Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry

Q1) Define Electrochemistry ?

Electrochemistry is the branck of Chemistry that deal with the relationship between electricity and chemical
reactions. It involves oxidation and reduction reactions, which are also known as redox reactions.
Q2) What are spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions ?
Those reactions which take place on their own are called spontaneous reactions. Whereas those reactions
that do not take place on their own are called non-spontaneous reactions.
Q3) What do rusting of iron objects, combustion of fuel in automobile engine, forest fire and
metabolism of food in human and animal bodies have in common?
All of these important processes involve oxidation-reduction reaction. When you turn on a flash light,
mobile, calculator, electronic toy etc, a chemical reaction in a battery generates a current of electricity
Q4) House hold bleaching agents decolourize the colour bearing substances in strains. How ?
Decolouring process involve oxidation-reduction (Redox) reactions. For Example: Dying of Aluminium can
produce metallic red, blue or other colours on the metal surface because of process Electroplating.
Q5) What do you know about anodized aluminium?
Anodized aluminium sheets are widely used in buildings now-a-days. Anodized aluminium can absorb
dyes. Dying of aluminium can produce metallic red, metallic blue or other metallic colours on the metal
surface
Q6) Consider the reaction. Fe2O3 + 3CO ───►2Fe + 3CO2 . Which substance in this reaction is
oxidized and reduced ? Give Reason
In the given reaction, C is oxidized from CO to CO2 because there is an increase in it’s oxidation state
along with the addition of an extra oxygen. Whereas Fe (Iron) is reduced from Fe2O3 (Iron oxide) to Fe
because Oxygen is removed
Q7) Define Oxidation and Reduction.
Oxidation:
Oxidation is defined as the gain of oxygen atoms, loss of hydrogen atoms or loss of electrons by an
element For Example: Burning of coal is an oxidation reaction C + O2 ───► CO2
Reduction:
Reduction is defined as the loss of Oxygen atom, Addition of hydrogen or addition of electrons by an
element
Q8) What is oxy-acetylene flame?
Oxy-acetylene flame:
Acetylene (C2H2) is commercially used for cutting and welding metals. When acetylene burns, it produces a
very hot flame known as oxy-acetylene flame.
2C2H2 + 5O2 ────► 4CO2 + 2H2O
( C2H2 is oxidized because it looses Hydrogen. Oxygen is reduced because Hydrogen is added to it )
Q9) What type of reaction is involved in rusting of iron ?
When Iron gets rusted, Iron atoms undergo oxidation, since they gain oxygen atoms to form Fe2O3 . So
rusting of iron is an oxidation reaction. The reaction for rusting of iron is giving below:
4Fe + 3O2 ────► 2Fe2O3
Q10) Explain Redox reactions in Photography ?
A photographic film is basically an emulsion of silver bromide(AgBr) in gelatin, When the film is exposed to
light, Silver bromide granules become activated. This activation depends on the intensity of the light falling
upon them. When exposed film is placed in the developer solution that is actually a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone which is a mild reducing agent is used as developer. In hydroquinone the activated granules
of silver bromide are reduced to black metallic silver. Reduced silver atoms form image.
Ag+ + 1e- -----------► Ag(s)
Inactivated silver bromide is removed from the film by using a solvent called a fixer. Sodium thiosulphate is
used for this purpose. The areas of the film exposed to the light appear darkest because they have the
highest concentration of metallic Silver. Thus photography involves oxidation-reduction reaction.
Q11) Identify elements undergoing oxidation and reduction in the following reactions:
(1) N2 + 3H2 ----------► 2NH3
N2 0 + 3H2 0 -----------► 2N-3 H3 +3

