Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM OF THE STUDY AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Employability is an issue of concern in many areas of economy. It provides the

frameworks for developing and recognizing general employability skills. Employability is

about the skills and abilities that allow you to be employed. Employers value people who

have undertaken work experience, been able to reflect upon that experience and then go on

to articulate and apply what they have learned. Tertiary education plays a vital role in the

prospect of employability. Even today, people still believe that higher education pays.

Students enroll in colleges and universities to earn degrees to be able to have a competitive

edge in the job market.

There is a growing pressure for fresh graduates seeking gainful employment to

compete for jobs fit for their educational attainment. Ambitious colleges and universities,

inspired by globalization, are aiming to supply the global market with the power they

require through producing competitive graduates. Cagayan State University is moving

towards this direction.

One of the programs that Cagayan State University offers is the Bachelor of Science

in Legal Management under the College of Business Entrepreneurship and Accountancy

(CBEA). The aim of the program is to give quality education for students and at the same

time to produce competitive lawyers and professionals in the globe.

This research aims to track and study the employability of graduates who took up

Bachelor of Science in Legal Management.

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Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of the study are to determine the present personal profile,

employment data and education and training of Bachelor of Science in Legal Management-

Batch 2012-2017. The researchers aim to trace the destination of the graduates since they

graduated from the university with a view to establish among others their current activity,

utilization of skills, the level of employment, unemployment, labor mobility and job

satisfaction. The researchers want to assess the contribution of the university training to

graduate’s personal development as well as the quality of content, delivery and relevance

to the work and to describe the graduate perceptions in terms of their college academic

performance.

The study constitutes important tool for education planners, as they can provide

valuable information for evaluating the result of higher education and training institutions.

This information may be used for minimizing any possible deficits in a given educational

program in terms of content, delivery and relevance and for further development of the

institution in the context of quality assurance.

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Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to assess the employability of Bachelor of Science in Legal

Management graduates of Cagayan State University – Andrews Campus employed

throughout the country. More specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the personal profile of the respondents in terms of:

Age

Gender of the respondent

Civil Status

2. What is the employment profile of the respondents in terms of:

Employment status

Waiting period to be employed after graduation

Types of employer

Current position/work status

Salary range of the respondents

Job relatedness

Ways of employment

Level of difficulty in seeking employment

Difficulties encountered in the job

3. What is the level of satisfaction they received from CSU-BSLM in relation on their

career life?

4. What are the common suggestions provided by the respondents in improving high

quality education?

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Conceptual Framework

INPUT
PROCESS
General profile of the
graduates in terms of Distributions of OUTPUT
the following: questionnaires The employment
•a. Personal Data
•b. Employment data
•a. E- mail questioning status of the
•b. Facebook messaging graduates of the
•c. Educations and training •c. In-person distribution Legal Management
Program

Table1. Paradigm of the Study

The INPUT consists of General Profile of the graduates. First the personal data

which includes the following variables: name, address, cell phone number, email address,

birth date, age, gender and year graduated. Second, the employment data which includes

the following variables: employment status, location of work, type of employer, waiting

period before they had their first job, present average monthly salary, ways in obtaining

their present employment, level of difficulty in seeking employment, problems

encountered in getting their job. Lastly, education and training which includes the

following variables: degree of satisfaction with the aspects or components of Cagayan State

University with regards with their present work and strong points of CSU-BSLM

Education.

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 The PROCESS consists of data gathering tool to distribute the questionnaires to the

respondents through the following: E-mail questionnaires, Facebook Messaging and In-

person distribution. After the distribution of the questionnaires, the statistical treatment of

data and lastly the interpretation of data.

For the OUTPUT, the Employment Status of BSLM graduates of Cagayan State

University batch 2012-2017 and the effectiveness of BSLM program.

Significance of the study

This study will benefit the following:

BSLM’ s Graduates- The BSLM’s graduates, through this research, will provide them the

current professional and academic activities and career paths that can be used to support

university-wide improvement and planning initiation for the delivery of current and future

programmes and services.

BSLM’ s Programs- This research provides evaluation on the general impact of BSLM’s

programmes on graduates’ competencies in several key areas and assesses their view of the

overall quality of university service during their period of stay.

School Administrator- Being one of the important key for an organization to succeed, this

research may benefit them by addressing the needs of the graduates to be able to meet the

demands of the profession, to continually improve program quality and to serve as baseline

data for planning activities.

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Future school Administrators- for the future school administrator this research will serve

as a basis for the future researches on the different course program. Moreover, it will help

them determine the nature of the education the program gives. So that they will know what

are the things to improve and develop.

Students- As future employees, they will have a basis on determining the school-related

and work skills-related factors that affect the graduate’s employability and promotion and

assess the extent by which work values and skills provided by Cagayan State University

contribute to Graduate’s employability and promotion. Through this information, they will

able to identify areas that need to be improved or strengthened in order to keep abreast with

the changes in demand of profession in the market.

Future Researchers- Recommendation in this study shall inspire and guide future

researchers to undertake further studies and updates on the employment status of BSLM’s

graduates.

Scope and Delimitation

This tracer study will be focusing on determining the Employment status of the

Bachelor of Science in Legal Management of Cagayan State University. The total

population is 200; it is from Batch 2012-2017. Thus, the researchers only receive 37

respondents in the total number of employed graduates.

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Definition of Terms

Tracer Study- a study conducted to track down the graduates of a university.

Legal Management- a preparatory course for law.

Employability- is about being capable of getting and fulfilling work.

Employment Status- defines the graduate’s status in his/her job and determines whether

he/she is employed or unemployed.

Cagayan State University- a public institution which provides quality education for

students and produces competitive graduates.

Employed- a person who has a job that is appropriate to the course he/she had graduated.

Underemployed- a person who had graduated and have a job but not appropriate to the

course he/she had graduated.

Unemployed- a person who had graduated but he/she have no job.

Respondent- a person who gives response to the questions presented and being a part of

the survey.

Employment Profile- refers to the present status of the graduates.

Graduate- a person who has received a degree or diploma after or upon completing all the

necessary requirements.

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 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The purpose of this chapter is to present the related literature and studies conducted

by researches and its synthesis.

Related Literature
FOREIGN LITERATURE
Employment is the capacity of individual to showcase his talent and to use the

training gathered in course program. The notion that marketable skills provided today’s

crop of worker’s employment opportunities. The statement of Powers is relevant to the

present study because he pointed out that education is very important in having the

marketability and general skills needed in finding an appropriate job

According to the book of Thomas Powers that being employed or having a job has

a great impact to an individual’s skill, education is very important in finding a compatible

job to what he or she had graduated.

In the book of Robert McIntosh, The Employee Management Standard, he argues

that employee’s background on the job depends on how the manager is satisfied to its

performance and even to its behaviour.

The unemployment is the outgrowth of a process job search where workers have

limited information about the labor market. On the other hand, people who first begin

looking for jobs lack basic information will help the graduates to disseminate the rejection

of jobs to higher expectations

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 As to unemployment and Dual Labor Market, signifies that being educated, like a

graduate of any course, he or she may have the tendency to be accepted for a job than to

those who are unemployed because of less information contained by an unemployed.

According to the research of Jeremy, Abigail & Robin the UK government is

introducing new sets of indicators designed to measure the performance of universities. A

first wave of indicators was published in December 1999. A performance indicator based

on graduate employment outcomes will follow. This paper proposes a method for

developing employment-related performance indicators based on the analysis of data on

the first destinations of a full cohort of leavers from pre-1992 universities in the United

Kingdom.

According to the author’s Jane & Helen there is a growing awareness in the UK

and mainland Europe of the importance of higher education to the development of a

knowledge‐based economy. European universities are increasingly required to produce

highly mobile graduates able to respond to the ever‐changing needs of the contemporary

workplace. Following the Bologna Declaration “The European Higher Education Area”

(Bologna Declaration), Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education, Bologna,

higher education across Europe has expanded rapidly. This has resulted in questions being

raised about the quality of the graduate labour market and the ability of graduates to meet

the needs of employers. The paper analyses graduate and employer perspectives of

graduate employability in four European countries (UK, Austria, Slovenia and Romania).

In doing so it adds to current debates in this area.

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 In the book of Paul Redmond the drive to widen access and participation in higher

education is rapidly transforming the sector. Despite this, through an interplay of social,

cultural and gender‐related factors, students from ‘widening participation’ backgrounds

can all too frequently become, within their own institutions, ‘outcasts on the inside’:

formally accepted by the university without ever acquiring, still less embodying, the

traditional social and cultural advantages bestowed by HE. Thus, the irony of widening

participation would seem to be that by entering higher education an already disadvantaged

educational habitus should be reinforced not transformed. Based on a three‐year

ethnographic study, this paper explores the factors motivating widening participation

students to enrol in higher education, the nature of their experiences, and the extent to

which higher education represents an attempt at social repositioning

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of some of the dominant

empirical and conceptual themes in the area of graduate employment and employability

over the past decade. The paper considers the wider context of higher education (HE) and

labour market change, and the policy thinking towards graduate employability. It draws

upon various studies to highlight the different labour market perceptions, experiences and

outcomes of graduates in the United Kingdom and other national contexts. It further draws

upon research that has explored the ways in which students and graduates construct their

employability and begin to manage the transition from HE to work. The paper explores

some of the conceptual notions that have informed understandings of graduate

employability, and argues for a broader understanding of employability than that offered

by policymakers.

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 Employability has become, and is likely to continue to be, a major issue for a variety

of stakeholders in higher education. The article examines three competing perspectives on

employability, termed here as the ‘possessive’, ‘positioning’ and ‘processual’ approaches.

The first of these, based on notions of skills and attributes, dominates the policy and

practice discourse but, it is argued, is deeply flawed in theoretical terms. The second

perspective, based on social positioning theory, is shown to be more in accord with the

evidence of employment outcomes, but tends, arguably, to lead to a ‘counsel of despair’.

The processual perspective is then presented, particularly focusing on the concept of

graduate identity. The article argues that this is theoretically robust, is supported by

empirical evidence, and provides a sound basis for curriculum and other forms of

intervention to enhance graduate employability

Higher education institutions increasingly recognise the need to develop both

disciplinary knowledge and soft skills to foster the employability of their graduates. For

students in International Studies programmes, the workplace opportunities to develop soft

skills relevant to their intended professions are scarce, costly and unavailable to many. This

paper argues that universities can harness the power of ICTs in ways that students find

engaging and offer opportunities to gain professional experience that prepares them for an

international workplace. We describe a new work-integrated learning model that embeds a

multi-layered in-person simulation within an academic context. Facilitated by cross-

national pedagogical collaboration, students participate live in cross-campus experiential

learning with online peers. Students’ reflections on the model indicate that this model can

foster a range of generic soft skills that enable them to apply their academic knowledge,

collaborate with a culturally diverse group and work in a digital world. To refine this

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blended learning model, more attention needs to be paid to designing appropriate

evaluation tools and harnessing cultural diversity more effectively

This two pronged study reports the initial validation of the psychometric properties

and factor structure of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) in the context of Papua

New Guinea (PNG) and the investigation of the relationship between employability skills

and career adaptability. Results of the study revealed that CAAS can be a valid and useful

measurement for assessing career adaptability in the context of Papua New Guinea. Via

canonical correlation analysis (CCA), significant relations between career adaptability and

employability skills were observed. Notably, team work skills were significantly related to

the four sub-scales of career adaptability. This study serves as a clarion to educators and

policy makers in PNG by providing a richer view on the career adaptability and

employability skills as well, thus calling for integrated efforts to contribute to career

development and practice in the context of PNG.

This paper examines 187 pieces of research published between 2012 and 2016.1 It

describes how the subject of employability has been addressed during this period and draws

out some of the key implications for higher education providers (HEPs), academics and

employability practitioners. Employability is notoriously complex to define, but for the

purposes of this review we have looked at research that uses the term ‘employability’ and

which intersects with one of the key concepts which are contained with the Higher

Education Academy’s (HEA’s) Framework for embedding employability . The framework

was used both to provide keywords for the literature review, and to help in structuring our

report. Higher education providers are under considerable pressure from policymakers,

students and employers to ensure that graduates emerge from higher education ready for

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the labour market. The imminent implementation of the Teaching Excellence Framework

(TEF) looks set to increase this pressure.

