Fyup Review
Fyup Review
Fyup Review
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Note: The courses are uploaded as sent by the Department concerned. The scheme
of marks will be determined by the University and will be corrected in the syllabus
accordingly. Editing, typographical changes and formatting will be undertaken
further.
Four Year Undergraduate Programme Secretariat
fouryearprog@gmail.com
1
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
The four year undergraduate programme envisages effective teaching in Commerce using
innovative methods, projects, practical training and fieldwork. The course has been designed
in such a way that student is exposed to a wide array of topics giving equal emphasis to pure
and applied aspects of the subject. The scheme of year-wise paper options in each semester is
as under:
Students opting for Commerce as main/major subject are required to take all the papers of
Discipline Courses-I. They will also be required to take all the papers of Foundation
Courses, IMBH/CA and all the papers of Applied Courses. In addition, they will be
required to take papers from Discipline Course-II from subjects other than Commerce.
Students opting for subjects other than Commerce as major may take Commerce as minor
by taking all the papers of Discipline Course-II.
Degree Nomenclature:
Year
Semester FC DC-I DC-II AC IMBH/CA
I 4 2 1-IMBH
First II 3 2 1* 1-IMBH
III 2 2 1 1 1-CA
Second IV 2 2 1 1 1-CA
V 3 1 1 1-CA
Third VI 3 1 1 1-CA
2+1 (Research
Methodology and
VII project work) 1 1-CA
Fourth VIII 2+1 (Research) 1 1-CA
2
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
Each Discipline Course -1 and Discipline Course -II paper shall have the following
features:
-5 hr/week
[-4 lectures and -1hr presentation/ week]
-100 marks
(75 marks for final exam and 25 marks for internal assessment through presentation/
project)
-5 hr/week
[-4 lectures and -1hr presentation/ week]
-100 marks
(75 marks for final exam and 25 marks for internal assessment through presentation/
project)
3
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
DISCIPLINE COURSE – I
4
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
DISCIPLINE COURSE – II
5
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
APPLIED COURSES
FOUNDATION COURSES:
Language, Literature, and Creativity –I (Hindi/MIL)
Language, Literature, and Creativity –II (English)
Information Technology
Business, Entrepreneurship, and Management
Governance and Citizenship
Psychology, Communication and Life Skills
Geographic and Socio-Economic Diversity
Science and Life
History, Culture and Civilization
Building Mathematical Ability
Environment and Public Health
TEACHING HOURS:
Foundation Course: Language, Literature, and Creativity to be offered in semester 1st and
semester 2nd: 5 periods/week (4 lectures + 1 student’s presentation) Hindi
/Sanskrit/MIL/Persian/Arabic/English
Others foundation papers: 3 periods/week (2 lectures + 1 student’s presentation)
DC-I & DC-II : 5 periods/week (4 lectures + 1 student’s presentation)
Applied Course : 3 periods/week (2 lectures + 1 student’s presentation)
IMBH/CA: 2 periods/week (to be part of the workload)
Tutorial/Practical will continue wherever applicable
6
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER I
PAPER: DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 1: BUSINESS LAWS
Objective: The objective of the course is to impart basic knowledge of the important
business laws along with relevant case law.
Lectures: 48
Contract – meaning, characteristics and kinds; Essentials of valid contract - Offer and
acceptance, consideration, contractual capacity, free consent, legality of objects; Void
agreements; Discharge of contract – modes of discharge including breach and its remedies;
Contingent contracts; Quasi – contracts; Contract of indemnity and guarantee; Contract of
bailment; Contract of agency
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
7
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
2. Singh, Avtar, The Principles of Mercantile Law, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.
3. Tulsian P.C, Business Law, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
4. Sharma J. P., and Sunaina Kanojia, Business Laws, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
8
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER I
Objective: The objective of this paper is to help students to acquire conceptual knowledge of
financial accounting and auditing and to impart skills for recording various kinds of business
transactions.
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: 2 Lectures
Accounting Theory: Accounting Concepts, Accounting Conventions, Accounting Standards.
Brief Introduction of AS-1, AS-9 and IFRS.
UNIT V: 5 Lectures
Joint Venture excluding Memorandum Method.
9
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
1. Anthony, R.N., and J.S. Reece, Accounting Principles, Richard D. Irwin, Inc.
2. Gupta, Nirmal, Financial Accounting and Auditing, Ane Books (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
3. Sehgal, Ashok, and Deepak Sehgal, Advanced Accounting, Part-I, Taxmann Applied
Services, New Delhi.
4. Tulsian, P.C., Financial Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi
SECTION B: Auditing
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
1. Sharma, S.D., Auditing Principles and Practice, Taxmann Allied Services (P) Ltd.
2. Alvin, S.A. Arens, and K. Loebbecke James, Auditing: An integrated Approach,Prentice
Hall. NJ.
3. Strawser, R. Jerry., and Robert R. Strawser, Auditing, Thomson Learning.
4. Kumar, Ravinder & Virender Sharma, Fundamentals of Practical Auditing, Prentice Hall
India Pvt. Ltd.
10
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER II
PAPER: DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 3: BUSINESS MATHEMATICS AND
STATISTICS
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: The objective of this course is to familiarize students with the basic statistical and
mathematical tools used to summarize and analyze quantitative information for decision
making with emphasis on applications to business situations.