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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
N-atoms undergo reduction, because there is a decrease in oxidation state of N (0 to -3). H-atoms undergo
oxidation, because there is a increase in oxidation state of H (0 to +3).
(2). 2H2 +O2 ----------► 2H2O
2H2 0 + O2 0 -----------► 2H2 +2 O-2
O-atoms undergo reduction, because there is a decrease in oxidation state of O (O to-2) H-atoms undergo
oxidation, because there is a increase in oxidation state of H (0 to +2).
(3) Fe2O3 + 3CO -----------► 2Fe + 3CO2
Fe2 2(+3)O3 (-2)3 + 3C+2O-2 -----------► 2Fe0 + 3C+4 O2(-2)2
(i) Carbon is being oxidized because there is an increase in its oxidation state.
(ii) Fe is being reduced because there is a decrease in its oxidation state.
(iii) The reactant CO contains the C that is being oxidized, so CO is reducing agent. (iv) The reactant Fe;o,
contains the Fe that is being reduced. So Fe2O3 , is oxidizing agent.
Oxidizing or reducing agent is the whole molecule or formula unit and not the atom that has undergone
change in oxidation number
(4) 4Al + 3O2 ------------► 2Al2O3
4Al0 + 3O20 -----------► 2Al22(+3) O33(-2)
O atoms undergo reduction, because there is a decrease in oxidation state of O (O to -6).
Al-atoms undergo oxidation, because there is a increase in oxidation state of Al (0 to +6).
Q12). Define oxidation and reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons?
Oxidation:
A process that involves the loss of electrons by an element is called oxidation,
Examples: For example group IA and group IIA elements lose one and two electrons respectively to form
cations. In doing so, these metals undergo oxidation
Na -----------► Na+ + e-
Ca -----------►Ca+2 + 2e-
Other examples of oxidation are.
Fe -----------► Fe+2 + 2e-
Fe+2 -----------► Fe+3 + e-
Cu -----------► Cu+2 + 2e-
Reduction:
A process that involves the gain of electrons by a substance is called reduction
Examples: Elements of group VIA and VIIA gain one and two electrons respectively to form anions. They
undergo reduction
CI + e- -----------►CI-
O + 2e -----------► O-2
S + 2e -----------►S-2
Q13) In the following reactions, identify which element is oxidized and which element is reduced.
(1) Mg+S -----------► MgS
Mg Mg -----------► Mg+2 + 2e- (loss of 2 electrons)
Mg atom loses two electrons to form Mg", so it is oxidized
S +2e- -----------► S-2 (gain of 2 electrons)
S atom has gain two electrons to form S, so it is reduced.
(2) 4Na + O2 -----------►2Na2O
Na -----------► Na+1 + 2e- (loss of 1 electron)
Na atom loses one electron to form Na+1 . so it is oxidized
O + 2e- -----------► O-2 (gain of 2 electrons)
O atom has gain two electrons to form O-2 , so it is reduced
(3) 2Al+ 3Cl2 -----------►2AICI3
AI -----------► AI+3 + 3e- (loss of 3 electrons)
Al atom loses three electrons to form Al+3 so it is oxidized.
CI + 3e- -----------► 3Cl-1 (gain of 3 electrons)
Cl atom has gain three electrons to form 3Cl-1. so it is reduced
(4) Mg + H2 -----------► MgH2
Mg -----------► Mg+2 + 2e- (loss of 2 electrons)
Mg atom loses two electrons to form Mg+2 so it is oxidized.
H + 2e- -----------► 2H-1 (gain of 2 electrons)
H atom has gain two electrons to form 2H-1 , so it is reduced

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Q14). Define oxidation states or oxidation number
Oxidation states or oxidation number: Oxidation state or oxidation number is defined as the number of
charges an atom will have in a molecule or a compound.
The elements that show an increase in oxidation number are oxidized. The elements that show a decrease
in oxidation number are reduced For Example: Oxidation state of Na is +1
Q15). Do you think H in HCl is oxidized and Cl is reduced?
H+1CI-1
Oxidation state of H in HCl is +1 (loss of one electron) Hence H is oxidized.
Oxidation state of Cl in HCl is -1 (gain of one electron) Hence Cl is reduced.
Q16) Compare oxidation and reduction processes ? OR Diff b/w Oxidation and Reduction reactions.
Comparasion of oxidation and reduction processes:
Oxidation Reduction
Gain of Oxygen Loss of Oxygen
Loss of Hydrogen Gain of Hydrogen
Loss of Electrons Gain of Electrons
Increase in Oxidation number Decrease in oxidation number

Q17) Dercribe the rules for assigning oxidation states or numbers?