It is also possible to argue that a focus on employability is a moral duty for higher

education providers. Students invest their time and money in accessing higher education

with the expectation that it will offer them access to greater life chances than they would

have obtained if they had not attended HE. For the most part, this expectation is fulfilled

with graduates generally doing better in the labour market than non-graduates. However,

it is not simply holding a degree that results in these outcomes (although there is an

important signalling effect), rather it is critical that higher education develops students in

ways that support them to be successful in the future.

Academic interest in employability appears to be growing. Academics are wrestling

with the nature of employability, its political implications, the ways in which it is delivered

and the relative efficacy of each of them. Academics approach these questions from a range

of political, theoretical, methodological and professional perspectives.

The literature outlines a number of different ideas about how higher education

providers can best deliver employability provision. These can provide useful insights about

the different approaches that are being used and the relative evidence for each of them.

Much of this evidence aligns well with the kinds of themes and approaches identified in

the HEA employability framework.

The employability agenda offers huge opportunities for HEPs, academics and

students. Employability offers HEPs the opportunity to help individuals to realise their

potential, to enhance their, skills, attitudes, attributes and knowledge, to become successful

Page | 13
workers and citizens, and through this helps to increase the political legitimacy of higher

education. This review has shown that there is a lively and critical academic field that exists

around the employability agenda. We believe that the continued growth and maturation of

this field is essential to the ongoing development of employability in higher education.

Encouraging skills development is a key part of the UK Government’s strategy.

This emphasis on skills has led to changes in Higher Education, where there is an increasing

recognition of the need to enhance students’ employability. This paper reviews the data on

the type of employer skill needs available in the existing literature with a particular

emphasis on those skills required by engineering and manufacturing employers. Statistical

data related to skill gaps in engineering and manufacturing in the UK and London/Thames

Gateway are presented with the intention to determine whether and how these relate to the

employability skills and competences listed by various organisations. The paper arrives at

a number of conclusions. In summary, for the ‘engineering and manufacturing workforce

skills development’ ethos to become widespread in London (and the UK in general), a lot

more needs to be done to understand the needs of industry to be able to develop provision

that supports Londoners (and the UK citizens in general) in gaining appropriate skills in

engineering. This can only be achieved through cooperative, inclusive, transparent and

centrally coordinated approaches to skills assessment, monitoring and development.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of some of the dominant

empirical and conceptual themes in the area of graduate employment and employability

over the past decade. The paper considers the wider context of higher education (HE) and

labour market change, and the policy thinking towards graduate employability. It draws

upon various studies to highlight the different labour market perceptions, experiences and

Page | 14
outcomes of graduates in the United Kingdom and other national contexts. It further draws

upon research that has explored the ways in which students and graduates construct their

employability and begin to manage the transition from HE to work. The paper explores

some of the conceptual notions that have informed understandings of graduate

employability, and argues for a broader understanding of employability than that offered

by policymakers.

This article investigates the gap between employers' requirements of graduates and

the skills which graduates are furnished with through degree programmes in the higher

education (HE) sector in the UK. A survey of 88 subject review reports prepared by the

Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) for environmentally related units in the UK showed

little emphasis on employability issues. Surveys of first destination statistics of a cohort of

graduates from two biological degrees and from national data showed that a significant

proportion of graduates were in non-science-based activities. The non-knowledge-based

learning outcomes from one degree were investigated, and showed that employability

aspects were partially covered in the programme, but were not always associated with

secure assessments. The concept of work-related learning is defined and a conceptual

framework for HE practitioners is presented that could be used when designing curricula

to better map programme learning outcomes onto graduate employment.

The employability of university graduates is a concern in higher education as labour

markets change more and more rapidly. This is of particular relevance for multi-faceted

subjects such as geography. Studies on employability have to consider to what degree a

university education helps graduates start a career. The results of a survey of 257 geography

graduates of JLU (Justus Liebig University) Giessen, Germany, indicate that the traditional

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curricula did not necessarily prepare German geographers adequately for their jobs. The

graduates possess more knowledge than required but lack important competences and

transferable skills that the job market demands. This may be partly remedied by the

introduction of project-oriented classes.

The Business/Higher Education Round Table (B-HERT) brings together leaders of

Australia’s business, research and academic communities to examine and pursue initiatives

which advance the goals and improve the performance of both businesses and higher

education for the benefit of Australia. This position paper outlines the nature and scope of

generic skills and looks at why they have become an issue of policy interest. It is presented

in six main sections: the first section explains the term ‘generic skills’; section two outlines

the growing importance of generic skills and covers the demand for generic skills from

business and employers, the economic and technological reasons for the adoption of

generic skills, and the reasons for the adoption of generic skills by educational providers;

section three discusses the benefits of focusing on generic skills in terms of better learning

and employability and highlights the holism, contextuality and relational level of generic

skills as well as the links to lifelong learning and its current status in higher education;

section four offers a learning framework for generic skills at different levels; section five

contains the conclusion; and the paper ends with recommendations for further work on this

topic.

Official employment-related performance indicators in UK higher education are

based on the population of students responding to the ‘First destination supplement’ (FDS).

This generates potentially biased performance indicators as this population of students is

not necessarily representative of the full population of leavers from each institution.

Page | 16
University leavers who do not obtain qualifications and those who do not respond to the

FDS are not included within the official analysis. We compare an employment-related

performance indicator based on those students who responded to the FDS with alternative

approaches which address the potential non-random nature of this subgroup of university

leavers.

The main aim of this study was to identify the perception of employers concerning

the employability skills needed in the job market and graduates’ perception of the

employability skills that they currently possessed. Eleven variables that make up

employability skills based on past research were examined in this study. However, only

seven factors, which were the result of factor analysis, were considered. Data were

collected through two different sets of questionnaires intended to gauge employers’ and

graduates’ perceptions, respectively. The results of this study revealed that employers

preferred to hire graduates from public universities. Moreover, graduates and employers

placed similar importance in terms of the ranking of employability skills, where both

employers and graduates perceived the order of importance of employability skills to be

the same. However, there was a difference between employers’ and graduates’ perceptions

for all seven employability factors, where employers rated graduates much lower in terms

of mean rank. The results of this study also suggest that younger employers tend to be more

favourable to graduates’ employability skills. The higher the job position of the employer

within the organization, the higher are the expectations of graduates. Finally,

recommendations were also included in this study.

Universities have come under increasing pressure to become key drivers of

economic development in the age of the knowledge economy. In the case of Italy, there

Page | 17
has been concern in recent years about quality and funding of academic institutions, but

hardly any reference has been made about the impact of university quality on students'

access to the labour market, and therefore on the secondary potential benefits deriving from

the definition of appropriate incentives for research performance. This article contributes

to fill this gap with a detailed econometric analysis of the determinants of Italian graduates'

employability one-year and three-years after graduation, with special reference to

university quality measured in terms of research performance. The empirical evidence is

based on an Italian National Statistical Institute (ISTAT) survey including information on

47,342 Italian graduates in all scientific disciplines, and on the results of the first national

evaluation of academic research activity. It confirms that attending universities with good

research performance raises the probability of finding work after graduation. This sheds

light on the pivotal role of academic institutions in economic systems, showing that their

contribution to employment growth could be substantial, both at the national and regional

level.

Page | 18
LOCAL LITERATURE

Employability is one of the important performance measures of higher education

institutions and tracking of graduates provides substantial input to the student development

program of the institution. This study aimed to determine the present employment status,

competencies learned in college and work – related values of the respondents that

contributed to their job placement and to determine the employer’s feedback on the job

performance of the graduates based on the leadership brand. Descriptive type of research

method was utilized to analyze the result of the study. Findings show that the average

employment rating of BS Computer Engineering graduates from 2013 to 2015 is 84.6

percent. Skills in information technology, problem solving and communication are

considered most useful competencies they learned in college. Perseverance, love for God

and hard work are the work-related values they considered with very high contribution to

their job placement.

The study aimed to determine the graduate’s employability of the Bachelor of

Science in Business and Computer Management from 2005-2010. It identified the

employers’ perspective of how LPU- graduates in the respective jobs assigned to them.

Descriptive method was utilized in the study. The employability of Bachelor of Science in

Business and Computer Management (BSBCM) revealed that 90.32 percent of the

graduates are locally employed in their field of specialization, having regular employment

status in the manufacturing firms holding clerical positions but pursuing Master’s degree

hoping to be promoted after years of relevant experience. As employer’s feedback, it was

noted that the BSBCM graduates have high performance in human skills as evidenced by

their high interpersonal relationship with their superiors and officemates. Communication

Page | 19
skill, information technology skill, human relation and critical thinking skills are found

very useful in their job placement while entrepreneurship skill obtained the least response.

As to work values, love for God and honesty and love for truth were relevant among

graduates. All professional subjects are considered by the BSBCM graduates to be relevant

which include Programming Fundamentals, Data Base Management and HTML

Presentation skills. The curriculum of the General education subjects posted importance on

Languages. School related factors to job placement in terms of faculty and instruction is

the mastery of teacher’s subject matter and their quality of instruction

This paper aimed to determine if the field of specialization in the different colleges of

RTU graduates and their academic-acquired skills and competencies are related to their

present occupations. A modified Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) instrument was utilized to

gather the quantitative data. Out of 500 questionnaires administered, there were 250

graduates returned answered questionnaires representing the three Colleges: Education,

Arts and Sciences, Business and Entrepreneurial Technology. A face to face interview was

also conducted in order to support the gathered data. The SPSS was used to generate results

from the acquired quantitative data using the frequency counts, percentage and the Chi-

square goodness of fit test. The findings revealed that the graduates claimed that their

knowledge, academic-acquired skills and competencies contributed greatly in their job

performance. The Chi-square goodness of fit proved that there is a significant relationship

between the graduates’ fields of specialization and their occupations after graduation.

Likewise, the academic-acquired skills and competencies of the graduates are relevant to

their chosen occupations. The results further proved that RTU produces marketable and

appropriately trained graduates with the majority landing in course-related jobs within a

Page | 20
short period after graduation. The study also indicates that the RTU graduates possess the

skills and competencies necessary to succeed in this competitive world. However

expansion of tie-ups with private business entities is made to at least maintain the high

employability level of the graduates.

A growing number of employees and newly graduates must be a fully equipped with

knowledge and skills to be competitive in their perspective field. At this point the

educational attainment of the individual is given great emphasis. Investment on tertiary

education serves as the foundation that prepares the students for their future careers can get

a systematic feedback from former students. The researchers focused their study on the

Employment Opportunities among Tourism Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines

University Batangas Batch 2013. More specifically, it described the data and employment

status of the graduates, assessed the work related values to employment, determined the

school related factors affecting graduates employability and proposed an action plan or

program to enhance the curriculum and services offered by Lyceum of the Philippines

University Batangas towards greater employability rate of graduates. The researchers used

the descriptive method or design. The researchers found out that, majority of the graduates

are presently employed, all the identified work related values particularly professional

integrity was possessed by the respondents, school related factors is very essential for the

employability as it has a greatest influence on their employment, and proposed curriculum

enhancement and program may be sustained for improvement to produce greater

employability rate of the graduates.

This two pronged study reports the initial validation of the psychometric properties and

factor structure of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) in the context of Papua New

Page | 21
Guinea (PNG) and the investigation of the relationship between employability skills and

career adaptability. Results of the study revealed that CAAS can be a valid and useful

measurement for assessing career adaptability in the context of Papua New Guinea. Via

canonical correlation analysis (CCA), significant relations between career adaptability and

employability skills were observed. Notably, team work skills were significantly related to

the four sub-scales of career adaptability. This study serves as a clarion to educators and

policy makers in PNG by providing a richer view on the career adaptability and

employability skills as well, thus calling for integrated efforts to contribute to career

development and practice in the context of PNG.

