ISSN (Online) 2393-8021

ISSN (Print) 2394-1588

International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

Design & Analysis of Vehicle Speed Control

Unit Using RF Technology
Manjunath Chincholi1, Dr K.Chandrashekara2
Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering, SJCE, Mysuru, India1
Professor, Mechanical Engineering, SJCE, Mysuru, India2

Abstract: Nowadays people drive very fast, accidents occur frequently and there is loss of property and life. In order to
avoid such kind of accidents, to alert the drivers and to control their vehicle speed. RF technology is being used the
main objective is to design a Smart Display controller meant for vehicle‟s speed control and monitoring of zones,
which can run on an embedded system. Smart Display & Control (SDC) can be custom designed to fit into a vehicle‟s
dashboard, and displays information on the vehicle. The project is comprises of two separate modules: zone status
transmitter unit and receiver (speed display and control) unit. Once the information is received from the zones, the
vehicle‟s embedded unit automatically alerts the driver, to reduce the speed according to zones, it waits for few
seconds, and otherwise vehicle‟s SDC unit automatically reduces the speed.
Keywords: RF, Modules, Smart display &control, Zones.

I. INTRODUCTION

Road facilities are a major concern in the developed generated digital maps. The key idea offered by this paper
world. Recent studies show that one third of the number of is to use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
fatal or serious accidents are associated with excessive or technology to tag the warning signals placed in the
in appropriate speed, as well as changes in the roadway dangerous portions of the road. While artificial vision
(like the presence of road-work or unexpected obstacles). based recognition of traffic signals might fail if visibility is
Reduction of the number of accidents and mitigation of poor (insufficient light, difficult weather conditions or
their consequences are a big concern for traffic authorities, blocking of the line of sight by preceding vehicles), RF
the automotive industry and transport research groups. signals might still be transmitted reliably. In the last years,
One important line of action consists in the use of RFID technology has been gradually incorporated to
advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) [9], which are commercial transportation systems. A well-known
acoustic, hectic or visual signals produced by the vehicle example is the RFID-based highway toll collection
itself to communicate to the driver the possibility of a systems which are now routinely employed in many
collision. These systems are somewhat available in countries, like the Telepass system in Italy or the Auto
commercial vehicles today, and future trends indicate that pass system in Norway. Other uses include monitoring
higher safety will be achieved by automatic driving systems to avoid vehicle theft, access control to car
controls and a growing number of sensors both on the road parking or private areas and embedding of RFID tags in
infrastructure and the vehicle itself. A prime example of license plates with specially coded IDs for automatic
driver assistance systems is cruise control (CC), which has vehicle detection and identification. Placement of RFID
the capability of maintaining a constant user preset speed tags on the road lanes has been proposed in order to
and its evolution, the adaptive cruise control (ACC), provide accurate vehicle localization in tunnels or
which adds to CC the capability of keeping a safe distance downtown areas where GPS positioning might be
from the preceding vehicle .A drawback of these systems unreliable. In the work by RFID tagging of cars is offered
is that they are not independently capable of distinguishing as an alternative to traffic data collection by inductive
between straight and curved parts of the road, where the loops placed under the road surface. The information
speed has to be lowered to avoid accidents. However, about the traffic collected by a network of RE readers is
curve Warning systems (CWS) have been recently then used to regulate traffic at intersection or critical
developed that use a combination of global positioning points in the city. The work by Sato describes an ADAS,
systems (GPS) and digital maps obtained from a where passive RFID tags are arranged in the road close to
Geographical Information System (GIS) [10], to assess the position of real traffic signals. An antenna placed in
threat levels for a driver approaching a curve to quickly, the rear part of the car and close to the floor (since the
Likewise, intelligent speed assistance (ISA) systems warn maximum transmitting range of the tags is about 40 cm)
the driver When the vehicle„s velocity is inappropriate, permits reading of the information stored in the tag memo
using GPS in combination with a digital road map and conveys a visual or additive message to the driver.
containing information about the speed limits However Initial tests at low driving speeds (20 km/h) show good
useful, these systems are inoperative in case of unexpected results The work described in this paper is collaboration
road circumstances (like roadwork, road diversions, between AUTOPIA (Autonomous Vehicles Group) [9]
accidents, etc.), which would need the use of dynamically and LOPSI (Localization and Exploration for Intelligent