Rules for assigning oxidation states or numbers:
(1) The oxidation state of any uncombined or free elements is always zero eg. oxidation state of Zn, Na, H
in H2. S in S2 etc is zero.
(2). In simple ions, oxidation state is same as their charge e.g. oxidation state of Na in Na+1 and Ca in Ca+2
is +1 and +2 respectively
(3) In a complex ion the total sum of Elements Oxidation state
oxidation states of atoms is equal to the
Group - IA +1
charge on their ion eg. in CO3-2 the sum
of oxidation states of C and 3O atoms is - Group – II A +2
2. Similarly, in NH4+1 the sum of oxidation Group – III A +3
states of N and 4H atoms is +1.
(4) The oxidation number of each of the Hydrogen +1 (Except in metal hydrides where it is -1)
atoms in a molecule or compound counts Group – VII A -1
separately and their algebraic sum is zero
eg. In HCI, the sum of oxidation states of Oxygen -2 (Except peroxides and in OF2)
H and Cl atoms is zero. Similarly in CO2,
the sum of oxidation states of one C and two oxygen atoms is zero.
Q18) What is acid rain ? How is it caused ?
One major problem of air pollution is the formation of acid rain. Air pollutants such as SO2 and NO2
combine with oxygen and water vapours in the air to form H2SO4 and HNO3. These acids fall to the ground
with the rain, making the rain acidic. Clouds can also absorb the acids and carry them hundreds of
kilometer away from where the pollutants are released.
Q19) Determine the oxidation number of the following :
Oxidation number of N in NO2 : Oxidation Number of N in HNO3 :
The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero. The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero.
[O.N of N] + 2[O.N of 9] = 0 (O.N of H] + [O.N of N] + 3 [O.N of O] = 0
[O.N of N] + 2[-2] = 0 [O.N of N -4 = 0 [+1] + [O.N of N) + 3[-2] = 0
[O.N of N] = +4 [+1] + [O.N of N) -6 = 0
Thus oxidation state for N in NO2 is +4. [O.N of N] - 5 =0
[O.N of N] = +5
Thus oxidation state for N in HNO, is +5.
Oxidation number of Sin SO2 : Oxidation number of S in H2SO4
The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero. The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero.
[O.N of S] + 2[O.N of O] = 0 2[O.N of H] + [O.N of S] + 4 [O.N of O] = 0
[O.N of S) + 2[-2] = 0 2[+1] + [O.N of S] +4[-2] = 0
[O.N of S] - 4.= 0 +2 + [O.N of S] -8 = 0
[O.N of S] -6 = 0

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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
[O.N of S] = +4 [O.N of S] = + 6
Thus oxidation state for S in SO2 is +4. Thus oxidation state for S in H2SO4 is + 6.