A growing number of employees and newly graduates must be a fully equipped with

knowledge and skills to be competitive in their perspective field. At this point the

educational attainment of the individual is given great emphasis. Investment on tertiary

education serves as the foundation that prepares the students for their future careers can get

a systematic feedback from former students. The researchers focused their study on the

Employment Opportunities Among Tourism Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines

University Batangas Batch 2013. More specifically, it described the data and employment

status of the graduates, assessed the work related values to employment, determined the

school related factors affecting graduates employability and proposed an action plan or

program to enhance the curriculum and services offered by Lyceum of the Philippines

University Batangas towards greater employability rate of graduates. The researchers used

the descriptive method or design. The researchers found out that, majority of the graduates

are presently employed, all the identified work related values particularly professional

integrity was possessed by the respondents, school related factors is very essential for the

Page | 22
employability as it has a greatest influence on their employment, and proposed curriculum

enhancement and program maybe sustained for improvement to produce greater

employability rate of the graduates.

This paper aimed to determine if the field of specialization in the different colleges of

RTU graduates and their academic-acquired skills and competencies are related to their

present occupations. A modified Graduate Tracer Study (GTS) instrument was utilized to

gather the quantitative data. Out of 500 questionnaires administered, there were 250

graduates returned answered questionnaires representing the three Colleges: Education,

Arts and Sciences, Business and Entrepreneurial Technology. A face to face interview was

also conducted in order to support the gathered data. The SPSS was used to generate results

from the acquired quantitative data using the frequency counts, percentage and the Chi-

square goodness of fit test. The findings revealed that the graduates claimed that their

knowledge, academic-acquired skills and competencies contributed greatly in their job

performance. The Chi-square goodness of fit proved that there is a significant relationship

between the graduates’ fields of specialization and their occupations after graduation.

Likewise, the academic-acquired skills and competencies of the graduates are relevant to

their chosen occupations. The results further proved that RTU produces marketable and

appropriately trained graduates with the majority landing in course-related jobs within a

short period after graduation. The study also indicates that the RTU graduates possess the

skills and competencies necessary to succeed in this competitive world. However

expansion of tie-ups with private business entities is made to at least maintain the high

employability level of the graduates.

Page | 23
 Limited economic opportunity for many Filipinos has created substantial emigration

of the country’s educated work force. The economic opportunities in the United States have

attracted Philippine immigrants seeking employment opportunities. Thus, the U.S. now has

a substantial foreign-born Filipino population. Although the majority of Philippine

immigrants to the U.S. possess bachelor’s degrees or advanced degrees (Allard & Bureau

of Labor Statistics, 2011; Camarota, 2012; Commission on Filipinos Overseas, 2012),

many are underemployed or work in fields relatively unrelated to their education and

experience.

This thesis examines Philippine college and university graduates’ social networks,

educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status,

age, and gender, factors which influence and determine Philippine graduates’

employability in the U.S. labour market. The Triangulation Mixed Methods Design also

known as the Concurrent Triangulation Design was employed to effectively measure the

complex phenomenon of Philippine graduates’ employability by integrating quantitative

and qualitative data sets. The null hypotheses for this thesis were rejected exclusive of age

and gender differences. Data revealed employability was enhanced when Philippine

graduates networked with Weak Ties during initial employment and continued to be

advantageous for being adequately employed (i.e. resulted in lower underemployment).

However, lower employability and underemployment negatively affected graduates with a

bachelor’s degree (particularly a business-related degree), those who were less proficient

in English, and those who were Green Card holders. The factors that were influential in the

employability of Philippine graduates coincided with the labour market demands of the

American employers sampled in this study. The thesis found that the current status of

Page | 24
Philippine graduates has improved substantially with a higher percentage of the

respondents obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications as opposed

to their initial employment.

Philippine graduates with medical technology degrees were particularly successful

at obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications despite relatively few

holding advanced degree, but on average this group had resided in the U.S. the longest.

Graduates with business-related degrees continued to lag behind those in other degree

fields and experienced lower employability and higher underemployment. Despite their

initial employment disadvantage, these degree holders were less likely to pursue continuing

education or receive additional U.S. school/educational credits. The findings of this thesis

provide insight into the employability of Philippine graduates. Because of the sampling

restrictions, the findings cannot be extrapolated beyond the scope of this research. These

results should only be treated as indicative within the context of this research. However,

they provide useful insights for policy-makers, stakeholders and academics in the

Philippines.

Tourism graduates have grown rapidly while continuously facing stiff competition.

In this light, the study was conducted to determine the employability of Tourism graduates

for the years 2006-2010. Specifically, it described the data and employment status of the

graduates, assessed the work related values to employment and determined the school

related factors affecting graduates employability. The study used descriptive research with

total sample respondents of 136. Based on the study, 85.29% of the Tourism graduates are

gainfully employed but most of them are locally employed in the rank and file position.

The respondents believed that their degree is relevant to their job and that communication

Page | 25
and human relations skills are necessary for their employment. The work related values

affecting the employment are professional integrity, obedience and hard work. Almost all

school related factors are very relevant to the employability of graduates. The study

recommends that the college should have a periodic review of the curriculum and continue

its passion of providing quality education. It should continually update the course syllabi

to upgrade the quality of education and training for students. Future researches should be

done including other variables that may be deemed significant to improve tracing of

graduates.

The purpose of the study was to assess the employability and productivity of the

graduates across programs in aid of policy formulation and curricular enhancement. The

study asked 630 randomly selected respondents from the colleges of education,

engineering, and architecture to respond to a questionnaire that sought information on the

employability and productivity of the graduates. The findings revealed that the graduates

of Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University are highly employable, and that a

great majority of them have jobs aligned with their pre-service preparations. The graduates

were found to be highly productive in terms of their perceived readiness on the

requirements of their jobs. In terms of their performances in licensure examination, the

education, civil engineering, and electronics and communication engineering graduates

performed much higher than the national passing rates; but not for the electrical and

mechanical engineering and architecture graduates. Some operational strategies and

control mechanisms are deemed exigent to further improve the productivity of the

graduates.

Page | 26
 Graduates of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas become holistic

individuals who are ready to face the challenges of the corporate world, by way of

illustrious services that LPU-B renders to its students through delivering quality

instruction, shared mission of utilizing distinct research finding and goal of reaching out

people through community extension. This article shares some insights of the importance

of school-related factors to the employability of the graduates as major component to

measure the success of the higher academic institutions.

The study determined Employability of La Consolacion University (LCUP)

Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management Graduates for Academic Year

2011 to 2013. The study used the survey research method. For the purpose of the study

only those presently employed were included in the survey. The instrument of the study

was designed by the researchers based on the variables of the conceptual framework with

other data such as name, address, contact number, course, and year graduated. Employment

potential of the graduates was described by their job movement and the relevance of their

positions to their field of study, Hotel and Restaurant Management. The study revealed

HRM graduates are employable both locally and abroad. They enter international

employment after acquiring experience in the country. Some even got lucky abroad as soon

as completing their college degree; Academic achievers in college are mobile in their

employment. They gain more knowledge and skills by moving jobs in different hospitality

industry companies, the graduates have quite a good perception of the HRM course. They

were confident that they have learned the relevant hospitality industry knowledge and skills

and were able to find jobs that are related to their course and The HRM curriculum is in

place, but it needs enhancement. Firstly in terms of including in the practicum program a

Page | 27
variety of hospitality industry companies that the on the job trainees may access to gain

more skills and knowledge. Secondly in terms of more opportunities for in- or off-campus

skills development programs related to the major subjects.

The employability of graduates from an institution is very important to note. It is

through education and proper training that one may get a decent job after graduation. This

study intends to show the employability of teacher education graduates in an Asian public

university. The methodological approach was both quantitative and qualitative. Interviews

were semi-structured and used a standard set of questions; however graduates were

encouraged and motivated to share stories and explain how and why they had arrived at

their conclusions and to describe any relevant experiences in the workplace. The findings

reveal that the graduates who specialized in English, Mathematics and Sciences are

academically talented and motivated group with considerable aspirations to be the teaching

model. The study also highlights that Science majors are the most employable graduates

while Mathematics majors able to handle other learning areas such as Computer Education

and Economics. Many Mathematics major graduates can diversify further through

postgraduate studies, either into research or advanced courses in Mathematics in order to

be promoted an also for professional and academic growth. It is therefore concluded that

there are three top priorities in the workplace for graduates, these includes:

challenging/interesting work, a high salary and professional growth.

The purpose of the study was to assess the employability and productivity of the

graduates across programs in aid of policy formulation and curricular enhancement. The

study asked 630 randomly selected respondents from the colleges of education,

engineering, and architecture to respond to a questionnaire that sought information on the

Page | 28
employability and productivity of the graduates. The findings revealed that the graduates

of Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University are highly employable, and that a

great majority of them have jobs aligned with their pre-service preparations. The graduates

were found to be highly productive in terms of their perceived readiness on the

requirements of their jobs. In terms of their performances in licensure examination, the

education, civil engineering, and electronics and communication engineering graduates

performed much higher than the national passing rates; but not for the electrical and

mechanical engineering and architecture graduates. Some operational strategies and

control mechanisms are deemed exigent to further improve the productivity of the

graduates.

This study aims to determine the employability of Mechanical, Industrial and

Electronics Engineering graduates which also explores the relevance of curriculum and

work-related behavior to the job placement of the graduate-respondents. Descriptive type

of research was utilized in the study. Findings showed that engineering graduates of the

academic institution under study are highly employable and gainfully employed locally

while enjoying the benefits of regular status and handling professional, technical or

supervisory positions where they find their present jobs within 1 to 6 months. Relevance

of the engineering program to graduates’ present work assignment is one of the common

reasons in accepting and staying on the job while communication skill is the most common

useful ability of the engineering graduates in their job placement and leadership, hard work

and professional integrity are the work – related values identified with very much

contribution in meeting the demands of their present employment. Curriculum is also

Page | 29
considered relevant for Mechanical and Industrial Engineering graduates but only slightly

relevant for Electronics Engineering Graduates.

The study aimed to evaluate and assess the job satisfaction and employability of

graduates of the Education graduates of Western Philippines University – Quezon Campus.

It aimed to determine the level of education graduates of Western Philippines University

Quezon Campus. This study used descriptive statistics such as frequency counts,

percentages; means were used to analyze the data that was gathered through the use of

modified CHED Tracer Study survey questionnaire that was personally administered to 57

elementary graduates and 35 secondary graduates served as population in this study from

2007 to 2011. Results revealed that majority of graduates were employed. The level of

employability of education graduates of Western Philippine University- Quezon Campus

were described as high. Respondents are satisfied that their job is challenging and inspires

them to do their best and have chance to grow professionally in their present job were

described as Very High. Similarly, they are satisfied as to happiness in teaching day in and

out of their school and a feeling of belongingness at present work that it would be hard to

them to leave. It means that education graduates have great opportunity and good chance

in professional world that both government and private agencies can accommodate them.

Despites of the high employability level of the teacher education graduates of Western

Philippines University Quezon Campus, the college of education must still conduct a

through graduate assessment program it is important for the university administration to

monitor their graduates.

Limited economic opportunity for many Filipinos has created substantial

emigration of the country’s educated work force. The economic opportunities in the United

Page | 30
States have attracted Philippine immigrants seeking employment opportunities. Thus, the

U.S. now has a substantial foreign-born Filipino population. Although the majority of

Philippine immigrants to the U.S. possess bachelor’s degrees or advanced degrees, many

are underemployed or work in fields relatively unrelated to their education and experience.

This thesis examines Philippine college and university graduates’ social networks,

educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status,

age, and gender, factors which influence and determine Philippine graduates’

employability in the U.S. labour market. The Triangulation Mixed Methods Design also

known as the Concurrent Triangulation Design was employed to effectively measure the

complex phenomenon of Philippine graduates’ employability by integrating quantitative

and qualitative data sets. The null hypotheses for this thesis were rejected exclusive of age

and gender differences. Data revealed employability was enhanced when Philippine

graduates networked with Weak Ties during initial employment and continued to be

advantageous for being adequately employed (i.e. resulted in lower underemployment).

However, lower employability and underemployment negatively affected graduates with a

bachelor’s degree (particularly a business-related degree), those who were less proficient

in English, and those who were Green Card holders. The factors that were influential in the

employability of Philippine graduates coincided with the labour market demands of the

American employers sampled in this study. The thesis found that the current status of

Philippine graduates has improved substantially with a higher percentage of the

respondents obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications as opposed

to their initial employment.