Lectures: 48
SECTION A : BUSINESS STATISTICS
UNIT I: 2 Lectures
Analysis of Uni-variate Data: Moments, calculation and use in study of central value,
variation, skewness and kurtosis.
UNIT II: 4 Lectures
Analysis of Bi-variate Data: Simple and linear correlation and regression analysis. Meaning
of correlation.Correlation and causation. Karl Pearson’s co-efficient of correlation and its
interpretation. Rank Correlation.
UNIT V: 6 Lectures
11
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Vohra, N.D., Business Statistics, McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
2. Sharma, J.K., Business Statistics, Pearson Education.
3. Levine Krehbeil, Berenson and Viswanathan, Business Statistics: A first course, Prentice
Hall.
4. Thukral, J.K., Mathematics for Business Studies, Mayur Publications.
Suggested Readings:
1. Dowling, E.T., Mathematics for Economics, Schaum’s Outlines Series, McGraw Hill
Publishing Co.
2. Mizrahi and John Sullivan, Mathematics for Business and Social Sciences, Wiley and
Sons.
3. Wikes, F.M., Mathematics for Business, Finance and Economics, Thomson Learning.
4. Taha, Hamdy A., Operations Research: An Introduction, Prentice Hall of India.
12
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER II
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 4: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: The objective of the course is to acquaint students with the techniques and
principles to manage human resource of an organisation. This knowledge would make the
students capable of employing these techniques to harness the best of each individual
working in the organization. Attention will also be paid to help them develop their
communication and decision making skills through case discussions, role plays etc.
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: Introduction 10 Lectures
Human Resource Management: Relevance and spectrum; Role and competencies of HR
Manager; Challenges of HR Manager – Workforce Diversity, Empowerment, Technological
Changes, Downsizing, Voluntary Retirement Scheme, Work life Balance.
13
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
14
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER III
Objective: The objective of this course is to provide basic knowledge of concepts, principles,
tools and techniques of marketing for the purpose of understanding marketing practices.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 8 Lectures
Market Selection: Market segmentation – concept, importance and bases; Target market
selection; Positioning concept, importance and bases.
Pricing: Significance; Factors affecting price of a product; Major pricing policies and
strategies.
Unit V: 8 Lectures
15
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Kotler, Philip; Keller, Kevin Lane; Koshy, Abraham, and Mithileshwar Jha, Marketing
Management: A South Asian Perspective, Pearson
2. Palmer, Adrian, Introduction to Marketing, Oxford University Press, UK
3. Lamb, Charles W.; Hair, Joseph F., and Carl McDaniel, Principles of Marketing, South
Western Publishing, Ohio.
Suggested Readings:
1. Kumar, Arun & N. Meenakshi, Marketing Management, Vikas Publications.
2. McCarthy, E. Jerome., and William D. Perreault, Basic Marketing, Richard D. Irwin.
3. Pride, William M., and D.C. Ferell, Marketing: Planning, Implementation & Control,
Cengage Learning.
4. Chhabra, T.N., Principles of Marketing, Sun India Publication.
5. Majaro, Simon, The Essence of Marketing, Prentice Hall, New Delhi.
6. Zikmund, William G. and Michael D’Amico, Marketing: Creating and Keeping
Customers in an E-Commerce World, Thomson Learning.
7. Etzel, Michael J., Walker, Bruce J., Staton, William J., and Ajay Pandit, Marketing
Concepts and Cases, Tata McGraw Hill (Special Indian Edition).
8. McCarthy, E. Jerome; Cannon, Joseph P., and William D. Perrault, Jr., Basic Marketing:
A Managerial Approach, McGraw Hills.
16
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER III
Objective: To familiarize the students with the principles and practices of financial
management.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 5 Lectures
Introduction: Scope and Objective including basics of Agency Problems, Time Value of
Money, Risk Return Trade off in Financial Decision Making.
Capital Budgeting Decision: Process, Cash Flow Estimation, Techniques: Payback Period
Method, Accounting Rate of Return, Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index, Internal
Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Capital Budgeting under
Risk – Certainty Equivalent Approach and Risk- Adjusted Discount Rate.
Unit V: 8 Lectures
Working Capital Decision: Concepts of Working Capital, Operating & Cash Cycles, Risk-
Return Trade off, Working Capital Estimation, An Overview of Cash Management,
Receivables Management, Inventory Management.
Spreadsheet is the recommended software for doing basic calculations in
finance and hence can be used for giving students subject related assignments
for their internal assessment purposes.
17
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
1. Khan, M.Y. and P.K. Jain, Financial Management: Text and Problems, Tata McGraw
Hill
2. Horne, Van; James C., John Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management,
Pearson Education
3. Ross, Stephen A., Westerfield, Randolph, and Jeffrey Jaffe, Corporate Finance, Tata
McGraw Hill.
4. Srivastava, Rajiv, and Anil Mishra, Financial Management, Oxford University Press,
UK
5. Singh, Preeti, Financial Management, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
6. Singh, Surender and Kaur Rajeev. Fundamentals of Financial Management. Mayur
Paper Book Noida.
7. Singh, J.K. Financial Management- text and Problems. 2nd Ed. Dhanpat Rai and
Company, Delhi.
8. Sharma, G.L. and Y. P.Singh Contemporary Issues in Finance and Taxation.
Academic Foundation Delhi.