Oxidation number of Cr in chromic acid Oxidation number of N in N2O

(H2CrO4) The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero.
The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero 2[O.N of N] + [O.N of O] = 0
2[O.N of H] + [O.N of Cr] + 4 [O.N of O] = 0 2[O.N of N] + [-2] = 0
2[+1] + [O.N of Cr] + 4 [-2] = 0 2[O.N of N] - 2 = 0
+2+ [O.N of Cr] -8 = 0 2[O.N of N] = +2
[O.N of Cr] - 6 = 0 +2
Thus oxidation state for Cr in Chromic Acid is +6 [O.N of N] = = +1
2
Thus oxidation state for N in N2O is +1
Oxidation Number of N in N2O3 Oxidation number of N in HNO3 (Nitric Acid)
The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero. The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero.
2[O.N of N] + 3 [O.N of O] = 0 [O.N of H] + [O.N of N] + 3 [O.N of O] = 0
2[O.N of N] + 3(-2) = 0 [+1] + [O.N of N] + 3[-2] = 0
2[O.N of N] - 6 = 0 [+1] + [O.N of N] -6 = 0
2[O.N of N] = +6 [O.N of N] - 5 = 0
+6 [O.N of N] = +5
[O.N of N] = = +3 Thus oxidation state for N in HNO3 is +5.
2
Thus oxidation state for N in N2O3 is +3
Oxidation number of S in H2S Oxidation number of S in Na2S2O3
The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero. The sum of oxidation numbers must be zero.
[O.N of S] + 2[O.N of H] = 0 2[O.N of Na] + 2[O.N of S] + 3[O.N of O] = 0
[O.N of S] + 2[+1] = 0 2[+1) + 2[O.N of S] + 3[-2] = 0
[O.N of S] + 2 = 0 +2 + 2[O.N of S) -6 = 0
[O.N of S] = -2 2[O.N of S) - 4 = 0
Thus oxidation state for Sin H2S is -2 2[O.N of S] = +4
2[O.N of S) = +4
[O.N of SJ = +2
Thus oxidation state for S in Na2S2O3 is +2

Q20). Define oxidizing and reducing agent. Point out the oxidizing and reducing agent in the
reactions with the help of examples?
Oxidizing agents:
An oxidizing agent is the reactant containing the element that is reduced (gains electrons) in a chemical
reaction.
Reducing Agent:
A reducing agent is the reactant containing the element that is oxidized (loses electrons) in the chemical
reaction.
Example: For example, in the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride
2Na+CI2 -----------► 2NaCl
Na is reducing agent hence being oxidised whereas Cl is oxidizing agent hence being reduced
Q21). Identifying oxidizing and reducing agents in the solution of Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4) and
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
Activity: Prepare solutions of ferrous sluphate (FeSO4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in
separate beakers. Transfer about 10cm3 of ferrous sulphate solution in a test tube. Add about 10cm3 of dill.
H2SO4 in it. Now add few drops of KMnO4 solution in the test tube.
Result :
FeSO4 reduces KMnO4 . So its purple colour is discharged, KMnO4 Oxidizes FeSO4 in this reaction. FeSO4
is reducing agent whereas KMnO4 is oxidizing agent
Q22) How can you identify oxidizing and reducing agents in the chemical reaction that takes place
during the manufacture of steel ?
The Following reaction takes place during the manufacture of steel.
Fe2O3 + 3CO -----------► 2Fe + 3CO2
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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
To identify the oxidizing and reducing agents, let’s write the oxidation stales of all the elements involved in
the reaction.
2(+3) (-2)3 +2 -2 0 +4(-2)2
Fe2O3 + 3CO -----------► 2Fe + 3CO2
(1) Carbon is being oxidized because there is an increase in its oxidation state
(ii) Fe is being reduced because there is a decrease in its oxidation state
(iii) The reactant CO contains the C that is being oxidized, so CO is reducing agent.
(iv) The reactant Fe2O3 contains the Fe that is being reduced. So Fe2O3 is oxidizing agent. Oxidizing or
reducing agent is the whole molecule or formula unit and not the atom that has undergone change in
oxidation number.
Q23). How does a Torch Cell discharge electricity because of Oxidaiton Reduction reaction?
The torch cell discharges electricity because of an oxidation reduction reaction that takes place b/w zinc
and manganese dioxide. The reaction takes place as follows
Zn + 2MnO2 + H2O -----------►Zn(OH)2 + Mn2O3
The Oxidizing and reducing agent in this reaction area as follows :
0 +4 +2 (-2) +2 -2 +2 2(-1) 2(+3) 3(-2)
Zn 2MnO2 + H2O -----------►Zn(OH)2 + Mn2O3
Since oxidation number of Zn is decreased from +2 to -1 therefore reduction take place in above reaction
Zn is oxidized. Thus Zn is reducing agent Since oxidation number of Mn is increased from +4 to +6
therefore reduction take place. In above reaction Mn is reduced. Thus MnO2 is oxidizing agent
Q24). Identify oxidizing and reducing agents in the following reactions
(a) 2S + Cl2 -----------► S2Cl2
0 0 +2 +2(-1)
2S + Cl2 -----------► S2Cl2
Since oxidation number of CI is decreased from 0 to 2 therefore reduction take place. In above reaction. Cl
is reduced. Thus Cl2 is oxidizing agent. Since oxidation number of S is increased from 0 to +2 therefore
oxidation take place in above reaction S is oxidized. Thus S is reducing agent