Page | 31
 Philippine graduates with medical technology degrees were particularly successful

at obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications despite relatively few

holding advanced degree, but on average this group had resided in the U.S. the longest.

Graduates with business-related degrees continued to lag behind those in other degree

fields and experienced lower employability and higher underemployment. Despite their

initial employment disadvantage, these degree holders were less likely to pursue continuing

education or receive additional U.S. school/educational credits. The findings of this thesis

provide insight into the employability of Philippine graduates. Because of the sampling

restrictions, the findings cannot be extrapolated beyond the scope of this research. These

results should only be treated as indicative within the context of this research. However,

they provide useful insights for policy-makers, stakeholders and academics in the

Philippines.

This paper is part of the results of a larger graduate tracer study done for a large

university. It looks into the culture of entrepreneurship versus employment among recent

graduates of the business school of a large university based in the Philippines. Students

who chose to take an entrepreneurial education undergo a two-semester business practicum

program entailing preparation of a business plan and actual implementation of a start-up

enterprise. Students who go through this baccalaureate degree are envisioned to become

entrepreneurs when they graduate. The study reveals that one out of four of the graduates

who took up entrepreneurial education became entrepreneurs after graduation. Many still

opted for employment. It appears from this initial study that the culture of entrepreneurship

particularly youth entrepreneurship still needs to take root in the young people’s mindset.

Page | 32
Filipino youth continue to have a strong cultural preference for secure jobs and the

employment route

This study aimed to determine the employability of the graduates in Bachelor of

Science in Industrial Technology of Naval State University. The descriptive survey method

was used to collect data from 134 respondents. Most of the respondents were single, male

dominated, with age range from 21-25 years old and were from the Municipality of Naval.

It was also found that the respondents graduated in the School Year 2012- 2013; most of

them received honors and awards, with technical skills, TESDA NC II passers, the

availability of the course offering in the chosen institution is their main reason in taking

the course and they also had attended training and seminars not related to the acquired

skills. Their nature of employment reveals: staying in the first job from one year to less

than two years; searching for the first job ranged from 1 year to less than 2 years;

rank/clerical for the job level position and only few transferred to another job and their

monthly income fell under the range of P5,000 to P10,000 pesos. The graduates preferred

to work locally or within the country. Proximity to residence is the reason for staying in

the first job and family is the reason for changing the first job after college. It is

recommended that further studies be conducted in a larger scope to generate optimum result

and findings.

This study was conducted as a consequence of Malaysian society’s growing

concern over the issue of graduate employability recently. As a group of institutions which

is responsible for producing human resource for the competitive labour market, the higher

education institutions (HEls) need to ensure that they produce graduates with employability

skills that fulfill employers’ requirements. After reviewing Bandura’s (1986) Social

Page | 33
Learning Theory, and Nonaka’s (1!291) four modes of knowledge conversion, this study

had decided to focus on graduates’ perception towards campus climate as a learning and

development medium. It involved the perception among University Utara Malaysia’s

(UUM) graduates. The study emphasized on work experience and transferable skill

development through the environment provided by the university. This was linked to the

recent labour market scenario where employers were inclined to recruit graduates with

transferable skills and experiences. The assessment of courses or programmes offered was

also included. This study focused on the relationship between campus climate and the

development of transferable skills. This was based on the social learning theory which

argued that most of the learning process occurs through social context. In addition, this

study also viewed the graduates’ perceptions towards how tacit knowledge or work

experience were disseminated in the university environment. It was found that the UUM’s

environment had a significant relationship with transferable skill development among their

students. Although some significant relationship existed, the university could still improve

the environment further as the relationships between both variables (university’s

environment and transferalble skill development) were found to be low. The improvement

of the university’s environment could assure that university could produce quality and

competitive graduates in the future. These characteristics could serve as important assets

for the graduates in a challenging labour market.

Page | 34
Related Studies

FOREIGN STUDIES

Absuelo(2014), Employability of Philippine college and university graduates in the

United States. Limited economic opportunity for many Filipinos has created substantial

emigration of the country’s educated work force. The economic opportunities in the United

States have attracted Philippine immigrants seeking employment opportunities. Thus, the

U.S. now has a substantial foreign-born Filipino population. Although the majority of

Philippine immigrants to the U.S. possess bachelor’s degrees or advanced degrees, many

are underemployed or work in fields relatively unrelated to their education and experience.

This thesis examines Philippine college and university graduates’ social networks,

educational attainment, degree field, English language proficiency, immigration status,

age, and gender, factors which influence and determine Philippine graduates’

employability in the U.S. labour market. The Triangulation Mixed Methods Design also

known as the Concurrent Triangulation Design was employed to effectively measure the

complex phenomenon of Philippine graduates’ employability by integrating quantitative

and qualitative data sets. The null hypotheses for this thesis were rejected exclusive of age

and gender differences. Data revealed employability was enhanced when Philippine

graduates networked with Weak Ties during initial employment and continued to be

advantageous for being adequately employed (i.e. resulted in lower underemployment).

However, lower employability and underemployment negatively affected graduates with a

bachelor’s degree (particularly a business-related degree), those who were less proficient

in English, and those who were Green Card holders. The factors that were influential in the

employability of Philippine graduates coincided with the labour market demands of the

Page | 35
American employers sampled in this study. The thesis found that the current status of

Philippine graduates has improved substantially with a higher percentage of the

respondents obtaining jobs commensurate with their educational qualifications as opposed

to their initial employment.

Similarly there are factors that affects the enhancement of employability of the

Filipino workers in the US, but having a background or experience on the job acquired in

US, there bigger chances of getting a job that commensurate with their course. And in the

Philippines there is a lesser chance of acquiring a better job.

Gishan, Sumanasiri, Ab Yajid, Khatibi (2015), Review of literature on Graduate

Employability. There is increasing pressure from governments, funding organizations,

students and parents on universities around the world since graduate employability has

been clearly recognized as one of the main objectives of university education.

Accreditation bodies also appear to measure quality of education through the contributions

made towards employability. In such a context one would assume that employability of

university graduates to be clearly understood and extensively researched area. However,

the real situation appears to be one which requires the urgent attention of all stakeholders

of university education. A review of literature on graduate employability is a clear need

today and current paper achieves this by summarizing the major articles on university

graduate employability theoretical frameworks and empirical studies. Despite the large

number of studies, graduate employability appears to be suffering from the problems of

lack of theoretical control and politicization which appear to have become major obstacles

for future developments of the concept.

Page | 36
 Government and non- government supports the betterment of the education. Yet

graduates are still suffering from applying to a job the commensurate their course.

However, Government offers a financial help for students that gives a less help on the

employability of the students. There are less job fair offered in the Philippines.

Tristram Hooley (2017), Employability: A review of the Literature 2012-2016. This

paper examines 187 pieces of research published between 2012 and 2016. It describes how

the subject of employability has been addressed during this period and draws out some of

the key implications for higher education providers (HEPs), academics and employability

practitioners. The framework was used both to provide keywords for the literature review,

and to help in structuring our report. Higher education providers are under considerable

pressure from policymakers, students and employers to ensure that graduates emerge from

higher education ready for the labour market. The imminent implementation of the

Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) looks set to increase this pressure. It is also

possible to argue that a focus on employability is a moral duty for higher education

providers. Students invest their time and money in accessing higher education with the

expectation that it will offer them access to greater life chances than they would have

obtained if they had not attended HE. For the most part, this expectation is fulfilled with

graduates generally doing better in the labour market than non-graduates. However, it is

not simply holding a degree that results in these outcomes (although there is an important

signalling effect), rather it is critical that higher education develops students in ways that

support them to be successful in the future. Much of this literature pre-dates the period on

which this study is focused, but many of the themes that are addressed in this earlier

literature are of perennial concern. During the period addressed by this review the literature

Page | 37
describes employability as a key debate within higher education and one that is linked to

wider debates about the place of higher education within society. Key arguments made by

this literature include the following: the size and structure of the graduate labour market

means increasing graduates’ employability will not necessarily lead to enhanced

employment opportunities as the number of graduates is not necessarily closely aligned to

the number of graduate jobs; employability is a critical part of the public policy rationale

of higher education; in a mercerised higher education system, employability is likely to be

a key motivator for student choice making; employability can be viewed through a range

of different lenses related to the needs of different stakeholders. Some writers have also

articulated a range of criticisms of the employability agenda. However, despite the range

of critical perspectives that exist, much of the literature argues there is value in engaging

with employability and sets out a range of models and concepts through which it is possible

to intervene in students’ employability.

The researchers in this study focused on the opportunity of graduates in finding

jobs that is suitable for the degree they hold. However, they came up to a conclusion that

as the number of graduates is not necessarily closely aligned to the number of graduate

jobs.

Osmani (2015), Identifying the trends and impact of Graduates Attributes on

Employability. Graduate employability has become an issue since there are broad

mismatches in the acquired graduate skills from university and the required skills by

employers. While previous researches have outlined the salient skills that need to be

embedded in graduate education, to date no studies have attempted to methodically identify

and synthesize the literature on graduate attributes. In this paper a total of 39 relevant

Page | 38
studies on graduate skills and attributes in the subject areas of business and management,

accounting, and computer science were extracted from Scopus® (database). This revealed

a total of 53 graduate attributes, with some being highly used, such as communication,

teamwork, problem solving, technological skills, creativity, interpersonal skills, leadership

skills, self-management and flexibility/adaptability. The majority of studies used a

quantitative survey method to collect and rank graduate attributes, and Australia emerged

as the most active country in researching the domain.

Bachelor of Science in Legal Management and the required skills is mismatched

according to our research and to those employers that is not their course that fit their work.

It is used by quantitative research method to collect data.

Chorvy (2015), Tracer Study 2014 (Graduates of 2012). The primary objectives of

the study were to find out the answers to the research questions related to the questions re:

how the University helped the graduates to get jobs, how long they were trying to find a

job after graduation from RUPP, what types of jobs they have, how gender issues affected

the employment and career development opportunities/prospects of graduates, how much

they earn from their careers, what kinds of skills learned at the University are related to

their current work, and if they were satisfied with their studies at the RUPP, and how the

University qualification contributes to their lifelong learning. To answer the queries above,

a total of 565 samples were studied and drawn from a pool of 932 graduates who were

randomly selected amongst the whole population. Those participants were interviewed

through mobile phones and they were contacted at least twice in order to get the complete

information related to their current employment. This study reports the findings of a tracer

study conducted in 2014 by the RUPP Quality Assurance Unit. Overall, results show that

Page | 39
86.4 per cent of graduates have found gainful employment after they had left the university

for 12 months and the remainder are either in graduate school or still looking for acceptable

work. On average, RUPP graduates can earn approximately US$100 to US$ 2,000 per

month; the ones living in the city have more opportunities to earn more revenue than those

living in the provinces. According to the respondents, 45.3 per cent of them intend to pursue

further graduate education at the RUPP. In conclusion, the study finds that more MA labor-

market relevant programs should be established after a labor market survey has been

completed by the university.

Similarly, this study presented the employability of fresh graduates, the kind of

their job and their monthly income. Nevertheless, this study contradicts in our study in a

way that the scope of this study is broader than our study

Cranmer(2006), Enhancing graduate employability. This article reports on a study

for the Higher Education Funding Council for England on the impact of employability

skills teaching and learning on graduate labour market prospects. The findings of the study

cast doubt on the assumption that these skills can be effectively developed within

classrooms. Detailed information gathered at university department level is drawn on to

assess how academics perceive and engage in the teaching and learning of employability

skills. It is argued that, despite the best intentions of academics to enhance graduates’

employability, the limitations inherent within the agenda will consistently produce mixed

outcomes. Furthermore, it is argued that resources would be better utilised to increase

employment‐based training and experience, and/or employer involvement in courses,

which were found to positively affect immediate graduate prospects in the labour market

and, therefore, support graduates in the transitional stage into employment.

Page | 40
 Likely, this study presented the employment of graduates and their opportunities in

finding a job but, this mainly tackled about the impact of employability skils teaching and

learning on graduate labour market prospect.