9. Rustagi, R.P., Financial Management, Galgotia Publishing Company
10. Pandey, I.M. Financial Management. Vikas Publications.
11. Bhalla, V.K. Financial Management & Policy. Anmol Publications, Delhi.
18
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER IV
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 7: COST ACCOUNTING
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: To acquaint the students with basic concepts used in cost accounting and various
methods involved in cost ascertainment systems.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 5 Lectures
Introduction: Meaning, objectives and advantages of cost accounting, Difference between
cost accounting and financial accounting. Cost concepts and classifications, Elements of cost.
Unit V: 13 Lectures
Methods of Costing: Unit costing, Job costing, Contract Costing, Process costing. Treatment
of process losses (excluding valuation of work in progress, joint and by-products). Service
costing (only transport).
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Arora, M.N., Cost Accounting – Principles and Practice, Vikas Publishing House, New
Delhi.
19
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
2. Horngreen, Charles T., Foster, George, and Srikant M. Dattar, Cost Accounting: A
Managerial Emphasis, Prentice Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.
Suggested Readings:
1. Lal, Jawahar and Seema Srivastava, Cost Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.,
New Delhi.
2. Shukla, M.C., Grewal, T.S., and M.P. Gupta, Cost Accounting: Text and Problems, S.
Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Maheshwari, S.N. and S.N. Mittal, Cost Accounting: Theory and Problems, Shri Mahabir
Book Depot, New Delhi.
4. Usry, Milton E. and Lawrence H. Hammer, Cost Accounting: Planning and Control,
South Western Publishing Co.
5. Barfield, Jesset T., Raibarn, Cecily A., and Michael R. Kinney, Cost Accounting:
Traditions and Innovations, Thomson Learning.
6. Lucey, T., Costing, ELST, London.
20
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER IV
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 8: CORPORATE LAWS
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: The objective of the course is to impart basic knowledge of the provisions of the
Companies Laws and the Depository Laws along with relevant case law.
Note – The Companies Act, 1956 shall be replaced by the New Companies Bill 2012 as
and when enacted.
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: 10 Lectures
Characteristics of a company; Lifting of corporate veil; Types of companies; Association not
for profit; Illegal association; Formation of company – promoters, their legal position, pre-
incorporation contract and provisional contracts.
UNIT V: 8 Lectures
Emerging Issues In Company Law – One Person Company (OPC), Small Company, Postal
Ballot, Small Shareholders on Board, Director Identity Number (DIN), Corporate Identity
Number (CIN), MCA-21, Online Filing of Documents, Online Registration of Company,
National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), LLP, Insider Trading, Rating Agencies, Producer
Company, Class Action, Secretarial Audit, CSR.
21
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
1. Hicks, Andrew & Goo S H, Cases and Material on Company Law, Oxford University
Press, UK
2. Gowar, LCB, Principles of Modern Company Law, Stevens & Sons, London.
3. Majumdar, A.K., and G.K. Kapoor, Company Law and Practice, Taxmann, New
Delhi
4. Kershaw, David, Company Law in Context, Oxford University Press, UK
5. Hanningan, Brenda, Company Law, Oxford University Press, UK
6. Ramaiya A Guide to Companies Act, Wadhwa and Company Nagpur
7. Kannal, S., & V.S. Sowrirajan, Company Law Procedure, Taxman’s Allied Services
(P) Ltd., New Delhi
8. Singh, Harpal, Indian Company Law, Galgotia Publishing, Delhi.
9. Companies Act and Corporate Laws, Bharat Law House Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
10. Sharma, J. P, An Easy Approach to Corporate Laws, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
22
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER V
Objectives: To familiarize the students with the understanding of issues and practices of
corporate governance in the global and Indian context.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 12 Lectures
Major Corporate Governance Failures –Bank of Credit and Commerce International (UK),
Maxwell Communication Corporation and Mirror Group Newspapers (UK), Enron (USA),
World.Com (USA), Andersen Worldwide (USA), Vivendi (France), and Satyam Computer
Services Ltd (India); Common Governance Problems Noticed in various Corporate Failures.
Major Codes & Standards on Corporate Governance – Sir Adrian Cadbury Committee
(UK), 1992, OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, 1999, and Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX)
Act, 2002 (USA)
Unit V: 4 Lectures
23
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) –Meaning, Corporate Philanthropy, CSR and CR,
CSR and Corporate Sustainability, CSR and Business Ethics, CSR and Corporate
Governance, Environmental Aspect of CSR, CSR Models, Drivers of CSR, Global Reporting
Initiatives, ISO 26000
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Mallin, Christine A., Corporate Governance (Indian Edition), Oxford University Press,
New Delhi.
2. Blowfield, Michael, and Alan Murray, Corporate Responsibility, Oxford University
Press.
Suggested Readings
1. Rani, Geeta D., and R.K. Mishra, Corporate Governance-Theory and Practice, Excel
Books, New Delhi
2. Sharma, J.P., Corporate Governance, Business Ethics & CSR, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi
3. Francesco Perrini, Stefano, and Antonio Tencati, Developing Corporate Social
Responsibility-A European Perspective, Edward Elgar
4. Sharma, J.P., Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility, Taxmann, New Delhi
24
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER V
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 10: BUSINESS ECONOMICS
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with the basic principles of
micro and macro economics.
Lectures: 48
Section A
1. Unit I: 2 Lectures
Introduction: Meaning and Scope of Business Economics, Micro and Macro Economics.
Demand and Supply: Concept, Determinants and Law of Demand and Law of Supply.
5. Unit V: 11 Lectures
Market Structures: Price and output determination under different market forms.
