îÑ˛
~ÓÇ hfl˛ÏÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y ~ÓÇ xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ~ÓÇ
ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ~ÓÇ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ¶˛y°Ïyñ Ü!íì˛ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü !ÓK˛yò ~ÓÇ ¢õyã !ÓK˛yò Óy
!ÓK˛yò !ü«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢yì˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ~ÓÇ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ !ì˛ò!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ î%!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y v˛z˛ô!Ó˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘!Öì˛ !ӰψÏÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ~ÓÇ
õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ xy˛ô!ò ¢õÌ≈ !ü«˛í !Ó®% ¢òy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí
~ÓÇ !üÖò v˛zˆÏjüƒ¢õ)£ ¢Ç܇˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÎÜ%!ú xy˛ô!ò ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !üÖò x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y
xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò– ÎÖò xy˛ô!ò !üÖò v˛zˆÏjüƒ ÓúˆÏÓò ì˛Öò ˆÑ˛yòÓ˚)˛ô xÇÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ
ÓˆÏúyñ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ÓÓ,ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ì%˛úòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆîÖyÁ £zì˛ƒy!î ü∑ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ãyòyñ ˆÓyG˛yñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yÜñ ì˛y!Ó˚ö˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £zì˛ƒy!î ü∑ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úˆÏÓò Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z !Ñ ˛Î˚yÓ˚˛) ôÜ%!ú
¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛íõ)úÑ˛ Óy ˛ôÓ˚#!«˛ì˛–
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ ö˛Ó˚õƒy›˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˛ôÂï!ì˛Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ü‡˛ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– x!ã≈ì˛ !üÖò v˛zˆÏjüƒ¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ ˛ôy‡˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛íÈÙÈ!üÖò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í (TLM) !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ñ ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì§˛yÓ˚y xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏî≈ü ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
!üÖò ˆÑ˛!wÑ˛ ì˛y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢y£# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyñ ≤ß¿Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí Óƒhfl˛Ï
4 D.El.Ed. 514
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ç£!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ v˛zÍ¢y£îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ñ
v˛zj#˛ôòy ˜Ó!â˛eƒñ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛«˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ÎÖò !üÖò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
¢ÇÎ%=˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ı !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!úˆÏì˛ xy˛ô!ò Îb ˆòˆÏÓòÈÙÙÙÈ ˆòy›˛
(i) xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛«˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò xò%ü#úò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !òˆÏî≈ü xò%ÎyÎ˚#–
(ii) ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ô!ò x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ
¢õÎ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y ˆ¢£z xò%ÎyÎ˚# ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
(iii) ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ôy‡˛˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛
ˆòˆÏÓò–
(iv) ì§˛yÓ˚y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ xy˛ô!ò Óyhfl˛ÏÓ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y
¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ì§˛yÓ˚y xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ˆòy›˛Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í !úÖˆÏÓò TCMP
S!›˛!â˛Ç Ñ˛õ!˛ôˆÏ›˛ò!ü õƒy!˛ô≈Ç ˆ≤Ãyö˛y£zúV ≤ÈÏîÎ˚ !ü«˛í !Ó®%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y ~ÓÇ
xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆ◊í#Ó˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!îò !ö˛v‰˛ÓƒyÑ˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
(v) ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ ¢õ@˘Ã ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ˆõy›˛ 40!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y 10!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛
›˛#Ñ˛y ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~úyÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛y°Ïyñ Ü!íì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü!Óîƒyñ !ÓK˛yòñ ¢õyã !ÓK˛yò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Óy Ó£% ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(vi) 28!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 20!›˛ S7!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y 4!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~úyÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛V ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛yÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏîÎ˚ xòƒyòƒ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÜ%!ú õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
xÌÓy òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
(vii) 12!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 8!›˛ S3!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y 4!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ~úyÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛V xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ!«˛ì˛ £Î˚– xòƒyòƒÜ%!ú õ)úƒyÎ˚ò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òyÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
(viii) 12!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 4!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y xy˛ô!ò Ó£%õ%Ö# ˆ◊í# ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ˆÎÜ%!ú xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–

