Chapter1.1 Propositional Logic (Stud)

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LOGIC and PROOF

1.1 Propositional Logic
MTK3013
DISCRETE STRUCTURES
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Logic
• Crucial for mathematcal reasoning
• Important for program design
• Used for designing electronic circuitry
• (Propositonal )Logic is a system based on propositons.

• A propositon is a (declaratve) statement that is either true or
false (not both).
• We say that the truth value of a propositon is either true (T)
or false (F).
• Corresponds to 1 and 0 in digital circuits
The Statement/Proposition Game
“Elephants are bigger than mice.”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes
What is the truth value

of the proposition? true
“520 < 111”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes

of the proposition? false
“y > 5”
Is this a statement?
Is this a proposition?

of the proposition?
“Today is January 25 and 99 < 5”

of the proposition?
“Today is January 25 and 99 < 5.”

of the proposition?
“Please do not fall asleep.”

of the proposition?

“If elephants were red,
they could hide in cherry trees.”

of the proposition?

“x < y if and only if y > x.”

of the proposition?
Combining Propositions
As we have seen in the previous examples, one or

more propositions can be combined to form a
single compound proposition.
We formalize this by denotng propositions with

letters such as p, q, r, s, and introducing several
logical operators.
Logical Operators (Connectives)

We will examine the following logical operators:
• Negaton (NOT)
• Conjunction (AND)
• Disjuncton (OR)
• Exclusive or (XOR)
• Implicaton (if – then)
• Biconditonal (if and only if)
Truth tables can be used to show how these operators
can combine propositions to compound propositions.
Negation (NOT)
Unary Operator, Symbol: 
p p
true false
false true
Conjunction (AND)
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
p q pq
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false
Disjunction (OR)
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
p q pq
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false
Exclusive Or (XOR)
Binary Operator, Symbol: 
p q pq
true true false
true false true
false true true
false false false
Implication (if - then)

Binary Operator, Symbol: 
p q pq
true true true
true false false
false true true
false false true
1. A conditional statement is a statement that

_________________
“if-then” form.
can be expressed in ________
2. A conditional statement has _________.

two parts
hypothesis is the _“if”
The __________ ___ part.
conclusion is the “then”
The __________ ______ part.
Conditional Statement
• If • q if p • p • A
p, • An only if sufficient
then necess q conditio
q ary n for q is
• If condi p
p, q tion • q
• p is for p whenever
suffic is q p
ient • p • q is
for q implie necessary
sq for p
• q
follows
from p
Example :
p : Maria learns Discrete Structures
q : Maria will find a good job.
Express the statement p q.

Converse, Contrapositive and

Inverse
To fully analyze this conditional statement, we
need to find three new conditionals:
Converse
Inverse
Contrapositve
Converse
• The ________
converse of a conditional statement is
for med by switch ing the hypothesis and the
conclusion.
• Example:
(Conditional) If I am sleeping, then I am
breathing.
(Converse) If I am breathing, then I am
sleeping.
Inverse
• The _______
inverse of a conditional statement is
formed by negating (inserting “not”) the
hypothesis and the conclusion.
• Example:
(Conditional) If I am sleeping, then I am
breathing.
(Converse) If I am not sleeping, then
I am not breathing.
Contrapositive
• The contrapositive of a conditional
statement is formed by negating the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the
converse.
• Example:
(Converse) If I am breathing, then I am
sleeping.
(Contrapositive)If I am not breathing, then I

am not sleeping.
C  Co If I am sleeping, then I
o q) nv am
n ers
I breathing.
d e
n
i q If I am not sleeping,
v
t - then I am
e
i > not breathing.
r
o p
s If I am breathing, then I
n
e Contrap am sleeping.
a
l ¬p ositive
( -> ¬ p -> ¬ If I am not breathing,
¬q q
p then I am not
sleepi
ng.
The conditional statement, inverse, converse
and contrapositive all have a truth value. That
is, we can determine if they are true or false.
When two statements are both true or both

false, we say that they are logically equivalent.
Practice :
Conditional If m<A = 30°, then <A is
acute.
Inverse
(insert not)
Converse
(switch)
Contrapositive
(switch then
insert not)
Conclusion
The conditional statement and its contrapositive
have the same truth value.
They are both true.
They are logically equivalent.

Identify the underlined portion of

the conditional statement.
A. hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. neither
Identify the underlined portion of

the conditional statement.
A. hypothesis
B. Conclusion
C. neither
Identify the converse for the

given conditional.
A. If you do not like tennis, then you do not

play on the tennis team.
B. If you play on the tennis team, then you like
tennis.
C. If you do not play on the tennis team, then
you do not like tennis.
D. You play tennis only if you like tennis.
Identify the inverse for the given

conditional.
A. If 2x is not even, then x is not odd.

B. If 2x is even, then x is odd.
C. If x is even, then 2x is odd.
D. If x is not odd, then 2x is not even.
Biconditional (if and only if)

Binary Operator, Symbol: 
P Q PQ
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false true
Statements and Operators

Statements and operators can be combined in any way to
form new statements.
P Q P Q (P)(Q)
true true false false false
true false false true true
false true true false true
false false true true true
Statements and Operations

Statements and operators can be combined in any way
to form new statements.
P Q PQ  (PQ) (P)(Q)

true true true false false
true false false true true
false true false true true
false false false true true
Equivalent Statements
P Q (PQ) (P)(Q) (PQ)(P)(Q)
true true false false true

true false true true true
false true true true true
false false true true true
The statements (PQ) and (P)(Q) are logically equivalent,
because (PQ)(P)(Q) is always true.

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http://fskik.upsi.edu.

LOGIC and PROOF

• (Propositonal )Logic is a system based on propositons.

The Statement/Proposition Game

“Elephants are bigger than mice.”

Is this a statement? yes

Is this a proposition? yes

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

“520 < 111”

Is this a statement? yes

Is this a proposition? yes

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

“Today is January 25 and 99 < 5”

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

“Today is January 25 and 99 < 5.”

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

“Please do not fall asleep.”

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

What is the truth value

The Statement/Proposition Game

What is the truth value

As we have seen in the previous examples, one or

We formalize this by denotng propositions with

Logical Operators (Connectives)

Implication (if - then)

1. A conditional statement is a statement that

2. A conditional statement has _________.

Express the statement p q.

Converse, Contrapositive and

(Contrapositive)If I am not breathing, then I

When two statements are both true or both

They are both true.

They are logically equivalent.

Identify the underlined portion of

Identify the underlined portion of

Identify the converse for the

A. If you do not like tennis, then you do not

Identify the inverse for the given

A. If 2x is not even, then x is not odd.

Biconditional (if and only if)

Statements and Operators

Statements and Operations

P Q PQ  (PQ) (P)(Q)

true true false false true

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