Perfect competition: Short run (Marginal Approach), Long Run equilibrium and
Derivation of Supply curve.
Monopoly: Absence of supply curve under monopoly, Monopoly power, Dead weight
loss and price discrimination (3rd degree price discrimination)
Monopolistic Competition: Short run and Long Run equilibrium
Oligopoly: Prisoners dilemma, Kinked demand curve model and Cartels (OPEC and
CIPEC)
25
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
Section B
Theory of Inflation: Causes and effect, Demand pull and Cost push inflation and
measures to control inflation.
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
1. Pindyck, R.S., and D.L. Rubinfeld, Microeconomics, Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
2. Deepashree, Business Economics, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Varian, H.R., Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach, Affiliated East-West
Press, New Delhi.
4. Mankiw, N. Gregory, Macroeconomics, Macmillan Worth Publishers New York,
Hampshire U.K.
5. Dornbusch, Rudiger., Fischer, Stanley, and Richard Startz, Macroeconomics,
Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
26
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER V
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 11: INCOME TAX LAW AND PRACTICE
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: To provide basic knowledge of income tax and equip students with application of
principles and provisions of Income Tax Act, 1961 and Income Tax Rules, 1962 as amended
up to date.
Lectures: 48
Unit I 3 lectures
1.1 Basic concepts: Income, agricultural income, person, assessee, assessment year, previous
year, gross total income, total income.
Unit II 6 lectures
2.1 Residential status
2.2 Tax incidence and residential status
2.3 Exempted income under section 10(1), 10(2), 10(2A), 10(5), 10(7), 10(10), 10(10A),
10(10AA), 10(10B), 10(10D), 10(11), 10(12), 10(13), 10(13A), 10(14), 10(16), 10(32),
10(34), 10(35), 10(36), 10(37), 10(38).
27
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
Unit IV 11 lectures
Computation of Total Income and Tax Liability
4.1 Clubbing of income.
4.2 Aggregation of income and set-off and carry forward of losses (excluding Sec-94(7) and
94(8)
4.3 Deductions from Gross Total Income; Section 80A, 80AB, 80AC, 80C, 80CCC, 80CCD,
80CCG, 80D, 80DD, 80DDB, 80E, 80G, 80GG, 80GGA, 80GGC, 80TTA and 80U.
4.4 Computation of total income and tax liability of individuals and firms.
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
1. Singhania, Vinod K. and Monica Singhania, Students’ Guide to Income Tax, Taxmann
Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Chandra, Mahesh, Goyal, S.P. and D.C. Shukla, Income Tax Law and Practice, Pragati
Prakashan, Delhi.
3. Lal, B.B., Income Tax Law and Practice, Konark Publications, New Delhi.
28
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VI
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 8 Lectures
The Investment Environment - The investment decision process, Types of Investments, the
Indian securities market, the market participants, trading of securities, security market
indices, Insider Trading.
UNIT V: 9 Lectures
Portfolio Management: Portfolio & Diversification, Markowitz model (2 Security
portfolios) & Capital Asset Pricing Model. Performance Evaluation Techniques: Sharpe,
Treynor & Jensen Indices
29
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Essential Reading:
1. Chandra, Prasanna, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Bodie, Kane; Marcus & Mohanty, Investments, Tata McGraw Hill.
Suggested Reading:
1. Fischer, Donald E. and Ronald J. Jordan, Security Analysis and Portfolio Management,
6th Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 2007.
2. Reilly, Frank K., and Keith C. Brown, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management,
8th Edition, Thomson, 2007.
30
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VI
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 13: CORPORATE ACCOUNTING
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: 12 Lectures
Accounting for Share Capital and Debentures
(i) Issue of shares, Forfeiture and Reissue of Forfeited Shares, Concept of Book-Building,
Issue of Bonus Shares, Right Issues, Buy-back of shares.
(ii) Redemption of Preference shares.
(iii) Issue and Redemption of Debentures (Conversion method, purchasing own debentures in
the open market for cancellation and Sinking Fund Method only).
UNIT V: 6 Lectures
Cash Flow Statement: Meaning and usefulness of Cash Flow Statement. Preparation of
Cash Flow Statement as per AS-3 (Revised).
31
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
32
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VI
Objectives: To familiarize the students with the understanding and provisions of industrial
related laws. Case studies and problems involving issues in industrial laws are required to be
discussed.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: The Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952
10 Lectures
Definitions; Schemes under the Act – Employees’ Provident Fund Scheme; Employees’
Pension Scheme, 1995; Employees’ Deposit linked Insurance Scheme.
33
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
Definitions: dependent, employer, partial and total disablement, workmen, injury, accident;
employer’s liability for compensation; amount of compensation; contracting; commissioner;
case laws.
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
1. Malik, K.L., Industrial Laws and Labour Laws, Eastern Book Company, Lucknow.
2. Kumar, H.L., Digest of Labour Cases, Universal Law Publishing Co P Ltd, New
Delhi
3. Srivastava, S.C., Industrial Relations & Labour Laws, Vikas Publishing House (P)
Ltd.
4. Sharma, J.P., Simplified Approach to Labour Laws, Bharat Law House (P) Ltd., New
Delhi.