4.0. ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ Ó£%õ%Ö# ˆ◊í#/õy!Œ›˛ˆÏ@˘Ãv˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò ı

˛xy˛ô!ò ~õò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆ◊í# ~ÓÇ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xò%˛ôyì˛ 1:1 òÎ˚–
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˛ô§yâ˛!›˛ xÌÓy xy›˛!›˛ ˆ◊í# ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy 5ãò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 ãò– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~õò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚
2 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3!›˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎÖyˆÏò xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ó£%õ%Ö# !ü«˛í ì˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆíÏ ò%òƒì˛õ 4!›˛ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎÜ%!ú xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÓÏ !«˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓ– Î!î xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y£ˆÏú xy˛ôòyˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛
õy!Œ›˛ˆÏ@˘Ãv˛ fl%Òú ¢òy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xï#ˆÏò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 5
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò

4.1. õy!Œ›˛ˆÏ@˘Ãv˛/Ó£%õÖ
% # ˆ◊í# ˛ô!Ó˚ˆ≤Ï Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ ı
˛(i) ˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛õ Ó˚â˛!Î˚ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xy˛ôòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
(ii) ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy xy˛ôòyÓ˚ v˛z!â˛Í ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ˆÏÎy܃ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ Îbü#ú £ÁÎ˚y
ˆòy›˛ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ˛ôy‡˛ƒ¢)â˛#ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ £ƒy[˛Ó%Ñ˛ñ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ Ó£z ~ÓÇ T.L.M S!ü«˛íÈÙÈ!üÖò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚íV–
(iii) ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòy›˛ñ ¢yÆy!£Ñ˛ ˆòy›˛ñ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚y ÓäȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆòy›˛ ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
(iv) Î!î ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ xy˛ô!ò ¢Ñ˛ú ˆ◊í#Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£
~Ñ˛!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ !˛ô!Ó˚Î˚ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ãòƒ–
(v) ¢õhfl˛Ï ˆüí#Ó˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛Í– v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ñ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛
!òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyÏõ–
(vi) ~Ñ˛£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆ◊í#Ó˚ ãòƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛Í–
(vii) ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y îúÎ%=˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ îú#Î˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# !ò!î≈T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–

5.0. õ)úƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í ı

!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !¶˛!_Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ó˚ õ)úƒ !òï≈yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏò ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y Óy
xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ õ)úƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆÎ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y 28 ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ 20!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y õ)úƒ !òï≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò TCMP xò%¢yÓ˚# 5ÈÙÈ˛˛ôˆÏÎ˚r›˛ ˆÓ˚!›˛Ç ˆflÒˆÏú–
xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ 8!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ (2+2+2+2) Ü%íÜì˛ õyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)úƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ÎyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 4!›˛
õy!Œ›˛ˆÏ@˘Ãv˛ Óy õy!Œ›˛ˆÏ˛ôú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ £ƒy[˛Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ö˛Ó˚õƒy›˛ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y ~ÓÇ xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ– ¢õhfl˛Ï ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!›˛Ç Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ !Ñ˛v˛zˆÏõˆÏú!›˛¶˛ ˆÓ˚!›˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y Üíòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò
(20+08=28) ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓò £ƒy[˛Ó%Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘!Öì˛
!òˆÏî≈üòy xò%ÎyÎ˚# x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏò õ)úƒ!òï≈yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢!›˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò ˆÑ˛ˆÏw ¢õß∫Î˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ãõy !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢õhfl˛Ï Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛# (PT) ˆü°Ï £ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò !ü«˛Ñ˛ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛
!ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆÓ˚!›˛Ç ˆflÒˆÏú
ãõy ˆîˆÏÓò– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãïyò !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˆÎ ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÓò ˆ¢!›˛
~Ñ˛¢yˆÏÌ ì˛yÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏò â)˛v˛¸yhs˘˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò !£¢yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ– õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ¢¡ô)í≈ £ÓyÓ˚
˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÑ˛›˛ ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ˆÎÜ%!ú
Ñ˛õ≈üyúy-II ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏò Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
!ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ú«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
l ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy 20 ò¡∫Ó˚
l !Ó°ÏÎ˚!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ¢yõÌ≈ 15 ò¡∫Ó˚
l !ü«˛Ñ˛ !òˆÏî≈!üÑ˛y 15 ò¡∫Ó˚
l ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy 15 ò¡∫Ó˚