Hinchliffe(2011), Graduate identity and employability. This paper develops the

concept of graduate identity as a way of deepening the understanding of graduate

employability. It does this through presenting research in which over 100 employers in

East Anglia were asked to record their perceptions of graduates in respect of their

employability. The findings suggest a composite and complex graduate identity, depending

on employer size and sector. There is no one fixed identity for graduates. Nevertheless,

certain themes emerged that seriously put into question the traditional model of graduate

employability comprising skills, competencies and attributes. What emerges is a four-

stranded concept of identity that comprises value, intellect, social engagement and

performance. Thus, when assessing the potential of graduates, performance is not the only

criteria that employers take into account. Moreover, the four elements of identity are by no

means independent of each other but are expected to interpenetrate producing a composite

identity, with different employers emphasising different facets of this identity.

This study also focused on employability of graduates. But, this study added in their

discussion the employability comprising skills, competencies and attributes.

Mason(2009), Employability skills initiatives in higher education. The present

paper makes use of detailed information gathered at university department level, combined

with graduate survey data, to assess the impact of different kinds of employability skills

initiative on graduate labour market performance. We find that structured work experience

Page | 41
and employer involvement in degree course design and delivery have clear positive effects

on the ability of graduates to secure employment in ‘graduate‐level’ jobs. However, a

measure of departmental involvement in explicit teaching and assessment of employability

skills is not significantly related to labour market performance.

Recent shifts in education and labour market policy have resulted in universities

being placed under increasing pressure to produce employable graduates. However,

contention exists regarding exactly what constitutes employability and which graduate

attributes are required to foster employability in tertiary students. This paper argues that in

the context of a rapidly changing information‐ and knowledge‐intensive economy,

employability involves far more than possession of the generic skills listed by graduate

employers as attractive. Rather, for optimal economic and social outcomes, graduates must

be able to proactively navigate the world of work and self‐manage the career building

process. A model of desirable graduate attributes that acknowledges the importance of self‐

management and career building skills to lifelong career management and enhanced

employability is presented. Some important considerations for the implementation of

effective university career management programs are then outlined.

This study used the university department level and combined with graduate survey

to gather data access the employability of graduates. Nevertheless, this study argues that in

context of rapidly changing information- and knowledge- intensive.

Crossman(2010), International experience and graduate employability. This paper

reports the findings of an Australian qualitative study (N = 45) concerned with the way that

employers, academics and students perceived connections between international

Page | 42
experience and graduate employability. Drawing on the literature, the authors argue that

increasing globalisation and internationalisation has heightened the need for graduates with

the ability to operate in culturally diverse contexts. Universities have focussed upon

exchange as part of internationalisation to prepare students for work but there is still limited

literature on the nature of the relationship between international experiences, more broadly

and graduate employability. The findings suggest that all stakeholders identify clear

connections between international experience and employability given outcomes

associated with the forging of networks, opportunities for experiential learning, language

acquisition and the development of soft skills related to cultural understandings, personal

characteristics and ways of thinking.

Likely, this study also used qualitative approach. Nevertheless, this study tackles

on the way those employers, academics and students perceived connections between

international experience and graduate employability.

Page | 43
 Tomlinson(2007), Graduate employability and student attitudes and orientations to

the labour market. This article examines the way students, making the transition from

higher education into the labour market, construct, understand and begin to manage their

employability. It draws upon a qualitative study of 53 final‐year undergraduates in a pre‐

1992 university in the UK. It firstly explores students’ perceptions of the current labour

market for graduates and how they understand future career progression. It examines their

different orientations and attitudes to work and careers through the development of an

ideal‐type model. It then considers how these orientations influence the way students

approach future work and careers and manage their employability, and further discusses

some of the implications this has for current policies around higher education and the

labour market in the UK context.

In this study, the researchers also focused on the undergraduates where is not same

as in our study. This study also includes the attitudes of students in acquiring jobs.

Redmond(2006), Outcasts on the inside. The drive to widen access and

participation in higher education is rapidly transforming the sector. Despite this, through

an interplay of social, cultural and gender‐related factors, students from ‘widening

participation’ backgrounds can all too frequently become, within their own institutions,

‘outcasts on the inside’: formally accepted by the university without ever acquiring, still

less embodying, the traditional social and cultural advantages bestowed by HE. Thus, the

irony of widening participation would seem to be that by entering higher education an

already disadvantaged educational habitus should be reinforced not transformed. Based on

a three‐year ethnographic study, this paper explores the factors motivating widening

Page | 44
participation students to enrol in higher education, the nature of their experiences, and the

extent to which higher education represents an attempt at social repositioning.

Andrews(2008), Graduate Employability.There is a growing awareness in the UK

and mainland Europe of the importance of higher education to the development of a

knowledge‐based economy. European universities are increasingly required to produce

highly mobile graduates able to respond to the ever‐changing needs of the contemporary

workplace. “The European Higher Education Area” (Bologna Declaration), Joint

Declaration of the European Ministers of Education, Bologna, higher education across

Europe has expanded rapidly. This has resulted in questions being raised about the quality

of the graduate labour market and the ability of graduates to meet the needs of employers.

This paper analyses graduate and employer perspectives of graduate employability in four

European countries (UK, Austria, Slovenia and Romania). In doing so it adds to current

debates in this area.

Weligamage(2015), Graduates employability skills. This study was conducted with

the objectives of identifying the employer skills needs in different countries, various

definitions related to employability skills, previous research done in different countries

related to the employability skills requirement and their recommendation. The study is

based on a literature survey of educational reports, empirical and theoretical research

papers. Studies done in Sri Lanka and in other countries as well as those comparing the

inter-country situation are also summarized in this paper. Review findings revealed that

skills definitions, employer expectation and requirement differ according to different

countries. Employers‟ needs and also the learners‟ skill enhancement capabilities should

be taken into account in formulating future skills assessments. This study concludes that

Page | 45
universities should identify skill sets that will best serve the future labor market and align

programmes to meet those needs.

McKeown(2011), The Graduate Job search process. The paper seeks to provide

perspectives on the job search expectations and job seeking strategies of Australian

graduates, including their perceptions of University Careers Centres (UCCs). A total of 45

new graduates and representatives of five UCCs were interviewed. Both Australian

graduates and UCCs are aware of the misalignment between graduates' high expectations

and job search realities, but currently do little to proactively redress it. The study also found

major inconsistencies between the viewpoints of graduates and UCCs regarding the

usefulness of UCCs, as not only did most graduates not use these services, they were often

completely unaware of them. This suggests that many graduates find employment based

on learning through adversity and persistence rather than good career management. UCCs

should develop strategies for engaging students in the career seeking process early in their

studies, and promote the availability and utility of their services. In addition, strategies

should be developed to increase students' awareness of the realities of job and career

seeking, and to develop their resilience in this area.

Page | 46
Holmes(2013), Competing perspectives on graduate employability: possession, position or

process? Employability has become, and is likely to continue to be, a major issue for a

variety of stakeholders in higher education. The article examines three competing

perspectives on employability, termed here as the ‘possessive’, ‘positioning’ and

‘processual’ approaches. The first of these, based on notions of skills and attributes,

dominates the policy and practice discourse but, it is argued, is deeply flawed in theoretical

terms. The second perspective, based on social positioning theory, is shown to be more in

accord with the evidence of employment outcomes, but tends, arguably, to lead to a

‘counsel of despair’. The processual perspective is then presented, particularly focusing on

the concept of graduate identity. The article argues that this is theoretically robust, is

supported by empirical evidence, and provides a sound basis for curriculum and other

forms of intervention to enhance graduate employability.

Tran(2015), Is graduate employability the “Whole-of-Higher-Education-Issue”?

Graduate employability has become an issue in Vietnam since many university students do

not satisfy the needs of employers. Universities often receive the strongest criticism on the

poor employability assets graduates possess. The ill-preparation of university graduates is

considered the result of the out dated and irrelevant curriculum in the higher education

system, of the traditional teaching methods and the absent of career guidance in most

universities. This article, however, aims to challenge this common criticism that university

is to blame for the ill-preparation for employment of its graduates. By conducting a

qualitative research inviting the voices of both students and employers on the issue, this

article wants to address a wider context and circumstance and also the related issues

surrounding the transition from university to work of Vietnamese university graduates. It

Page | 47
suggests that not only universities, but also students, employers and other related

stakeholders (i.e. student’s family, government and educational policy makers) should

acknowledge the changes in society, should be aware of the cultural features at work, and

should see their responsibility in the process. They all should make an effort to create

mutual understanding, to collaborate and to enhance the development of graduate

employability in the Vietnamese context.

Nilsson(2010), Enhancing individual employability. Employability includes the

ability to find employment and remain employed. Employability includes both hard and

soft skills, including formal and actual competence, interpersonal skills, and personal

characteristics. This paper aims to focus on illuminating perceptions engineering graduates

have regarding employability. More specifically, the aim is to explore how engineering

graduates perceive, invest in, manage, and develop their employability.

The study highlighted in the paper draws on a longitudinal qualitative study and the

empirical data include recurrent interviews with 20 recent graduates from Master's level

engineering programs in information technology.

The results of the paper indicate that hard formal and technical vocational skills are

considered to be of declining importance. Generally, these skills are considered less

important in relation to one's individual employability compared to different forms of soft

skills and personal attributes. The meaning of employability is typically viewed relationally

and contextually and is associated with the specific place in which one works. The

responsibility for managing and developing one's employability lies with each individual.

The results of the paper indicate that engineering graduates have educational expectations

Page | 48
that are not entirely consistent with current university practices. The study respondents

indicated that the educational program should focus less on the substantive content of the

engineering curriculum, and instead focus more on generalist competence and soft

employability skills, including interpersonal skills.

Shumilova, Cai, Pekkola (2011), Employability of International Graduates

Educated in Finnish Higher Education Institutions. This report presents the outcomes of

the VALOA study on international graduate employability conducted in Finland in 2011-

12. The study, following a mixed methods design, involved a survey of international

graduates of 2009-10 (n=363) in 15 Finnish HEIs and 20 complimentary interviews with

the graduates and employers. The design of survey was based on the definition of

employability and job success criteria as discussed in the literature review. The report

presents employment situation of international graduates, post-graduation mobility trends,

the challenges and experiences of transition from higher education to the world of work

along with employers’ views on hiring and working with international graduates. It also

discovers the factors affecting the employment of international graduates and explores the

relevance of the skills gained in the course of studies for the world of work as perceived

by international graduates and their employers. The differences of employment experiences

between graduates of different nationalities, gender, age groups,

Disciplinary background and type of institution were highlighted throughout the

report. In the end it elicits recommendations on how Finnish HEIs can raise their profiles

internationally and enhance the employability of international graduates.

Page | 49
 In this study, they presents employment situation of international graduates, post-

graduation mobility trends, the challenges and experiences along with employers’ views

on hiring and working with international graduates. Yet, they vary with our study on the

size of respondents.

LOCAL STUDIES

Lucanas(2009), Employment Status of the English Graduates “2006-2008”. This

study aimed to present a feedback mechanism for the department and college to come up

with a more productive, competitive and effective program for the students. This study

presents the possible reasons on why they are graduates who’s unemployed and employed.

The authors want to show the programs used in providing AB Journalism graduates

adequate skills to help them for professional careers, but the program must be open to

changes that would effectively lead graduates for a better employment.

Similarly, this study is also states the reasons why there are employed and

unemployed fresh graduates within a batch. But, this study also aimed to present a feedback

mechanism for the department and college to come up with a more productive, competitive

and effective program for the students.

Mambu(2006), Graduate school employment. The study determines the general

profile and the present employment status of the respondents which are the graduates of

Polytechnic University of the Philippines academic year 2004-2005. This research tackles

about the tracer study that uses as a method in which is primarily intended to locate

graduates of academic institution, past recipient of scholarship grants, former participants

Page | 50
and among other situation in order to collect data and update information about this type

of people.

Employer’s Review on AB English Graduates of Bicol University College of Arts

and Letters SY 2006-2009”, the study shows that Newly established private companies in

Albay hire most of the AB English graduates, employers of AB English graduates find

their job performance and attitude to be very satisfactory, it is more appropriate to used the

communication skills and skills that should be imposed is depends on the line of work you

engage in. In this study, the researchers are interested to know if the AB Journalism

graduates will find their job performance, personally development, professionalism, office

management and time management will be obtained as well.

