TFN Notes 1

What are the theoretical foundations of nursing?
Theoretical Foundations of Nursing. ... The central concepts of health, person, environment, nursing, and caring will be
explored. Theoretical emphasis will be placed on theories related to the development of therapeutic relationships, modes of effective
communication, and nursing therapeutics.
The nursing metaparadigm consist of four main concepts: person, health, environment, and nursing. Each theory is regularly defined and
described by Nursing Theorist. The main focal point of nursing out of the four various common concepts is the person (patient).
How many nursing theories are there?
There are four levels of theory: Grand Theory, Metatheory, Middle Range Theory, and Practice Theory. Many other theories fall into these
categories.May 16, 2019
Who was the first nursing theorist to write about caring?

Madeleine Leininger: One of the newer nursing theories, Transcultural Nursing firstappeared in 1978. According to Leininger, the goal
of nursing is to provide carecongruent with cultural values, beliefs, and practices.Sep 12, 2011
Presentation on theme: "Theoretical Foundations of Nursing"— Presentation transcript:
1 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing

Lecture 3Theoretical Foundations of Nursing
2 OBJECTIVES1. Explain the relationships of concepts and propositions to theory.2. Discuss the purpose of theory.3. Describe the link
between nursing theory and the continuing development of the nursing profession.4. Explain the interdependent roles of nursing practice,
nursing theory, and nursing research.5. Identify the three categories relating to the scope of theories.6. Apply the principles of selected
nursing theories.
3 COMPONENTS OF THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

The basic elements that structure a nursing theory are concepts and propositions. In a theory, propositions represent how concepts
affect each other. What Is a Concept? A concept is the basic building block of a theory. A concept is a vehicle of thought. The term
concept refers to a “complex mental formulation of [our] perceptions of the world.” A concept labels or names a phenomenon, an
observable fact that can be perceived through the senses and explained.
4 What Is a Proposition?A proposition (another structural element of a theory) is a statement that proposes a relationship between
concepts. An example of a nonnursing proposition might be the statement “people seem to be happier in the springtime.” This proposition
establishes a relationshipbetween the concept of happiness and the time of theyear.A theory is a set of concepts and propositions that
provide an orderly way to view phenomena.
5 What Is the purpose of the theory
What Is the purpose of the theory ? The purpose of a theory in scientific disciplines are - to guide research - to enhance the science by
supporting existing knowledge or generating new knowledge”. - A theory not only helps us to organize our thoughts and ideas, but it may
also help direct us in what to do and when and how to do it. The use of the term theory is not restricted to the scientific world, however.
It is often used in daily life and conversation.
6 THE IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES ARE TO

Provide a framework for thought in which to examine situations.Provide a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other
members of the health care team.Assist the discipline of nursing in clarifying beliefs, values, and goals.Define the unique contribution of
nursing in the care of clients.Provide the continued development and evolution of the discipline of nursing.
7 Nursing research is the systematic application of formalized methods for generating valid and dependable information about the
phenomena of concern to the discipline of nursing.The relationship between nursing theory, practice,and research is an interdependent
one.As a practice oriented discipline, nursing theory and research inform and transform nursing practice.
8 Nursing Practice Nursing Theory

Process of knowledge development. Nursing practice, theory, and research are interdependent. Nursing theory development and nursing
research activities are directed toward developing nursing practice standards.Nursing PracticeNursing TheoryNursing Research
9 SCOPE OF THEORIESScope refers to the relative level of substantive specificity of a theory and the concreteness of its concepts and
propositions”. Essentially, three different categories relate to the scope of theories are 1-grand theories. 2-middle-range theories. 3-
micro-range theories. This classification is applicable to both nursing and nonnursing theories.
10 SCOPE OF THEORIES1-A grand theory is composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex phenomena. 2-Middle-
Range Theory is a theory that addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena than a grand theory. 3-Micro-Range
Theory explains a specific phenomenon of concern to the discipline such as the effect of social supports on grieving and would establish
nursing care guidelines to address the problem.
11 Contemporary Nursing Theories