6 D.El.Ed. 514
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
l !ü«˛yÌ≈# õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ò¡∫Ó˚
10
l !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ≤ÃïyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ò¡∫Ó˚
25
ˆõy›˛ 100×2=200 ò¡∫Ó˚

x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛ ›˛#Ñ˛y ≤Ãîyò ˆòy›˛

!ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyõ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y õ)úƒyÎ˚ò xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ˆõy›˛

!îò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y
¶˛y°Ïy 7 !›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 5!›˛ 3!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2!›˛ 10
Ü!íì˛ 7!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 5!›˛ 3!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2!›˛ 10
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü!Óîƒy 7!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 5!›˛ 3!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2!›˛ 10
!ÓK˛yò/¢õyã !ÓK˛yò 7!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 5!›˛ 3!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 2!›˛ 10
ˆõy›˛ 28!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 20!›˛ 12!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 8!›˛ 40

¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛yÓ˚ !Óòƒy¢

A. !ü«˛yò!Óü !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ òyõ ı .............................................
Ñ ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ı .............................................
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyõ ı .............................................
ì˛y!Ó˚Ö ı .............................................
ˆ◊í# ı .............................................
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı .............................................
!ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı .............................................
Óƒy!Æ ı .............................................
B. !ü«˛í !Ó®% ı .............................................
C. !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ¢õ)£ ı .............................................
SÑ˛y!Cì˛ !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛úyö˛úV
D. ˛ô)Ó≈K˛yò ı .............................................
E. !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ˆÏÎy܃ ¢¡ôˆÏîÓ˚ ı .............................................
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy
F. !üÖò ˆÑ˛Ôüú ı .............................................
G. ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı .............................................

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 7
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
H. !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛!¶˛!_Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôòñ Ñ,˛ˆÏíö˛úˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
¢yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛˛ô ı .............................................
ˆòy›˛ I. x¶˛#«˛y ˛ôî/≤ß¿Ñ˛Ó˚í Ü,£Ñ˛yã ı .............................................
J. ˆÓ˚ÖyˆÏÓ˚™ ı .............................................
K. ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ≤Ãîyò ı .............................................

Steps !ü«˛í !Ó®% !üÖò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Ñ,˛ˆÏíö˛úˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚/

ïy˛ô¢õ)£ x¶˛#«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyîhfl˛ÏΩ˛ 2
(1) ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
(2) v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôò
(3) õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ü,£Ñ˛yã
(4) ˆÓ˚ö˛yˆÏÓ˚™

¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôy‡˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ !ÓòƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚

1. òyõ ı xy˛ôòyÓ˚ òyõ !úÖ%ò
2. !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ı xy˛ôòyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyõ !úÖ%ò
3. ì˛y!Ó˚Ö ı ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ö
4. ˆ◊í# ı ˆÎ ˆ◊í#ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
5. !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ–
6. !ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ı ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!ò!î≈T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7. !ü«˛í !Ó®% ı !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛Ó˚ õ)ú ˆÑ˛w!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢òy=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8. !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ¢õ)£ ı !üÖò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÎ v˛zˆÏjüƒÜ%!ú xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
9. ˛ô)Ó≈y!ãì˛ K˛yò ı !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ¢£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ô)Ó≈K˛yò Îyâ˛y£z Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
10. !üÖò v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# ı !ü«˛íÈÙÈ!üÖò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !üÖˆÏò
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ˆÏÎy܃ ¢¡ôî ïyÓ˚íyÓ˚ fl˛ôT˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ–
11. !üÖò ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ ˛Î˚y ı ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Óy ˆÑ˛Ôüú v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö
ˆÑ˛Ôüú Ñ˛Ó˚y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– xyˆÏÓ˚y£#ÈÙÈxÓˆÏÓ˚y£#ñ xò%¢rïyòõ)úÑ˛
≤ÃÑ˛“ñ ¢õ¢ƒy ¢õyïyòñ ¢õˆÏÓì˛ Óy ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛
˛ôÂï!ì˛ £z ì ˛ƒy!î– ì˛ˆÏ Ó ≤ÃK˛yõ) ú Ñ˛ î, ! T˛¶˛AÜ#Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Óy ˆÑ˛Ôüú !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–

8 D.El.Ed. 514
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
12. ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ı ˛ô)Ó≈K˛yò ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ Îyâ˛y£zÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xy˛ô!ò ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y
¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ !Ñ˛ä%È !Ó°ÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xy@˘Ãy£y!ß∫ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ–
13. v˛z˛ôfiÌy˛ôò ı ¢)â˛òyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xy˛ô!ò ˆÎÔ!=˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óy ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚Ñ ˛!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆòy›˛
!Ó°ÏÎ˚Óhfl%˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛îyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò !üÖò !Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ÎyˆÏì˛
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òãfl˛∫ K˛yò Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–
(a) !òÓ˚!Ó!FäÈߨ !üÖò
Ñ˛õ≈¢â) ˛# ı !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢!Ñ ˛Î˚ì˛y !ü«˛íÈÙÈ!üÖò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í ~ÓÇ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
˛ôî¢õ)£ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ì˛y!úÑ˛y¶%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y
¢Ç܇˛ˆÏò !õˆÏÌy!fl;Î˚yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎÖyˆÏò
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ¢£˛ôy‡˛#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ß¿Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
õyÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ ïyÓ˚íy fl˛ôT˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~õò !üÖò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎ!›˛
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ K˛yò Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ –
(b) ÓœƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓyv˛≈/Ñ,˛°÷öÏ ˛úÑ˛ ı !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï ¢Ç!«˛Æ ¢yÓ˚yÇü
¢Ç!«˛ÆÑ˛Ó˚í v˛zqy!Óì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
14. õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ı v˛zîy£Ó˚í ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
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ÁˆÏ‡˛–
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~!›˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ó£z ˆîˆÏÖ
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ˆòy›˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÎ˚ ¢y«˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
15. ˆÓ˚ö˛yˆÏÓ˚™¢õ)£ ı ˛ôy‡˛›˛#Ñ˛y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ö˛yˆÏÓ˚™ !£¢yˆÏÓ xy˛ô!ò
ˆÎ ˛ôy‡˛ƒ ˛ô%hfl˛ÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ Ó£z ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈò
ˆ¢Ü%!úÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í

îÎ˚y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòy›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚%ò ı x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ¢õhfl˛Ï Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
õ)úƒyÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛yÓ˚ xÌÓy ì˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏíÓ˚ õhs˘˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !¶˛!_ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£Î˚–
¢yõÌ≈ƒÈÙÙÙÈ
TCMP S!›˛!â˛Ç Ñ˛õ‰!˛ôˆÏ›˛ò‰!¢ õƒy!r›˛Ç ˆ≤Ãyö˛y£zúV

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 9
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l ¢õhfl˛Ï ˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úƒ ˆÓ˚!›˛Ç ˆÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
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l ˆflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Üv˛¸õyò !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ%˛üúì˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ õyò!â˛ˆÏe !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!ü«˛yò!Óü !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛y...................................
Ñ ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy........................................................
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!üÖò ¢yõˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚ õyò!â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyö˛y£zú