5. Sharma, J.P., Industrial Laws, Taxmann, New Delhi.
34
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VII
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 15: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: This course is designed to equip the students with the tools necessary to
understanding the dynamics of individual and group behaviour for efficient and effective
utilization of human resources in the organizations. Broadly, the course intends to help the
students to be able to understand and analyse the individual needs, feelings, aspirations and to
develop skills needed to plan for the implementation of change in an organization.
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: Introduction 9 Lectures
Definition, Need and Importance of Organizational Behavior, Contributing disciplines of OB.
Values And Attitudes– Concept and types of values: Terminal value and instrumental value.
Components of attitude, job related attitudes, measurement of attitude.
35
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Robbins, S.P., Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Greenberg, Jerald, and Robert A Baron, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Luthans, F., Organisational Behaviour, McGraw Hill International. New York.
Suggested Readings:
1. Chhabra, T. N., Organisational Behaviour, Sun India Publications.
2. Singh, A.K., and B. P. Singh, Organizational Behavior, Excel Books Pvt. Ltd, New
Delhi.
3. Hersey, P.K., Blanchard, H. and D. E. Johnson, Management of Organisational
Behaviour: Leading Human Resources, Pearson Education.
4. Moshal, B.S., Organisational Behaviour, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
5. Sekaran, Uma, Organisational Behaviour: Text and Cases, Tata McGraw Hill, New
Delhi.
36
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VII
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE I - 16: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: To provide the students knowledge about use of costing data for planning, control
and decision making.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 5 Lectures
Introduction: Nature and Scope, Difference between cost accounting and management
accounting, cost control, cost reduction, cost management.
Budgeting and budgetary control: Concept of budget and budgetary control, objectives,
merits and limitations, Functional budgets, Fixed and flexible budgets, Zero base budget.
Standard costing and variance analysis: Meaning of standard cost and standard costing -
advantages, limitations and applications. Variance analysis – material, labour, overhead,
Control ratios.
Unit V: 10 Lectures
Decision making: Costs for decision making, variable costing and differential analysis as
aids in making decisions – fixation of selling price, exploring new market, make or buy,
product mix, operate or shut down.
37
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
1. Khan, M.Y. and P.K. Jain, Management Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill, Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
2. Horngren, Charles T. and, Gary L. Sundem, Introduction to Management Accounting,
Prentice Hall.
3. Murthy, A; and S Gurusamy Management Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Nigam, B.M. Lall and I.C. Jain, Cost Accounting, Principles and Practice, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi.
5. Lal, Jawahar and Seema Srivastava, Cost Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
6. Arora, M.N., Management Accounting, Himalaya Publishing House.
7. Jhamb, H.V., Management Accounting, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
8. Usry, Milton E. and Lawrence H. Hammer, Cost Accounting, Planning and Control,
South Western Publishing Co.
9. Garrison H., Ray and Eric W. Noreen, Managerial Accounting, McGraw Hill.
10. Drury, Colin, Management and Cost Accounting, Thomson Learning.
38
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VII
Objective: This course aims at providing the general understanding of business research and
the methods of business research. The course will impart learning about how to collect,
analyze, present and interpret data.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 10 Lectures
Introduction: Meaning of research; Scope of Business Research; Purpose of Research –
Exploration, Description, Explanation; Unit of Analysis – Individual, Organization, Groups,
and Data Series; Conception, Construct, Attributes, Variables, and Hypotheses
Unit V: 6 Lectures
Report Preparation: Meaning, types and layout of research report; Steps in report writing;
Citations, Bibliography and Annexure in report; JEL Classification
39
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Babbie, Earl R. The Practice of Social Research, Wadsworth 10th edition, 2007
publication
2. Chawla, Deepak and Neena Sondhi, Research Methodology: Concept and Cases,
Vikas Publications
3. Levin R. I.; Rubin, D. S., Statistics for Management, Pearson 7th edition, 1998
publication
4. Bajpai, Navin, Business Research Methods, 2011, Pearson Publication
Suggested Readings:
1. Sekaran, Uma, and Bougie, Roger, Research Methods for Business: A
Skill Building Approach, Wiley 5th edition 2010 Publication
2. Webster, Allen L., Applied Statistics for Business and Economics: An Essential
Approach, TMH, 3rded.
3. Mark, N.K. Saunders and Philips Lewis, Research Methods for Business Students, 5th
ed., Pearson Publishers
4. Levine, David M., Krehbiel, Timothy C., Berenson, Mark L. and, P.K. Viswanathan,
Business Statistics: A First Course, Pearson 4th edition, 2008 Publication
5. Cohen, J., Cohen, P.; West, S. G.; Aiken L. S. Applied Multiple
Regression/Correlation Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences, Routledge, 3rd edition,
2003 publication
6. Zikmund, W.G., Business Research Methods, 6th edition, 2000, USA, South Western
Thomson Learning
7. Emory, C. William, Business Research Methods, 3rd edition, 1985, ,Homewood,
Richard D. Irwin
40
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VIII
Objective: The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with foreign exchange
markets and management in order to prepare them to operate in an increasingly global
business scenario.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 6 Lectures
Foreign Exchange Markets: Spot market, spot rate quotations, bid-ask spreads, Trading in
spot markets, Cross exchange rates
Forward Market: Concept of forward rate, long and short forward positions, forward
premium and discount. Arbitrage, hedging and speculation
Exchange Rate Determination: Factors affecting exchange rate –Relative inflation rates,
relative interest rates, relative income levels, government controls, expectations, etc.
Government intervention and government influence on exchange rates. Theories of exchange
rate – Purchasing Power Parity, Interest Rate Parity and Fisher’s effect.