Similarly, , the study aimed to know if the AB Journalism graduates will find their

job performance, personally development, professionalism, office management and time

management will be obtained as well. But the respondent of this study is not parallel to our

study.

Verona(2006), A Tracer Study of the Employment Status of PUPQC AY 2004-

2005. The research Tracer Study of the Graduates Certificate in Teaching Physical

Education (CPE) from 1995-2005 answered the profile of the CPE graduates in terms of

job position and the employment in terms of job encountered of the CPE. Majority of the

CPE graduates are males. Base on the findings of the study, Most of the CPE graduates are

in the permanent status of employment. They are employed in the national government

with the monthly salary of 10,000Php to 15,000Php a month. The topmost encountered by

the CPE graduates in that they are not give equal opportunities like those of the education

Page | 51
graduates. This study may connect to the present study in terms of employment standing

or status of the graduates. It also focuses on the job position that is also one important factor

in employing a job because as graduate of a particular course, the job should go along with

the profession that they graduated.

Similarly, this study also claim to know the employability of the graduates and how

they coping in their chosen jobs. But as like the recent studies presented, they differ in

terms of respondents.

Saruth(2010), A job market offers job trainings to equip employers to develop work

environment. Belen, “Employment Prospects for AB English Graduates of 2009” – aimed

to determine the job opportunities available for AB English Graduates of 2009, the research

aims to the qualifications require from the AB English Graduates that would give them the

edge in the job market in terms of academic skills and special skills. It is also about to

assess the training needs required by the job market that awaits the AB English Graduates.

The findings of the authors will reflect the idea that to the generally skills be functional in

the job great demands, special skills are required to enhance specific skills needed in work.

So, graduates will enhance competitiveness to develop one’s potential to be suitable for a

particular job.

Similarly, this study aimed to determine the job opportunities available for AB

English Graduates of 2009. The skills are important to get a job and contribute this for the

success of the organization. But, the respondents are different compare to our respondents

who are BSLM Graduates.

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 Infante, Junco, Marquez (2014), Employment Status of the Graduates of Guimaras

State College, Philippines. Employment status is one of the major factors influencing the

quality of work. Manpower contributes to building a productive nation. This tracer study

was conducted to determine the employment status of the graduates of Guimaras State

College-Mosqueda Campus from AY 2006-2012. The instrument used in the study was the

standardized one formulated by the Commission on Higher Education in doing tracer

studies for the higher education institution. The questionnaires were distributed per

municipality based on the addresses of the respondents taken from the School’s Registrar

Office. The majority of the graduates were female and single. They came from a family

with big household size having an annual family income of less than P50,000.00. Majority

of these graduates did not take further studies though they were very satisfied with the

knowledge and skills acquired from their course for which they found the program and

self-readiness as very effective. Majority of them were employed on a contractual basis

with a monthly salary of P5,000.00 to less than P10,000.00. The primary reason for those

who were not employed was family responsibility. Very evident in this study is the fact

that despite poverty, the Filipino families still value education as means to finding better

employment opportunities. Regardless of the dearth of physical facilities that GSCMC

provided, still they continue to take higher education with the institution. The result of the

study served as basis in pursuing plans and proposed action areas of intervention for GSC

programs and services to the community it is serving.

Likely, the study aims to determine the employability of students who are fresh

graduates. But this study is not the same in terms of respondents compare to our study

which particularly focused on BSLM Graduates only.

Page | 53
 Imam, Abas (2016), Graduates’ Competence on Employability Skills and Job

Performance. One critical measure of success in workplaces is an employee’s ability to

use competently the knowledge, skills and values that match the needs of his job, satisfy

the demands of his employer, and contribute to the overall achievement of institutional

goals. An explanatory-correlational research design was used to determine the extent of

relationship between categories of employability skills (using The Conference Board of

Canada’s Employability Skills 2000+) and elements of Contextual Performance adopted

from Borman and Motowidlo’s Taxonomy. There were a total of 220 respondents

representing the groups of employers and employees from 25 government institutions in

the south-central part of Mindanao region, Philippines. Inferential analysis shows that

fundamental skills had moderate relationship with employees’ contextual performance.

However, being more competent in thinking and problem solving skills provides

employees with more benefits in performing contextual behavior. Findings further

revealed that although personal management skills had moderate relationship with

employees’ contextual behavior, the competence in personal adaptability and learning

continuously are contributory across all elements of contextual performance. Finally, the

result of the study yielded that teamwork skills, particularly the skills on working with

others, were also moderately correlated with employees’ contextual performance. This

implies that graduates’ competence in employability skills could give them due

advantage in their respective work settings. Thus, proper attention on developing

competence on employability skills by employers, employees, higher academic

institutions, labor agencies, and policy makers may help address the problems on job

performance.

Page | 54
 Likely, the study aimed to determine the employability of the graduates and the job

opportunities for them. They also tackled the relationship within the organization which is

not be tackle in our study.

Rateau(2011), Understanding the Employability of College Graduates for Success

in the Workplace. In our increasingly competitive world, it is critical that college graduates

enter the workplace with the appropriate skills to not only survive but also grow their

career. Current college graduates have not consistently acquired the skills needed for

success in the workplace to learn and thrive continuously in our rapidly changing world.

The Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Science must identify the specific

strategies that develop best the needed skills for the success of the graduate and society

The purpose of the study was to identify a land grant college of agriculture and life

sciences‟ (LGCALS) current programmatic and classroom strategies for developing

students‟ ability to learn and thrive continuously in our rapidly changing world and a (1)

explore programmatic strategies for developing students‟ ability to continuously learn and

thrive; (2) explore innovative instructors classroom strategies for developing students‟

ability to learn and thrive continuously; (3) describe graduates perceptions of career

readiness as measured through the bases of competence inventory, and finally; (4) compare

programmatic strategies, classroom strategies and graduates‟ perceptions for career

readiness. A mixed methods convergent parallel design guided the research. Qualitative

interviews were employed for exploring experiences using an interpretive, constructivist,

and naturalistic approach for research objectives 1 and 2. A cross sectional survey design

and questionnaire, Making the Match, was used to conduct the quantitative research for

objective 3. The mixed methods portion of the convergent parallel design was used to frame

Page | 55
and explore research objective 4. Findings of the study detail need for curriculum

improvement in problem solving, learning, time management, creativity and change, and

personal strengths.

Similarly, this study claims that college graduates have not consistently acquired the

skills needed for success in the workplace to learn and thrive continuously in our rapidly

changing world and it is affecting the employability of the graduates. Nevertheless, the

study is not parallel to our study in terms of its respondents.

Dagooc(2015), Education Woes Weaken Employability Of Pinoy Graduates. The

Philippine Institute of Development Studies (PIDS) has reminded once again the academe

as well as authorities in the government to immediately look into this issue, while the

Philippines is largely banking on its human capital to sustain the hyper economic

projection. Economist Gilberto M. Llanto of PIDS made this reminder during his recent

visit to Cebu, saying that the educational institution has to catch up with the movement of

high quality standard from employers all over the world, especially that the Philippines is

gaining prominence as the hub for their back-office requirements. According to Llanto, the

Philippines has to work harder in constantly providing quality graduates that could support

the growing need for degree holders, skilled workers, that could meet the high standard of

global employers.

Llanto's reminder echoed the earlier pronouncement of Philippine Chamber of

Commerce and Industry (PCCI) chairman for education Eduardo Gueriez-Ong, saying that

the Philippine educational institutions should collaborate tightly in providing world-class

quality system to prepare the country's manpower pool for global competition. Ong even

Page | 56
suggested that a strong tripartite partnership between government, academe, and industry

should be started, in order to create an educational system that provides the right training

to prepare Filipino workers to support local industry's expansion and compete in the global

employment market. Without intervention, the workforce will be unprepared for the skills

requirements of local industry and the government's national development plan,

undermining economic progress, he said. In addition, local workers will be ill equipped to

face the challenges-and take advantage of the opportunities-of "global realities" including

globalization, trade liberalization, information and technology advancements, and bilateral

and multilateral employment arrangements. Ong said a strong workforce is crucial now

that statistics show the Philippines' ranking in a number of world competitiveness indices

going up in 2013 compared to 2012.

Likely, the study claims that competition is getting higher nowadays in job hiring.

Employability is being affected because not all applicants will pass in such organization.

Meanwhile, these studies tackled in general not like our study which is only focused on

BSLM Graduates.

Felicin, Mejia (2013), Graduate’s Employability: A Tracer Study for Bachelor of

Science in Tourism (BST, 2006-2010). Tourism graduates have grown rapidly while

continuously facing stiff competition. In this light, the study was conducted to determine

the employability of Tourism graduates for the years 2006-2010. Specifically, it described

the data and employment status of the graduates, assessed the work related values to

employment and determined the school related factors affecting graduates employability.

The study used descriptive research with total sample respondents of 136. Based on the

study, 85.29% of the Tourism graduates are gainfully employed but most of them are

Page | 57
locally employed in the rank and file position. The respondents believed that their degree

is relevant to their job and that communication and human relations skills are necessary for

their employment. The work related values affecting the employment are professional

integrity, obedience and hard work. Almost all school related factors are very relevant to

the employability of graduates. The study recommends that the college should have a

periodic review of the curriculum and continue its passion of providing quality education.

It should continually update the course syllabi to upgrade the quality of education and

training for students. Future researches should be done including other variables that may

be deemed significant to improve tracing of graduates.

Likely, this study aimed to determine the employability of Tourism graduates for

the years 2006-2010. The study involved 5 batches which are the same also with our study.

But, the respondents are different wherein the respondents in this study are Tourisms and

in the other study are BSLM Graduates.

Celis, Festijo, Cuejo (2013), Graduate’s employability: A tracer study for Bachelor

of Science in hotel and restaurant management. This study primarily determined the

employability of the graduates of Hotel and Restaurant Management of Lyceum of

Philippines University from 2005-2009. Specifically, it sought to determine the job

placement profile of the graduates and relevance of school related factors to job placement.

It also identified the work related values and skills that contribute in meeting the demands

of the present job. Furthermore, this research proposes a program to improve employment

rate for Hotel and Restaurant Management graduates of LPU. This tracer study used the

descriptive research design. Majority of the respondents are gainfully employed and landed

a job from one to two years after graduation. Most of them are on contractual basis and are

Page | 58
working in the Philippines. Majority are professionals working as rank and file in HRM

establishments. Salaries and benefits play a big role in staying or leaving the first job.

Human Relations skills and communication skills are deemed to be the most useful

competencies learned by the graduates from LPU; perseverance was the highest work value

for the respondents. Languages play an important role in their work while professional

subjects are relevant for job placement and the faculty member’s communication and

mastery skills proved the most important in terms of school related factors in terms of

faculty and instruction.

Like our study, the study aim to determine the job placement profile of the

graduates and relevance of school related factors to job placement. But they are differ in

the respondents being chose.

Abas(2016), Graduate’s competence on employability skills. One critical measure

of success in workplaces is an employee’s ability to use competently the knowledge, skills

and values that match the needs of his job, satisfy the demands of his employer, and

contribute to the overall achievement of institutional goals. An explanatory-correlational

research design was used to determine the extent of relationship between categories of

employability and elements of Contextual Performance adopted from Borman and

Motowidlo’s Taxonomy. There were a total of 220 respondents representing the groups of

employers and employees from 25 government institutions in the south-central part of

Mindanao region, Philippines. Inferential analysis shows that fundamental skills had

moderate relationship with employees’ contextual performance. However, being more

competent in thinking and problem solving skills provides employees with more benefits

in performing contextual behavior. Findings further revealed that although personal

Page | 59
management skills had moderate relationship with employees’ contextual behavior, the

competence in personal adaptability and learning continuously are contributory across all

elements of contextual performance. Finally, the result of the study yielded that teamwork

skills, particularly the skills on working with others, were also moderately correlated with

employees’ contextual performance. This implies that graduates’ competence in

employability skills could give them due advantage in their respective work settings. Thus,

proper attention on developing competence on employability skills by employers,

employees, higher academic institutions, labor agencies, and policy makers may help

address the problems on job performance.