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 32

 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

Systems), both belonging to the Centre for Automation 1) Transmitter

and Robotics (CAR, UPM-CISC). The aim of the research
is to build a sensor system for infrastructure to vehicle
(l2V) communt10n, which can transmit the information
provided by active signals placed on the road to adapt the
vehicle„s speed and prevent collisions. By active signals
we mean ordinary traffic signals that incorporate long
range active RFID tags with information stored into them.
This information is collected in real time by RFID sensors
placed on board of the vehicle (an electric Citroën Berlin
go), which we have modified to automatically change its
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Transmitter
speed to adapt to the circumstances of the road. In
particular, we have implemented a fuzzy logic control
In the receiver section, RF receiver receives the
algorithm acting on the longitudinal speed of the vehicle,
transmitted signals and decodes those signals by using
with actuators which control the vehicle„s throttle and
decoder logic and later sends to microcontroller. By using
brake to reach and maintain a given target speed.
microcontroller the decoded signals are displayed on LCD.
A. Aim of the project Then the data or information sends it to the DC motor 1 &
2, by using DC motors drivers which is connected to the
The aim of our project is to build a sensor system for microcontroller. The block diagram of receiver is shown in
infrastructure to vehicle (l2V) communt10n, which can figure 2.
transmit the information provided by active signals placed
on the road to adapt the vehicles speed and prevent 2) Receiver
collisions. By active signals we mean ordinary traffic
signals that incorporate long-range active RFID tags with
information stored into them. This information is collected
in real time by RFID sensors placed on board of the
vehicle, which we have modified to automatically change
its speed to adapt to the circumstances of the road. In
particular, we have implemented a fuzzy logic control
algorithm acting on the longitudinal speed of the vehicle
with actuators which control the vehicles throttle and
brake to reach and maintain a given target speed.
B. Objectives
The objectives of our project are vehicle speed control
vehicle using wireless Technology.
1. To design and analyze modular, lowest wireless
technology.
2. SDC to utilize road accident.
3. To explore the features and functionality of ARM7. A. METHOD OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE SPEED
C. Applications
CONTROLLER
1. Speed control through RF technique.
2. Speed control at humps. In general, the speed of the automobile is varied according
3. U curves safety indications. to the accelerator‟s Pedal position. The variation in the
4. Low power transmitter is enough for operation. Pedal position is fed to the Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
5. Lot of accidents possible is avoided. .ECU determines the position of the throttle based on the
6. Suitable for all kinds of vehicle safety system. accelerators pedal position and the inputs received from
7. Less man power is required. the other sensors. Adjustment of throttle position causes
8. Driver alertness will be more. the change in the variation of automobiles speed. Such
9. Controlling the horn of the vehicles across type of hardware scheme is shown in figure 3.
schools, hospitals etc.
Whereas in the proposed automatic vehicle speed
II. SYSTEM APPROACH controller model accelerator pedal position is given to the
microcontroller unit and then it is fed to the Electronic
In our proposed project we used transmitter and receiver to Control Unit. If the automobile is in the active mode,
communicate the signals. In transmitter section we used microcontroller transfers the manipulated pedal position to
micro switches as input signals. These signals are encoded the ECU that will not increase the automobile speed
by the encoder and later encoded signals are transmitted greater than the maximum speed specified in the data
through the transmitter. Block diagram is as shown in the packet.
figure 1.

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 33

 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

B. Hardware scheme in normal Automobiles The transmitter is to be fixed to the top of the pole at the
locations where speed of the automobile needs to be
controlled as shown in figure 6.
The job of the transmitter is to transmit the frames that
specify the maximum speed and the time for which the
speed limitation must be implemented. Whenever the
vehicle passes nearby transmitter, receiver in the
automobile detects the frame and gets ready to receive the
Figure 3: Block Diagram of Hardware scheme in normal frame. After completion of receiving the frame it generates
Automobiles interrupt to microcontroller. Then the microcontroller
process the frame received from the wireless module and
C. HARDWARE SCHEME OF AUTOMOBILE IN OUR PROPOSED then enters in to the active mode.
DESIGN
III. IMPLEMENTATION

1. LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT BASED ON ATMEGA16A

MICROCONTROLLER.
2. WIRELESS REMOTE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE
THE SPEED.
3. SPEED ZONE 1 WITH IR SENSOR BASED ON
ATMEGA 16A MICROCONTROLLER.
4. SPEED ZONE 2 WITH IR SENSOR BASED ON
LPC2138 MICROCONTROLLER.
A. LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT BASED ON ATMEGA16A
MICROCONTROLLER.
Figure 4: Block Diagram of Hardware scheme of CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ROBOT
automobile in our proposed design
D. WIRELESS MODULE
A wireless module that is compatible with the
microcontroller is embedded on the automobile. This
module acts as a receiver. Similar wireless module is also
interfaced with the Microcontroller which acts as the
transmitter is shown in figure 5.

Figure 5: Hardware scheme of transmitter on remote place Figure7: Circuit diagram of Robot
This is the circuit diagram for developing the robot with 2
DC motors interfaced with microcontroller we use L293D.
L293D are quadruple high-current half-H drivers. The
L293 is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of
up to 1 A at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The L293D is
designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to
600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are
designed to drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids,
DC.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete
totem-pole drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink
and a pseudo- Darlington source. Drivers are enabled in
pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by 1,2EN and drivers 3
Figure 6: Control of vehicle and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is high, the

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 34

 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active medium range full-duplex, high-speed and reliable
in phase with their inputs. communication. RF 2.4HGhz Serial Link module is an
embedded solutions providing wireless end-point
connectivity to devices. These modules use a simple
proprietary networking protocol for fast point-to-
multipoint or peer-to-peer networking.

They are designed for high-throughput applications

requiring low latency and predictable communication
timing. It should be connected to any TTL/CMOS logic
serial RXD and TXD lines and can support baud-rate of
9600bps, 19200bps, 38400bps and 57600bps. It also
supports 4 unique RF channel selections to reduce
Figure 8: Robot model developed congestions on the same channel during peer-to-peer
communication.
When the enable input is low, those drivers are disabled,
and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance state. Then the robot is demonstrated by following the black line
In which the robot is interfaced with the line following by sensing the line sensor intender. The robot speed is
sensors. This is an infrared based sensor array which can increased or decreased by the remote control. As we are
be used in advanced line following and grid navigation making line follower type robot just because automatically
robots. The array has 7 individual sensors placed next to without remote my robot can run on specified path.
each other. Each sensor has its own digital output and can
sense the presence of a line and indicate it with a 5V logic B. WIRELESS REMOTE TO INCREASE OR DECREASE THE
output. On reading the digital state of the seven sensors, SPEED.
the user can not only detect the line but also get to know Circuit Diagram
how far the center of the robot is from the line. When all
sensors sense the line, the robot is on an intersection.
Flow Process

Figure 9: Circuit Diagram of Wireless Remote control

This is the circuit diagram for developing the wireless
remote control which helps to increase or decrease the
speed of the robot

Figure 10: Wireless remote control developed

First we have to initialize the UART so that the

Indeed robot is connected to the LCD to display the microcontroller should interface with the robot to control
current speed of the robot and to display the zone and we the speed of robot. If we pressed the switch 1 then robot
can see the speed is reduced while entering into the zone. speed is increased and if we pressed the switch 2 then the
Then the microcontroller is interfaced with the wireless speed of the robot is decreased. When we give power
module which is the RF 2.4GHz serial link module. It is supply then both the RX & TX should not light glow as
ideal for connecting to all electronic products that require there is no receiving of signals.

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 35

 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

Flow process Flow process

D. SPEED ZONE 2 WITH IR SENSOR BASED ON LPC2138

MICROCONTROLLER.

Circuit Diagram
C. SPEED ZONE 1 WITH IR SENSOR BASED ON
ATMEGA16A MICROCONTROLLER.