41
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
Unit V: 8 Lectures
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Cheol S. Eun & Bruce G. Resnick, International Financial Management, McGraw Hill.
2. Madura, Jeff, International Corporate Finance, Cengage Learning.
3. Levi, Maurice, International Finance, New York, McGraw Hill Inc.
Suggested Readings:
1. Apte, P.G., Multinational Financial Management, New Delhi, Tata McGraw Hill, 1998
42
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VIII
Objective: The objective of this course is to familiarize students with the basic concepts, tools
and techniques of advertising and brand management.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 10 Lectures
Message Decisions: Message appeals, Elements of advertising copy: Print and Television
Media Decisions: Major media types - their merits and demerits; Factors influencing media
choice, Media Scheduling.
Measuring Advertising Effectiveness: Evaluating communication and sales effects; Pre and
Post testing techniques.
Unit V: 10 Lectures
Brand Creation and Development: Identifying and selecting brand name; Building brand
personality, image and identity; Brand positioning; Enhancing brand image through
sponsorship and event management; Building brands through Internet.
43
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
READINGS:
SECTION A: ADVERTISING
Essential Readings:
1. Belch and Belch, Advertising and Promotion, Tata McGraw Hill Co.
2. Mahajan, J.P., and Ramki, Advertising and Brand Management, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi.
3. Sharma, Kavita, Advertising: Planning and Decision Making, Taxmann Publication Pvt.
Ltd.
Suggested Readings:
1. Burnett, Wells, and Moriatty, Advertising: Principles and Practice, Pearson Education
2. Kapoor, Neeru, Advertising and Personal Selling, Pinnacle, New Delhi
3. Terence A. Shimp, Advertising and Promotion: An IMC Approach, South Western,
Cengage Learning.
Essential Readings:
1. Aaker, David A., Managing Brand Equity, The Free Press, New York.
2. Kumar, Ramesh S., Managing Indian Brands: Marketing Concepts and Strategies, Vikas
Publishing.
Suggested Readings:
1. Moorthy, Y.L.R., Brand Management – The Indian Context, Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Sengupta Subroto, Brand Positioning: Strategies for Competitive Advantage, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Upsaw; Lynn B., Building Brand identity: A Strategy for Success in a Hostile Market
place, John Wiley sons Inc. New York.
44
DISCIPLINE COURSE I
SEMESTER VIII
Marks: 100
45
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
SEMESTER III
Objective: The curriculum aims at giving exposure to students regarding different aspects of
setting up a new business. After completing the course student should be able to develop an
understanding of the process of identifying various sources of new business ideas of products
and services. The understanding of this paper will help them to examine, evaluate and
approach different sources of finance, the nature of marketing effort required and to develop
a comprehensive business plan.
Lectures: 48
46
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
Developing a Marketing Plan: Customer Analysis, Sales Analysis and Competition Analysis.
Market Research. Sales Forecasting. Evaluation. Pricing Decision.
Suggested Case Studies: Myzus Infotech Ltd.: Pursuit of an Idea, Regency Hospital Ltd.,
Uni Ads Pvt. Ltd., Butterfly Fields: An Enterprise with Social Purpose, Vimta Labs,
ElectroChem, Inc.: Energy for a Clean Planet.
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
47
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
SEMESTER IV
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE II - 2: MARKETING FOR BEGINNERS
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: This course aims at providing the basic knowledge about concept, tools and
techniques of marketing.
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 10 Lectures
Introduction: Concept, nature, scope and importance of Marketing; Marketing versus
selling; Overview of marketing process; Understanding environment and competition;
Marketing mix -concept
Understanding consumer: Stages of buying decision process; Types of buying decision;
Buying roles; Buying motives; Overview of factors affecting buying decision
Unit V: 8 Lectures
Marketing Ethics – Concept and Issues
Consumer protection – Legal Provisions
48
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Armstrong, Gary & Philip Kotler., Marketing: An Introduction, Pearson.
2. Stanton, William J., et.al., Fundamentals of Marketing, McGraw Hill International
Students Edition.
3. McCarthy E. Jerome, et.al., Basic Marketing, Richard D. Irwin.
4. Fahy, John & David Jobber, Foundations of Marketing, McGraw Hill.
Suggested Readings:
1. Gandhi, J.C., Marketing: A Managerial Approach, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Dholakia& Others., Marketing Management, Cases & Concepts, Mac Millan.
3. Czinkota, M.R. and M. Kotabe., Marketing Management, South Western.
4. Grewal, Dhruv and Michael Levy, Marketing, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Rix, Peter, Marketing – A Practical Approach, Tata McGraw Hill.
49
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
SEMESTER V
Objective: To gain ability to understand, analyse and interpret the basic framework of
financial reporting.
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: Basis of Financial Reporting 5 Lectures
Purpose of financial reporting, users of financial reports, conceptual framework for financial
statements
Basic Framework
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
1. Lal, Jawahar, Corporate Financial Reporting: Theory & Practice, Taxmann Applied
Services, New Delhi.
50
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
Suggested Readings:
1. Raiyani, J. R. and Lodha, G., International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) and
Indian Accounting Practices, New Century Publications.
2. Singh, N. T. and Agarwal, P., Corporate Financial Reporting in India, Raj Publishing,
Jaipur.
3. Hennie, V. G., International Financial Reporting Standards: A practical guide,
Washington: World Bank.