Ñ˛õ≈fiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ ı
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Ñ ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ı !Ó°ÏÎ˚......................................
xˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚/˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ı !ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ó°ÏÎ˚...........................
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S≤ÃK˛y ܇˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ «˛õì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚íñ
!ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤Ãy¢!AÜÑ˛ñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢yõÌ≈ ~ÓÇ
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!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢yõÌ≈ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˛ôÎ≈yÆì˛y
3. !üÖò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ı
SÎÌyÌ≈ñ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚#ñ ˜Ó!â˛eƒ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛cV

10 D.El.Ed. 514
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
4. õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ı ܇˛òõ)úÑ˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛õ≈¢õy!ƈÏì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
Sfl˛ôT˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÌ≈ì˛yñ Ó^˘›˛òñ ˛ô%òÉ ¢õ#«˛yñ 5 4 3 2 1
xƒy¢y£zòˆÏõr›˛V
II. !üÖò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ ˆòy›˛
A. !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢yõÌ≈
1. ˛ôy‡˛¢)â˛òy ˛ô)Ó≈Ó!ã≈ì˛ ı 5 4 3 2 1
K˛yò ˛ôÓ˚#«˛í ~ÓÇ xy@˘Ã£#
Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2. ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ v˛zߨÎ˚ò 5 4 3 2 1
S¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛í ˆÑ˛Ôüú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ fl˛ôT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
¢yïyÓ˚í#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÎÔ!=˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ ˛õyò%ÎyÎ˚#
¢!Iì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛íyˆÏÓ«˛íñ ˆãyò ~Ó î«˛ì˛y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜñ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ õyÏõÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚
v˛zÍ¢y£# Ñ˛Ó˚yñ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c
xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢õÎ˚¢#õy !òï≈yÓ˚í–
3. !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ xyd!ÓŸªy¢ 5 4 3 2 1
B. !ü«˛Ñ˛ !òˆÏî≈!üÑ˛y
1. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ myÓ˚y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ 5 4 3 2 1
!ӰψÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò
S!Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zîy£Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏ΃ !¢ÂïyˆÏhs˘˛ ˆ˛ô§ÔäȈÏì˛
xy@˘Ã£y!ß∫ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyñ ≤Ãîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!Ñ ˛Î˚y
~ÓÇ Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy xy£Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛
¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ fl˛ôT˛ ~ÓÇ ¢yÓú#ú¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy
ˆîÁÎ˚y v˛zj#˛ôò ˜Ó!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚
myÓ˚y ᛲòyÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏí ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2. !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ß¿Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí 5 4 3 2 1
xy@˘Ã£# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy
Sfl˛ôT˛ñ Î%!=˛Î%=˛ñ !â˛hs˘˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚
¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z_Ó˚îyˆÏò ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyñ ì˛Ìƒ xy£Ó˚íñ ¢£˛ôy‡˛# ~ÓÇ
!ü«˛Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛
˛ô%òÉ xyˆÏúyÑ˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yV–
3. !ü«˛íÈÙÈ!üÖò v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ 5 4 3 2 1
Sˆ◊í#Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ÎÌyÌ≈ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 11
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ ïyÓ˚íyõ)úÑ˛ fl˛ôT˛ì˛y xyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓñ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ì˛yñ !â˛eñ ˆflÒⲠ~ÓÇ
ˆòy›˛ ˆúˆÏÓú Ñ˛Ó˚y !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆüÖyˆÏòy– ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚FäÈߨ¶˛yˆÏÓ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ì˛y Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛
˛ôà‰!=˛ Á ÓƒÓïyò Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !úÖˆÏì˛ ¢y£y΃ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
C. ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy
1. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í S!Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zj#˛ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ñ
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ xyÑ˛°Ï≈íñ v˛z_Ó˚îyòõ)úÑ˛
~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íyõ)úÑ˛ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ß¿ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy ~ÓÇ Óyâ˛!òÑ˛ Á
xÓyâ˛!òÑ˛ £z!AÜì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ îú#Î˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# ~ÓÇ
v˛zÍ¢y£îyòV–
2. ¢õy!ÆÑ˛Ó˚í ˛ôy‡˛ 5 4 3 2 1
S˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò xÇüÜ%!ú ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏúyâ˛òyñ
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óì≈˛õyò !üÖˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ
˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ¶˛!ӰσˆÏì˛Ó˚ !üÖˆÏòÓ˚
¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôòñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛
ì˛Ìƒ ¢Ç@˘Ã£ ~ÓÇ xÓy!N˛ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚
î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚y–
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈ ¢¡ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ
܈Ïv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyV–
3. ˆ◊í#Ñ˛«˛ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy 5 4 3 2 1
S!òÓ˚!Ó!FäÈߨ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ
v˛zÍ¢y£îyòñ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü
¢,!T˛ ~ÓÇ îú#Î˚ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ¢,!T˛ñ
Óƒ!=˛ ˜Ó°Ïõƒ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚
ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yV–
D. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò 5 4 3 2 1
1. õ)úƒyÎ˚ò
S¢õhfl˛Ï hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ !üÖò ¢õ¢ƒy
üòy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í– ≤ÈÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ !ü«˛í
!Ó®%Ó˚ ˆÓyïÜõƒì˛yñ ¢õ@˘Ã v˛zˆÏjüƒ
v˛z˛ôú!kï Ñ˛Ó˚y Á !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–