Similarly, the study claims that competency is important in the employability of a

person. And it is one of the things to consider by a fresh graduate and able to be skilled in

all aspects of his specialization. But the study generalize the study and not particularly like

in our study that we centered our study in BSLM Graduates.

Orejana(2010), Tracer Study on the Graduates of the BSBA Program: An Input to

Curricular Development. The alumni are considered as the best evidence of a program’s

effectiveness in terms of employment and positions held. Moreover, they are a good source

of feedback regarding the program’s relevance in the current labor market. This study was

conducted to determine the employability of the graduates of the BSBA programs. The

study further aimed to gather inputs about the BSBA program that could be used to improve

its quality education.The study used the descriptive research design. There respondents

were BSBA graduates from 2002 – 2006 identified using the snowballing technique. A

structured, non-disguised questionnaire was used to gather data. Data collected were

subjected to basic descriptive statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, proportions,

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and mean. Findings of the study indicate that 91% of the respondents are employed, with

20% holding supervisory positions and 4% holding managerial positions. Content or topics

covered by the programs is found to be the main strength in the aspect of curriculum as

supported by 45% of the respondents while lack of applications and exposures came out as

the main weakness as indicated by 29% of the respondents. Correspondingly, the primary

recommendation was to have more exposures and applications as expressed by 45% of the

respondents.

Likely, this study aimed to know the employment rate of BSBA Graduates and they

came up to a result that there are more graduates that are employed. Nevertheless, the study

generally focused on the BSBA Graduates and not only on the BSLM Graduates.

De-ocampo, Bagano, Tan (2011), A Graduate Tracer Study. This paper is part of

the results of a larger graduate tracer study done for a large university. It looks into the

culture of entrepreneurship versus employment among recent graduates of the business

school of a large university based in the Philippines. Students who chose to take an

entrepreneurial education undergo a two-semester business practicum program entailing

preparation of a business plan and actual implementation of a start-up enterprise. Students

who go through this baccalaureate degree are envisioned to become entrepreneurs when

they graduate. The study reveals that one out of four of the graduates who took up

entrepreneurial education became entrepreneurs after graduation. Many still opted for

employment. It appears from this initial study that the culture of entrepreneurship

particularly youth entrepreneurship still needs to take root in the young people’s mind set.

Filipino youth continue to have a strong cultural preference for secure jobs and the

employment route.

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 Likely, the high employability is also claiming by this study that the graduates of

entrepreneurship courses has a greater chance of getting involve in business or else be

employed. This study differs from our study because our focused is on the BSLM

Graduates only.

THE almost 700,000 college students who will graduate this year are expected to

swell the ranks of the unemployed since the government will not be able to provide enough

jobs for them all. “The DOLE has been doubling its efforts to engage more employers to

participate in job fairs, thus ensure that there would be sufficient employment opportunities

that jobseekers can choose from to fit their qualifications,” Baldoz said.

THE MANILA TIMES (2016), Fresh Graduates to join ranks of unemployed. The

Commission on Higher Education (CHED) said there will be 692,602 fresh graduates in

April. Of this number, National capital Region (NCR or Metro Manila) has the most

number of graduates: 157,761. The top courses with most graduates are business

administration and related disciplines, education science and teacher training, IT-related

disciplines, engineering and technology courses, medical and allied courses, agriculture,

forestry, fisheries, service trades, natural science courses and maritime, social and

behavioral sciences. But Alan Tanjusay, spokesman for the Trade Union Congress of the

Philippines (TUCP) and advocacy officer of the Associated Labor Unions (ALU), said a

big number of fresh graduates will be unemployed because of job “mismatch.” He added

that the more than 600,000 new graduates will be added to the ranks of 11 million

unemployed Filipinos. Tanjusay said job creation remains a big problem and this must be

decisively addressed. Jose Sonny Matula, president of the Federation of Free Workers

(FFW), expressed serious doubts on the Aquino administration’s capacity to solve the

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unemployment problem. Matula, a veteran labor lawyer, said the FFW is hoping that the

country’s next leader would be able to address the problem.

The study denotes the employability of the Philippines and the course where most

graduates are being employed. But this study tackles the employment rate nationally and

our study specifically focused on BSLM Graduates only.

Fronda et al(2015), Tracer study of employment of BSHRM Graduates of the La

Consolacion University Philippines from 2011- 2013. The study determined Employability

of La Consolacion University (LCUP) Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant

Management Graduates for Academic Year 2011 to 2013. The study used the survey

research method. For the purpose of the study only those presently employed were included

in the survey. The instrument of the study was designed by the researchers based on the

variables of the conceptual framework with other data such as name, address, contact

number, course, and year graduated. Employment potential of the graduates was described

by their job movement and the relevance of their positions to their field of study, Hotel and

Restaurant Management. The study revealed HRM graduates are employable both locally

and abroad. They enter international employment after acquiring experience in the country.

Some even got lucky abroad as soon as completing their college degree; Academic

achievers in college are mobile in their employment. They gain more knowledge and skills

by moving jobs in different hospitality industry companies, the graduates have quite a good

perception of the HRM course. They were confident that they have learned the relevant

hospitality industry knowledge and skills and were able to find jobs that are related to their

course and The HRM curriculum is in place, but it needs enhancement. Firstly in terms of

including in the practicum program a variety of hospitality industry companies that the on

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the job trainees may access to gain more skills and knowledge. Secondly in terms of more

opportunities for in- or off-campus skills development programs related to the major

subjects.

Similarly, the study claims that most graduates has a lot of job opportunities

moreover in abroad. Most of them are comfortable and contended in their field. But this

study is all about the graduates of BSHRM. And they have different skills compare to a

BSLM Graduate.

Chavez(2017), Employability of Engineering Graduates from 2013 to 2015 as

Basis for a Proposed Student Development Program. This study aims to determine the

employability of Mechanical, Industrial and Electronics Engineering graduates which also

explores the relevance of curriculum and work-related behavior to the job placement of the

graduate-respondents. Descriptive type of research was utilized in the study. Findings

showed that engineering graduates of the academic institution under study are highly

employable and gainfully employed locally while enjoying the benefits of regular status

and handling professional, technical or supervisory positions where they find their present

jobs within 1 to 6 months. Relevance of the engineering program to graduates’ present

work assignment is one of the common reasons in accepting and staying on the job while

communication skill is the most common useful ability of the engineering graduates in

their job placement and leadership, hard work and professional integrity are the work –

related values identified with very much contribution in meeting the demands of their

present employment. Curriculum is also considered relevant for Mechanical and Industrial

Engineering graduates but only slightly relevant for Electronics Engineering Graduates.

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 Likely, the employability of graduates are being discussed in this study and the job

opportunities for them and also the things to consider to be hired and staying in job.

Nevertheless, our study is on BSLM graduates and not particularly in Engineering

graduates.

Diamante, Sanchez (2017), Graduate tracer study of the College of

Nursing. Nowadays, finding employment is as hard. Moreover, many nursing graduates

are noted to have work that is not related to their course in college. Graduate Tracer studies

are essential for understanding the relevance and quality of programs offered by the

universities as well as the labour market. The study determined the current work status and

employment data of the graduates of the University of Cebu Lapulapu and Mandaue

(UCLM) College of Nursing of all batches from 2007 to 2014. The ndings served as a

basis for a report on the employment data of UCnian nursing graduates. The data for this

tracer study was gathered through the Graduate Tracer Tool (GTT) patterned from the

Commission on Higher Education (CHED). In the data analysis, descriptive statistics was

used. The employment data of the respondents showed the current work status of the

nursing graduates. The majority of the respondents are employed. In their present

occupation, most of the respondents assume professional work and the major line of

business is in the health and social work sector. It was depicted that most of them are

regular employees, have professional occupations and have local jobs in the health and

social work held. Most are regular/ permanently and are locally employed. More than a

half got their jobs within 1 to 6 months and almost two thirds of the respondents had jobs

related to the course they took up in college. The competencies that the graduates and useful

in their first job are communication skills, critical thinking skills and human relations skills.

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 Similarly, this study tells about the employability of Graduates and the

opportunities waiting. But this study is focused on Graduates of Nursing Courses.

Jaymalin(2017), Graduates face unemployment. Labor leaders yesterday warned

the government that graduates of colleges and vocational schools are more likely to end up

unemployed or, if they find a job, face poor working conditions.

Alan Tanjusay, Associated Labor Union spokesman, said job prospects are not

bright for the estimated one million students who are set to graduate in the coming weeks.

“We don’t want to give this young workforce any false hope. Though we also don’t want

to discourage them, these are the issues that confront our new graduates,” he added. He

noted that the prevailing mismatch between skills and the actual jobs available in the

market is the major reason for the growing problem of unemployment and

underemployment in the country. Tanjusay cited results of the October 2016 round of

government’s Labor Force Survey, which showed that about eight million workers need

extra jobs to augment their daily income. According to Tanjusay, new graduates are also

confronted with low entry-level minimum wage.

Illegal contractual employment like the end of contract (endo) scheme continues to

prevail in the country, Tanjusay said. “Seven out of ten of the current 41 million workers

are contractual. Workers who were contractual more than five years ago remain as

contractual until today, getting the same entry-level pay without security of tenure and the

benefits that they are supposed to enjoy. That’s how bad and massive contractualization

is,” Tanjusay said. He said new graduates who get jobs also face occupational safety and

health hazards. “Young workers are not aware that they are walking into death traps and

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fire hazard workplaces when they apply for work. It’s because schools didn’t teach college

students the basic occupational safety and health information,” Tanjusay explained.

Jobseekers, on the other hand, are provided an option to apply online and to view

top hiring companies. PhilJobNet has also made job matching more flexible by allowing

users to modify filters, such as specific job requirements and applicant qualifications.

Maglunsod said prior to employment, job applicants should clearly discuss with their

employers the working arrangement, payment and other provisions in the employment

contract. Those who would encounter problems, Maglunsod said, can file an appropriate

complaint before DOLE or before the Office of the President.

Like in our study, this article claims the employability of fresh graduates--their

employment and unemployment rate. But our study is focused only on the graduates of

BSLM of CSU Andrews and not in general as in the above study.

Page | 67
SYNTHESIS/CONCLUSION

In the Related literature and Studies presented above, the employability of College

Graduates is significant in knowing the effectiveness and efficiency of a University and

how college graduates apply their knowledge in their chosen fields. There are situations

where some fresh graduates had difficulty finding a job suitable for them. There are also

situations where there is really no available job for them.

In the Philippines, many studies claim that not all graduates can easily find a job.

Unemployment can be attributed to less job opportunities. The employment rate of our

country is varying from year to year. This may be the reason why most professionals prefer

to work abroad because of the greater opportunity there. Schools produce professionals,

but it can’t give them their expectations and demands.

Nevertheless, in foreign literature and studies, we can also be competitive

individuals. We can keep pace in other countries. We can prove and engage ourselves in

what they can do and contribute our skills in our field of specializations.

Page | 68
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

To achieve objectives of this study, the researchers will be utilizing the descriptive

survey method of research using quantitative approach which is commonly use to explore

opinions according to respondents that can present a whole population. The purpose of the

researcher in employing the descriptive method of research is to acquire first hand data

from the respondents’ so as to formulate rational and sound conclusions and

recommendations of the study. This method is appropriate in this study because it enables

the researcher in gaining a general overview of the study because it is a direct-data type

and is a reliable source of first-hand information because the researcher directly interacts

with the respondents.

Locale of the Study

The study will be conducted on the Province of Cagayan, Region 02.

Research Instrument

The research instrument of this study is adopted from the study conducted by

Dangarang, Gordoce, Likigan, Lingbawan, Lumabao, Reduca, Tuliao and Villa (2017)

which they utilized in gathering their data on the employability of CSU Accountancy

graduates. The said instrument has been validated by the experts and its reliability

coefficient was obtained. It has three parts: the first part seeks to gather personal

Page | 69
information of the respondents with their employment data in the second part. The third

part is about their educational and training.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the graduates of the CSU-BSLM from batches

2012-2017. They were the graduates of the said batches who were available during the time

the study was conducted.