Circuit Diagram

Figure 13: Circuit diagram of sensor node based on

LPC2138 Microcontroller

Figure 11: circuit diagram of sensor node based on This the circuit diagram for developing the SPEED ZONE
ATMEGA16A Microcontroller 2 with IR sensor based on LPC2138 microcontroller which
the sensors are applied to detect the obstacle or to make
This the circuit diagram for developing the SPEED ZONE the RFID so that to control the speed of the vehicle and if
1 with IR sensor based on ATMEGA16A microcontroller the speed of the robot is maximum then 90 rpm then the
which the sensors are applied to detect the obstacle or to speed is automatically reduced by interfacing with the IR
make the RFID so that to control the speed of the vehicle sensor or by RFID technology. If the speed is less than 90
and if the speed of the robot is maximum then 90 rpm then rpm then it is stable to move from that zone. Here in
the speed is automatically reduced by interfacing with the ZONE 2 it has long distance setup to cover the vehicle
IR sensor or by RFID technology. If the speed is less than speed control so has to distinguish that the interface of
90 rpm then it is stable to move from that zone. ZONE 1 & ZONE 2. Here we can clearly see that up to
how much range we can control the speed of control.

Figure 12: Sensor node based on ATMEGA16A Figure14: Sensor node based on LPC2138 Microcontroller

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 36

 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

Flow Process range of about 90 cm and we placed sensor at 35 cm away

and started testing as we can clearly observe that it will
reduces the speed of robot and then after finishing the
ZONE 1 we can accelerate the robot speed and in between
the zone if we accelerate then also the speed is not
increased but we can slow down the robot

200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
speed distance
To have a theoretical study on our design, we consider an
atmel‟s microcontroller with an operating frequency range Figure 16: speed v/s distance graph in ZONE 1
of 16MHZ and wireless module. It is a 2.45GHZ radio
transceiver. It can operate in the temperature range of -40
Figure 16 shows speed v/s distance for which the
degree centigrade to 85 degree centigrade. At86rf230 in
automobile will be in the range of transmitter at different
the transmitter section will be either in the transmission
speeds. So that in ZONE 2 the maximum limit of speed is
state or sleep state and the at86rf230 in receiver section 90 rpm if the robot is moving maximum of 90 rpm then
will be in the receiving state. the sensor will interface and then the speed will be
reduced. We have taken a reading of speed rate of robot
for every 10cm so that when it enters to ZONE 1 that is
the range of about 195 cm and we placed sensor at 65 cm
away and started testing as we can clearly observe that it
will reduces the speed of robot and then after finishing the
ZONE 2 we can accelerate the robot speed and in between
the zone if we accelerate then also the speed is not
increased but we can slow down the robot. Here it has
maximum signal strength so that it can cover large area to
control the speed

Figure 15: Schematic view of ZONE and Robot is passing

over ZONES 250

Let the automobile equipped with our architecture is moving at

200
maximum speed at ZONE 1 is about 176rpm and the minimum
speed is about 35 rpm and the IR sensor are kept at 35cm away.
Let the receiver can detect the frame at 35cm away from the 150
transmitter. From the above considerations, the automobile will Series1
be in the range of transmitter for minimum time period of 500 Series2
milliseconds. This can be deduced from the formula 100
Series3
Distance = speed * time
50
Figure 15 shows speed v/s distance for which the
automobile will be in the range of transmitter at different
speeds. So that in ZONE 1 the maximum limit of speed is 0
90 rpm if the robot is moving maximum of 90 rpm then 0 10 20 30
the sensor will interface and then the speed will be
reduced. We have taken a reading of speed rate of robot
Figure 17: speed v/s distance graph in ZONE 2
for every 5cm so that when it enters to ZONE 1 that is the

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 37

 ISSN (Online) 2393-8021
ISSN (Print) 2394-1588
International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2015