“When is nursing needed?” The work of contemporary theorists such as Levine, Orem, and Roy form the theoretical basis for many
interventions in current nursing practice.Dorothea OremDorothea Orem was searching for a pragmatic framework to organize nursing
knowledge.She presented the Self- Care Deficit Theory of Nursing (S-CDTN) in the book Nursing Concepts of Practice and has continually
revised and updated her theory.As a grand theory, the S-CDTN has three interconnecting theories:1-Theory of Self-Care.2- Theory of Self-
Care Deficit.3-Theory of Nursing Systems.
12 Dorothea Orem 1-Theory of Self-Care

Orem identified three categories of self-care requisites:1-Universal self-care requisites,2- Developmental self-care requisites,3-Health-
deviation self-care requisites.1-Universal self-care requisites are common to all human beings and include both physiological and social
interaction needs as the following.1- Air, water and food2-Elimination and excrements
13 Dorothea Orem3- Activity/rest 4- Solitude (aloneness) /social interaction 5-Prevention of hazards to life and well-being (physical ,
social & psychological hazards). 6-Promotion of function and development within social group based on group norms.
14 Dorothea Orem2-Developmental self-care requisites are the needs that arise as the individual grows and develops. 3-Health-deviation
self-care requisites result from the needs produced by disease or illness states.
15 Roy defines a person as “an adaptive system . . . a

Sister Callista RoySister Callista Roy combined general systems theory with adaptation theory to produce the Roy Adaptation Model.Roy
defines a person as “an adaptive system awhole comprised of parts that function as a unity for some purpose”.The purposes of
adaptation are survival, growth,reproduction, and mastery.According to the Roy Adaptation Model, the personhas coping mechanisms
that are broadly categorized ineither the regulator or cognator subsystem.Adaptation is accomplished through these coping mechanisms
that are innate, “genetically determined and automatic processes”.
16 Sister Callista Roy1- The regulator subsystem functions through the autonomic nervous system, which “responds automatically
through neural, chemical, and endocrine coping processes”.2- The cognator subsystem enables the person to respond to stimuli through
processing stimuli, learning, judgment, and emotion.All input into the system (the person) is channeled through the regulator and
cognator subsystems.If the regulator or cognator subsystem fails, there is ineffective adaptation.
17 Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing

Theories for the new worldview of nursing describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing from a unique, more
holistic perspective.Theories by Jean Watson, Martha Rogers, and RosemarieParse exemplify the new worldview.Jean WatsonIn the
1980s, Jean Watson developed the Theory of Human Caring, which focuses on the art and science of human caring.According to Watson
(1985, “caring is the essence of nursing and the most central and unifying focus of nursing practice.” This theory offers a new way of
conceptualizing and maximizing human-to human transactions that occur daily in nursing practice.
18 Jean WatsonWatson’s theory is composed of 10 carative factors, which are classified as nursing actions or caring processes.
Watson’s carative factors are: 1. Formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values 2. Nurturing of faith-hope 3. Cultivation of
sensitivity to one’s self and to others 4. Developing a helping-trusting, human caring relationship
19 Jean Watson5. Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings 6. Use of creative problem-solving
method processes 7. Promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning 8. Provision for a supportive, protective, or corrective mental,
physical, sociocultural, and spiritual environment 9. Assistance with gratification of human needs 10. Allowance for existential-
phenomenological forces

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What are the theoretical foundations of nursing?

Who was the first nursing theorist to write about caring?

Presentation on theme: "Theoretical Foundations of Nursing"— Presentation transcript:

1 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing

3 COMPONENTS OF THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATION

6 THE IMPORTANCE OF NURSING THEORIES ARE TO

8 Nursing Practice Nursing Theory

11 Contemporary Nursing Theories

12 Dorothea Orem 1-Theory of Self-Care

15 Roy defines a person as “an adaptive system . . . a

17 Theories for the New Worldview of Nursing

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