12 D.El.Ed. 514
 x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò
2. ö˛ˆÏúyxy˛ô 5 4 3 2 1
S¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã ≤ÃîyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ö˛ˆÏúyxy˛ôV
xˆÏÓ«˛Ñ˛/˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛yÓ˚ ¢y«˛Ó˚
ˆõy›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ÈÙÈ75 ˆòy›˛
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ≤ÃïyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y x¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛Ó˚ õ)úƒyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛
!ü«˛yò!Óü !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ òyõ ı
Ñ ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ı
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyõ ~ÓÇ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy ı
5-˛ôˆÏÎ˚r›˛ ˆflÒˆÏú ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#Ó˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÜ%!ú õ)úƒ !òï≈yÓ˚í ≤ÈÏÎ˚yãò–
1. !òÎ˚õyò%Ó!ì≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ 5 4 3 2 1
˜Ó!üT˛ƒñ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈yˆÏîƒyÜñ ˆ◊í# ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyÓ˚
«˛õì˛yñ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ÈÙÈ
fiÌy˛ôòñ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛õ≈¢)â˛#ˆÏì˛
xÇü@˘Ã£íñ ãòˆÏ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yã £zì˛ƒy!î–
2. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ¢£˛ôy‡˛Ñ ˛!õÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í
ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙȈÖúyï)úyñ ~ÓÇ Ñ ˛#v˛¸yñ ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#ñ
!ü«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yãñ ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ!ÓK˛yò/¢õyã !ÓK˛yò/
¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛y ˆÖúy ~ÓÇ Ñœ˛yÓ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú# £zì˛ƒy!î–
3. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í ˆ◊í#ñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÜyÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˛ôy‡˛yÜyÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ ˛yhs˘˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓú#Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy–
4. !ü«˛í ı ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ xÇü@˘Ã£íñ ˆ◊í#Ñ˛ˆÏ«˛ !üÖò ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛
¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
5. ˆõÔ!úÑ˛c ~ÓÇ x!¶˛òÓc Ü,£Ñ˛yã 5 4 3 2 1
¢ÇˆÏüyïòñ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
xïƒÓ¢yÎ˚ñ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛c ~ÓÇ x!¶˛òÓc–

25 ò¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢õhfl˛Ï ò¡∫Ó˚–

!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃïyˆÏòÓ˚
¢#ú ¢£ fl˛∫y«˛Ó˚

514ÈÙÈx¶˛ƒy¢Üì˛ ˛ôy‡˛îyò 13