V. CONCLUSION relatively low), placed at different locations near the traffic

signal, to guarantee RF signal reception in unfavourable
It has been developed by integrating features of all the conditions. The results suggest that an automatic
hardware components used. Presence of every module has intelligent speed control system can be used to prevent any
been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing unexpected traffic circumstance and improve the safety of
to the best working of the unit. Thus the data to be sent is the occupants of the vehicle.
encoded within the transmitted signal so that a well
designed receiver can separate the data from the signal ACKNOWLEDGMENT
upon reception of this signal. The decoded data can then
be used to perform specified tasks. I express my sincere thanks to Dr K.Chandrashekara,
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SJCE,
Secondly, using highly advanced IC‟s and with the help Mysuru for his constant and valuable guidance in
of growing technology the project has been successfully completing this project.
implemented.
A low-cost and simple system to ensure the safety of REFERENCES
passengers and pedestrians. It certainly provides a hope
for bringing down the alarming rate of road accidents. 1. Barıs_S_ims_ek, Fatma Pakdil, Berna Dengiz, Murat Caner Testik,
“Driver performance appraisal using GPS terminal measurements:
The proposed system is capable of simply displaying the A conceptual framework”, Transportation Research, pp: 49-60,
traffic signals in an LCD screen inside the vehicle. In 2013.
future, provisions may be included to cut out the fuel 2. J.W. Bolderdijk, J. Knockaert, E.M. Steg, E.T. Verhoef, “Effects of
supply to the engine to provide a smooth deceleration if Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance on young drivers speed
choice: Results of a Dutch field experiment”, Accident Analysis
the speed of the vehicle exceeds a threshold value. and Prevention, Elsevier Ltd, pp: 1181-1186, 2011.
This is a very useful technique to control the vehicle 3. Harry Lahrmann, Niels Agerholma, Nerius Tradisauskasa, Teresa
speed automatically. Næssa, Jens Juhla, Lisbeth Harms, “Pay as You Speed, ISA with
incentives for not speeding: A case of test driver recruitment”,
 By using Microcontroller , we Controlled the Accident Analysis and Prevention , Elsevier Ltd, pp:10-16, 2011.
speed of the vehicle according to zones 4. Nourdine Aliane, Javier Fernández, Sergio Bemposta and Mario
 It is mainly useful in the areas where high rate of Mata, “Traffic Violation Alert and Management”, 14th International
IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, pp: 1716 -
accidents are recorded. 1720, 2011.
 As in city traffic control to conserve the fuel and 5. Rajesh Kannan Megalingam, Vineeth Mohan, Paul Leons, Rizwin
implement the traffic rules. Shooja, Ajay M, “Smart Traffic Controller using Wireless Sensor
Network for Dynamic Traffic Routing and Over Speed Detection”,
It presents architecture for automatic adaptation of the IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), pp:
longitudinal speed control of a vehicle to the 528 - 533, 2011.
circumstances of the road which can help to decrease one 6. Turgay Celik and Huseyin Kusetogullari, “Solar-Powered
Automated Road Surveillance System for Speed Violation
of the major causes of fatalities: the excessive or Detection”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, pp: 3216 -
inadequate vehicle speed. Our approach is based on a 3227, 2010.
combination of three different sensor technologies: 7. Vladimir Glavtchev, Pınar Muyan-Ozcelik, Jeffrey M. Ota, and
RFID tagging of traffic signals to convey their information John D. Owens, “Feature-Based Speed Limit Sign Detection Using
a Graphics Processing Unit”, IEEE Intelligent Vehicles
to the car,. Sensor fusion is applied to the information Symposium, pp: 195 - 200, 2011.
received by these subsystems, and used to adjust the 8. Wang Hongjian, Tang Yuelin, Li Zhi, “RFID Technology applied
longitudinal speed of the vehicle with a fuzzy controller. in highway Traffic Management”, International Conference on
The proposed on-board architecture is portable and easily Opto-electronics and Image Processing (ICOIP), pp: 348 – 351,
2010.
adaptable to any commercial car with minimal 9. Telaprolu,m.k,sarma,V.V.;.;ratankanth,E.K.;Rao,S.N.;Banda,v.,veh
modifications. The system shows promising results, since icularElectronics and safety (ICVES), IEEE international
active RFID technology permits to detect the presence and conference pune (2009). Gangadhar, S.; R N shetty Inst. Of
identity of the traffic signals reliably and sufficiently in Technol, An intelligent road traffic control system, IEEE
conference publication kahargpur (2010).
advance, so corrective actions on the vehicle‟s behaviour
can be taken. In the empirical trials in our installations, the
vehicle‟s speed was successfully changed as a result of the
detection of the signals, increasing the driver‟s safety. The
technology developed can assist human drivers in difficult
road circumstances, as well as a complement ISA or CWS
systems if the car is already equipped with them. In our
experiments, only the test vehicle was present on the road.
In normal driving situations, we can expect other vehicles
circulating nearby and possibly blocking or attenuating
some of the RFID transmitting signals, especially with
large vehicles like trucks. In this aspect, more
experimentation is needed to know how this circumstance
will affect the vehicle‟s control performance. A possible
solution is the use of redundant RFID tags (since their cost

Copyright to IARJSET DOI 10.17148/IARJSET.2015.2809 38