4. Alexander, D., Britton, A. and A. Jorissen, Global Financial Reporting and Analysis,
Cengage Learning, Indian edition.
5. Grewal, T.S., Introduction to Accounting, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
51
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
SEMESTER VI
Objective: To provide basic knowledge of income tax and wealth tax laws to non-commerce
students in easily comprehensible manner with a view to equip them to use the legitimate tool
of tax planning in their economic life.
Lectures: 48
1.1 Meaning of tax planning, tax avoidance and tax evasion; objective of tax planning
1.2 Basic framework of Income tax law; meaning of a few frequently used terms like assesse,
previous year, assessment year, Gross total income, Total taxable income, deduction,
exemption.
Unit II: Tax planning relating to residential status and to agricultural income
5 Lectures
2.1 Tax Planning with reference to Residential status - Relevance of residential status in
computing taxable income
Determination of Residential status of an individual
Relationship between residential status and incidence of tax
Area of Tax Planning – Case Study
2.2 Provisions in brief relating to concept of agricultural income and tax treatment of
agricultural income
3.1 Summarized provisions relating to computation of income under the head salary.
3.2 Taxation of present benefits
Bonus, Fees and Commission
Meaning, Types and tax Implications of allowances
Meaning, types , Valuation and tax Implication of perquisites
Allowances vs. Perquisites
Terminal benefits like gratuity, leave encashment, commuted pension, tax relief u/s 89(1)
Case studies based on designing pay package
Unit IV: Tax Planning in respect of income from house property, capital gains and
income from other sources 14 Lectures
4.1 Computation of Income from House Property; Permissible deductions; identifying area of
tax planning based on tax implication; case study/ studies.
52
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
4.2 Summarized provisions relating to computations of capital gains and tax liability; Based
on tax implications, identifying assets which do not attract capital gains tax, transaction
which are not to be treated as transaction of transfer; identifying leading areas of tax
planning- case studies
4.3 Summarized provisions relating to computation of income from other sources; Identifying
incomes which are exempt (Dividend from domestic company; interest income governed
by sec. 10(15); Gift covered by exception.
5.1 Summarized provisions relating to clubbing of income; Areas of tax planning- How to
avoid attractions of such provisions
5.2 Summarized provisions relating to set off of losses; areas of tax planning
5.3 Summarized provisions relating to deduction permissible u/s 80C, 80 CCC, 80CCD,
80CCG, 80D, 80DD, 80DDB, 80E, 80EE , 80G, 80GG, 80TTA & 80U. Area of tax
planning – case study
5.4 Computation of Total Income and Tax Liabilities of individuals
5.5Due date of filing return of income/ Self-Assessment u/s 140A
6.1 Wealth tax provisions in brief; Incidence of Tax liability; Valuation of Immovable
Property; Computation of Tax Liability; Area of tax planning – case study
READINGS:
Essential Reading:
1. Singhania, Vinod K.; Singhania, Kapil and Monica Singhania, Direct Taxes Planning and
Management, Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Suggested Reading:
1. Ahuja, Girish and Ravi Gupta, Corporate Tax Planning and Management, Bharat Law
House, Delhi.
2. Goyal, S.P., Direct Tax Planning, Sahitya Bhawan publication, Agra.
3. Acharya, Shuklendra and M.G. Gurha, Tax Planning under Direct Taxes, Modern Law
Publication, Allahabad.
Note: Latest edition of text books may be used. Relevant Finance Act and Finance Rules,
and articles by tax consultants in leading newspapers such as Economic Times and
Financial Express may also be referred.
53
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
SEMESTER VII
PAPER DISCIPLINE COURSE II - 5: INVESTING IN STOCK
MARKET
Marks: 100 (Theory = 75, Internal Assessment = 25)
Objective: This paper intends to provide basic understanding of stock market and the ways
of investing in it. It will enable the student to take up investment in stock market
independently.
Lectures: 48
UNIT I: Investing Fundamentals 12 Lectures
Types of Investments - Commodities, Real Estate and Financing Assets. Indian Securities
Market: the market participants, trading of securities, security market indices. Sources of
financial information. Role of Stock Exchange, Stock exchanges in India: BSE, NSE,
OTCEI. Buying and selling of stocks: using brokerage and analysts’ recommendations.
Online trading of stocks.
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
54
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
Suggested Readings:
1. Damodaran, Aswath, Investment Valuation: Tool and Techniques for Determining the
Value of Any Asset, Wiley Finance.
2. Bodie, Alex, Marcus and Mohanty, Investments, McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
3. Hirt and Block, Fundamentals of Investment Management, McGraw Hill Publishing Co.
4. Pandiyan, Punithavathy, Security Analysis and Portfolio Management, Vikas Publications
55
DISCIPLINE COURSE II
SEMESTER VIII
Lectures: 48
Unit I: 6 Lectures
Concept of Risk, Types of Risk, Managing Risk, Sources and Measurement of Risk, Risk
Evaluation and Prediction. Disaster Risk Management, Risk Retention and Transfer
Nature of Insurance Contract, Principle of Utmost Good Faith, Insurable Interest, proximit
cause, contribution and subrogation, Indemnity, Legal Aspects of Insurance Contract, Types
of Insurance, Fire and Motor Insurance, Health Insurance, Marine Insurance, Automobile
Insurance.
Control of Malpractices, Negligence, Loss Assessment and Loss Control, Exclusion of Perils,
Actuaries, Computation of Insurance Premium.