Statistical Tool and Treatment

The data to be collected in this study were entered into the Spread sheet for analysis

and will be analyzed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version

21. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data particularly mean, frequency counts

and percents, and standard deviation. The mean and standard deviation were used to

analyse data on the satisfaction rating of respondents on the training they received from the

University, frequency count and percents were also used to determine the number of male

and female respondents and common suggestions on the improvement of quality education

in the University.

Page | 70
 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSES OF DATA

The study aimed to assess the employability of Bachelor of Science in Legal

Management graduates of Cagayan State University – Andrews Campus employed

throughout the country. More specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the personal profile of the respondents in terms of:

Table 1
Distribution of Respondent’s Age

Age Frequency Percent

20.0 5 13.9
21.0 6 16.7
22.0 7 19.4
23.0 9 25.0
24.0 3 8.3
25.0 1 2.8
26.0 3 8.3
27.0 1 2.8
29.0 1 2.8
Total 36 100.0

The table above shows the age of the respondents varies from 20-29 years old. Out

of 36 respondents, nine (25%) of them have age 23 years old followed by respondents with

age of 22 years having seven (19.4%) of them. Moreover, there were respondents whose

ages are 25, 27 and 29 years old with one (2.8) frequency. The oldest respondent has age

of 29 years old.

Page | 71
 Table 2
Respondent’s Mean Age

Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation
Age 36 22.722 2.1329

Table 2 presents the respondents mean age. Generally, the mean age of the

respondents is 22.72 years old with standard deviation of 2.13.

Gender of the respondent

Table 3
Distribution of Respondent’s Gender

Gender Frequency Percent

Male 11 30.6
female 25 69.4
Total 36 100.0

Table 3 shows the distribution of the gender of the respondents. It is observed that

25 (69.4%) out of 36 respondents were dominated by female while 11 (30.6%) composed

of the male respondents.

Through the gathered data most of the respondents are single because they prefer

to study or to work

Page | 72
 Table 4
Distribution of the Respondent’s Civil Status
Civil Status Frequency Percent
Single 35 97.2
married 1 2.8
Total 36 100.0
This table shows that thirty-five (35) of the respondents are single, which is

ninety-seven and two percent (97.2%) of the total population and only one (1) out of

thirty-six (36) respondents are married, which is the outstanding two and eight percent

(2.8%) of the total.

2. What is the employment profile of the respondents in terms of:

Table 5

Distribution on the Respondents’ Employment status

Employment Frequency Percent

status
yes 30 83.3
no 6 16.7
Total 36 100.0

This table shows that thirty (83.3%) respondents are currently employed while six

(16.7%) respondents are unemployed and based on them, the cause of their

unemployment is that they want to focus only on studying in law school. Also, most

employed respondents are studying in law school at the same time, and the other are

settling themselves in working.

Table 6
Distribution of the Respondents’ Nature of Employment

Page | 73
 Nature of
employment Frequency Percent

employed locally 29 80.6

employed abroad 1 2.8
N/A 6 16.7
Total 36 100.0

Based on Table 5, there are 30 respondents who are employed and this table shows

that twenty-nine respondents are employed locally, which is eighty and six percent (80.6%)

of the totality. However, only one respondent (2.8%) is employed abroad. Such, the

remaining six respondents of the are unemployed.

Table 7

Waiting period to be employed after graduation

length of time to land a job Frequency Percent

less than 6 months 28 77.8

6 months to 1 year 2 5.6

N/A 6 16.7
Total 36 100.0

Page | 74
 Table 7 shows that most of the respondents had their job in less than six months

which is 77.8% while least of the respondents had their job in six months to one year having

a percentage of 5.6.

Types of employer

Table 8

type of Frequency Percent

employer
government 11 30.6
Private 19 52.8
N/A 6 16.7
Total 36 100.0

Table 8 shows that thirty and six percent (30.6%) of the total respondents

are government employed. Fifty-two and eight percent (52.8%) are privately

employed, while sixteen and seven percent (16.7%) of the respondents are

unemployed.

Means that most of the respondents owns a firm, family related or from a

friend.

Table 9
monthly salary

Salary Range Frequency Percent

5,000 and below 5 13.9
5001-10,000 10 27.8
10001-15000 6 16.7
15001-20000 1 2.8
20001-25000 2 5.6

Page | 75
 25001-30000 2 5.6
N/A 10 27.8
Total 36 100.0

Table 9 shows

Table 10
Relevance of Work to the Course Graduated

Relevancy Frequency Percent

very much related 4 11.1
Related 14 38.9
not so much related 10 27.8
not related at all 2 5.6
N/A 6 16.7
Total 36 100.0

Table 10 shows that the highest percentage of 38.9 which is said that their work is

related to their degree and the least percentage is 5.6 which is some of the respondents

who has their work is not related on their degree graduated.

Table 11
Reasons of Employment Other Than the Field

Reasons Frequency Percent

no available job opening in line 4 11.1
with my course
don't have work experience in the 1 2.8
job-related to my course
this job has higher pay than the 2 5.6
job related to my course
desire to acquire expereince 4 11.1
3 8.3
it was the first job offered to me

Other reasons ( ) 2 5.6

Total 16 44.4

Page | 76
 Table 11 shows that “no available job opening in line with my course” and desire

to acquire experience” has the most percentage which is 11.1 % which means that is the

reason why some of the graduates are employed in the work that is not related on their

job. The least which has percentage 2.8 chooses “they don’t have work experience in the

job-related on my course”.

Way of obtaining the present job

Table 12

way of obtaining the present employment

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
application letter 7 19.4 28.0 28.0
through a recommendation 5 13.9 20.0 48.0
referrals/connections 5 13.9 20.0 68.0
Valid practicum/on-the-job training 2 5.6 8.0 76.0
passing the competitive exam 4 11.1 16.0 92.0
civil service eligibility 2 5.6 8.0 100.0
Total 25 69.4 100.0
Missing System 11 30.6
Total 36 100.0

Table 12 shows most of the respondents employed through application letter which is

19.4% of the respondents and the least is employed through their civil service eligibility

and practicum or OJT. Means that application letter is the most effective way in obtaining

a job.

Page | 77
 Difficulty level
Table 13

difficulty level of seeking employment

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
not at all difficult 7 19.4 25.0 25.0
moderately not difficult 7 19.4 25.0 50.0
Difficult 8 22.2 28.6 78.6
Valid
moderately difficult 4 11.1 14.3 92.9
very difficult 2 5.6 7.1 100.0
Total 28 77.8 100.0
Missing System 8 22.2
Total 36 100.0

Table 13 shows that most of their respondents having a difficult level in seeking a job

which is 22.2% of the total percentage and 5.6% is the least percentage which is very

difficult in seeking their job. The result means most of them are having a hard time to

find a job in line with their course.

Table 14

Problems Encountered in Getting a Job

Problems Frequency Percent

lack of preparation for the
interview and competitive 3 8.3
exams
strong competitions among
4 11.1
applicants
failure to find influential
persons who have proper 1 2.8
conncetions to the employer
lack of experience 3 8.3
Others 2 5.6
Total 13 36.1

Table 14 shows that most of the respondents reason out that they are lack of preparation
for the interview and competitive exams which is 8.3 of the total percentage which means
that there is a need to prepare enough before applying. The least percentage is the failure
to find influential persons who have a proper connection to the employer which is 2.8 of
the total percentage. Therefore connection is not a problem to get a job.

Page | 78
 Table 15
problems encountered in the first job

Problems Frequency Percent

difficulty in adjsuting to fellow workers 4 11.1
lack of office practice 1 2.8
very tight schedule 3 8.3
insufficient knowledge about the work
1 2.8
assigned
unsystematic flow of work 2 5.6
lack of experience and competence 3 8.3
jealousy among fellow emloyees 1 2.8
salary was not sufficient 3 8.3
Others 3 8.3
Total 21 58.3

Table 15 shows that most respondents answered that they are having “difficulty in

adjusting to fellow workers” which means that adjusting has the greater percentage

encountered by the graduates having their first job, which is 11.1 of the total percentage.

Jealousy among fellow employees has the least percentage which is 2.8%.

Table 16
Reasons of unemployment
reasons of unemployment
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Others(stil 6 16.7 100.0 100.0
Valid l studying
law)
Missing System 30 83.3
Total 36 100.0

Table 16 shows that 16.7% has the reasons of their unemployment is they continued to

study law.

Page | 79
 3. What is the level of satisfaction they received from CSU-BSLM in relation on their

career life?

Table 16
Level of satisfaction

Std. Descriptive
Factors Mean
Deviation Value

administration 3.84 0.628 Satisfied

faculty
3.91 0.734 Satisfied
members

physical
3.41 0.798 Satisfied
plant/facilities

method of
3.84 0.847 Satisfied
instruction
curricular
3.88 0.66 Satisfied
offerings
Library 3.59 1.012 satisfied
Gen Ave 3.745 0.779833 Satisfied

Legend:
1 1.79 very dissatisfied
1.8 2.59 Dissatisfied
2.6 3.39 Neither
3.4 4.19 Satisfied
4.2 5 very satisfied

This table shows the following factors given to identify the level of satisfaction they

received from CSU-BSLM in relation to their career life: a.) administration b.)Faculty

members c.) Physical plant/facilities d.) Method of instruction e.) Curricular offerings f.)

Library

Page | 80
All of these factors has a mean not less than three and thirty-nine percent (3.39%) and not

greater than four and nineteen percent (4.19%). So, the level of satisfaction of all

respondents, according to the legend above, is “satisfied”.

Page | 81
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of finding

Employment status is one of the major factors influencing the quality of work.

Man power contributes to build a productive nation; this tracer study was conducted to

determine the employment status of the graduates of CSU-BSLM graduates (2012-2017).

The majority of the graduates were female and single. The female graduates are

composed of 69.4% of the respondents and 97.2% are single.

Most of the graduates re currently employed wherein 80.6% of the respondents

are employed locally, most of them are employed in private sectors and only 30.6% are

employed in the government agencies.

According to the respondents it only took them less than six months to have their

first job most of the respondent are hired by the agencies where they took their On The

Job Training (OJT).

Majority of BSLM graduates has a salary from 5001-10000 pesos, it simplifies

that their field of specialization are least in demand in the job market.

Most of the graduates answered that their current job is related with the course

they graduated, because most of them are applied in the law firm and some of them

answered that their job is not related at all and the reason of this is that there is no

available job opening in line with their course.

Page | 82
 The effective way in getting a job is through recommendation letter which is

chosen the most by the respondents.

Most of the respondents answered that it’s not difficult to seek job but some of

them answered that seeking a job is difficult and the problems they encountered in getting

their job is the strong competitions among applicants.

Page | 83
 Conclusion

Based on the data gathered by the researchers, most of them are employed in

government sector. It shows that most of graduates can compete to the job market

because they only waited less than six months to have their first job.

On the study conducted it shows that there are more graduates have their work

related to what course they graduated. Furthermore, six of them are still unemployed

because they prefer to study in law school than to work.

Therefore, Cagayan State University – BSLM graduates are capable to compete in

the job market.

Page | 84
 Recommendations

The recommendations in this study are based on the suggestions of the graduates.

Most of the graduates wants the students to be well verse of their chosen

field. It is said that, letting the student do some legal works like digesting a case, solving

legal cases and doing position papers because it would be a great help for the BSLM

students to be familiarized with the field they are in.

The graduates also suggested that the school should conduct trainings and

seminars to improve communication skills, because their course are more into

communication and they need to have a confidence to persuade people to believe on what

they were saying.

Instructional materials such as books and other legal documents that can be used

for their study as their basis for their school works should be provided, because most of

the students cannot afford to buy books or something that they may use for their study

that’s why most of the respondents suggest to have a sufficient instructional materials.

Respondents also suggested to conduct screening before admission to improve the

quality of education. The reason for these is to get the best among the pool of students

who aspires to be a lawyer someday. Moreover, it is also a way improve the

competitiveness of the students.

The graduates also suggest that it should improve student-teacher relation because

it can help both parties to have interactions with one another. It will advantageous to the

Page | 85
student because they can ask questions comfortably to the professors and it is also

beneficial to the professor because they can also ask student comfortably.

They also say that the designation of the student’s OJT’s should be related with

course, like they designate them to law firms or any other legal office so that they can

have the experience and to be well verse with the work of their course before they

graduate.

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