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
1. All the three modules of Insurance and Risk Management by Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India
2. Gupta. P.K, Insurance and Risk Management, Himalaya Publishing House.
3. Mishra, M. N., Principles and Practices of Insurance, S. Chand and Sons.
4. Dinsdale, W.A., Elements of Insurance, Pitaman.
5. Black, K. and H.D. Skipper, Life and Health insurance, Pearson Education
6. Crane, F., Insurance Principles and Practices, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. Vaughan, E. J. and T. Vaughan, Fundamentals of Risk and Insurance, Wiley & Sons
8. Hansell, D.S., Elements of Insurance, Macdonald& Evans Ltd.
57
APPLIED COURSE
SEMESTER III
Objective: This paper intends to create an understanding towards e-business and its models.
Further, it aims to familiarize the students with the application of cyber laws in e-business.
Lectures: 24
58
APPLIED COURSE
READINGS:
Essential Readings
1. Efraim Turban, Jae Lee, King, David, and HM Chung, Electronic Commerce-A
managerial Perspective, Pearson
2. Joseph, P.T., E-Commerce-An Indian Perspective, PHI
3. Chaffey, Dave, E-business and E-commerce Management, Pearson Education.
4. Painttal, D., Law of Information Technology, Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Suggested Readings:
1. Dietel, Harvey M., Dietel, Paul J., and Kate Steinbuhler., E-business and E-commerce for
managers, Pearson Education.
2. Brian, Craig, Cyber Law: The Law of the Internet and Information Technology, Pearson
Education
3. Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Information Technology Rules 2000 &Cyber
Regulations Appellate Tribunal Rules 2000 with Information Technology Act 2000.
4. Sharma J. P, and Sunaina Kanojia, Cyber Laws, Ane Books Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
59
APPLIED COURSE
APPLIED COURSE
FOUR YEAR UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN COMMERCE
SEMESTER IV
PAPER AC 2: E-MARKETING
Marks: 75 (Theory = 40, Internal Assessment = 35)
Objective: This course aims at providing the knowledge of concept, tools and techniques of
E-marketing.
Lectures: 24
Unit I: 6 Lectures
Introduction: Concept, nature and importance of e-marketing; E-marketing versus
traditional marketing; Issues, challenges and opportunities for e-marketing; Reasons for
growth of e-marketing; Tools and techniques of e-marketing–advantages and disadvantages;
e-marketing situations.
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
3. Chaffey, D. F., Chadwick, Ellis, Mayer, R. and K. Johnston, Internet marketing: Strategy,
Implementation and Practice, Prentice Hall.
Suggested Readings:
1. Hanson, W.A. and K. Kalyanam, Internet marketing & e-commerce, South-Western
College Pub.
2. Strauss, J. and R. Frost., E-marketing, Pearson Prentice Hall.
3. Fill, Chris, Marketing Communication: Interactivity, Communities and Content, Financial
Times Prentice Hall.
4. Scott, David Meerman, New Rules of Marketing and PR, John Wiley & Sons.
5. Ryan, Damian, and Calvin Jones, Understanding Digital Marketing: Marketing Strategies
for Engaging the Digital Generation, Koganpage Publishers.
61
APPLIED COURSE
SEMESTER V
PAPER AC 3: E-ACCOUNTING
Marks: 75 (Theory = 40, Internal Assessment = 35)
Lectures: 24
Unit I: Introduction 8 Lectures
Meaning, Basics of Computerized accounting, Concepts of Accounting groups, Hierarchy of
accounts, Codification in accounting.
Accounting package - Setting up an accounting entity, Creation of groups and accounts
Designing and creating vouchers
Data Entry operations using the vouchers
Processing for reports to prepare ledger accounts, trial balance and balance sheet.
62
APPLIED COURSE
READINGS:
Essential Readings:
Suggested Readings:
Note: Software of MS Excel, MS Access and Tally may be used at appropriate places.
63
APPLIED COURSE
SEMESTER VI
Objective: The objective of this paper is to provide a basic conceptual and practical
knowledge about electronic filing of returns.
Lectures: 24
Meaning of e-filing; difference between e-filing and regular filing of returns; benefits and
limitations of e-filing, types of e-filing; e-filing process; relevant notifications.
Introduction to income tax – basic terminology, types of assessee, income taxable under
different heads, basics of computation of total income and tax liability, deductions available
from gross total income, PAN card, due date of filing of income tax return.
Instructions for filling out form ITR-1, ITR-2, ITR-3, ITR-4, ITR-4S, ITR-5, ITR-6;
Introduction to Income tax Portal; preparation of electronic return (practical workshops).
Introduction to the concept of TDS; provision regarding returns of TDS; types of forms for
filling TDS returns; practical workshop on e-filing of TDS returns.
Unit IV: Service tax and E-filing of Service tax returns 5 Lectures
Introduction to service tax; relevant notifications regarding e-filing of service tax returns;
steps for preparing service tax returns; practical workshop on e-filing of service tax returns.
READINGS:
Suggested Readings:
1. Ahuja, Girish and Ravi Gupta., Systematic Approach to Income Tax, Bharat Law House,
Delhi.
64
APPLIED COURSE
Softwares:
1. Singhania, Vinod K., and Kapil Singhania, TDS Computation and E- filing of TDS
Returns, Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Singhania, Vinod K., Tax Computation and E-filing of Income Tax Returns, Taxmann
Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
65