b) 2Na + Br2 -----------► 2NaBr

0 0 2(+1) +2(-1)
2Na + Br2 -----------► 2NaBr
Since oxidation number of Br is decreased from 0 to -2 therefore reduction take place. In above reaction Br
is reduced. Thus Br2 is oxidizing agent. Since oxidation number of Na is increased from 0 to +2 therefore
oxidation takes place. In above reaction Na is oxidized. Thus Na is reducing agent

c) H2 + S -----------► H2S
0 0 2(+1) + (-2)
H2 + S -----------► H2S
Since oxidation number of S is decreased from 0 to -2 therefore reduction takes place. In the above raction
S is reduced. Thus S is oxidizing agent. Since Oxidation number of H is increased from 0 to +2 therefore,
oxidation takes places. In above reaction Hydrogen is oxidized. Thus H is reducing agent
d) CuO + H2 ------► Cu + H2O
+2 -2 0 0 2(+1) -2
CUO + H2 ------► Cu + H2O
Because the oxidation number of Cu decrease from +2 to 0 , so CuO is an oxidizing agent. Similarly, the
oxidation number of H increase from + to +2, therefore H2 is reducing agent

Q25). What are spontaneous and Non-spontaneous reactions. OR Distinguish between

spontaneous and non spontaneous reactions?
Spontaneous Reactions:
The reaction which takes place of its own, without any external assistance is called spontaneous reaction.
A spontaneous process or reaction is unidirectional, irreversible and real.
Examples of spontaneous processes or reactions:
1) Water flows from higher to the lower level
2) Gas expands spontaneously from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure.
3) Heat flows from hot to a cold body
4) Neutralization of a strong acid and strong base is a spontaneous reaction
5) The burning of CH4 in the air produces heat which is used for cooking and running industries
Non-spontaneous reactions:
The type of reaction that does not take place on it’s own is called non-spontaneous reaction. It is reverse of

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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
spontaneous reaction and takes place by supplying energy to the system from external source.
Examples of non-spontaneous processes or reactions:
1) Flow of heat from a cold end of metal rod to the hot end.
2) Flow of electrical current from lower potential to higher potential
3) The transfer of heat from cold interior part of the refrigerator to hot surroundings .
4) Pumping the water uphill.
Q26). Describe the nature of electrochemical process?
Electrochemical processes are oxidation-reduction reactions in which chemical energy released by a
spontaneous reaction is converted to electricity or in which electrical energy is used to drive a non-
spontaneous reaction. Whether an electrochemical process releases or requires energy, it always involves
the transfer of electrons from one substance to another. This means that this process always involves an
oxidation-reduction or a redox reaction
Q27). Distinguish between electrolytes and non electrolytes?
Electrolytes:
A substance that conducts electricity when it is dissolved in water or in the molten state is called electrolyte
Examples:
Examples of electrolytes are NaCI, KCI, HCI, NaOH etc.
Non electrolytes:
A substance that cannot conduct electricity when dissolved in water or in the molten state is called non-
electrolyte.
Examples:
Example of non-electrolytes are urea, glucose, sucrose, benzene etc
Q28) How can a non spontaneous reactions be carried out in an electrolytic cell. Discuss in detail?
Electrolytic cells:
An electrochemical cell in which electrical energy is used to
drive a chemical reaction is called an electrolytic cell.
Sketch of electrolytic cell:
Figure shows the sketch of an electrolytic cell.
Construction of an electrolytic cell:
An electrolytic cell consists of
(a) A vessel containing an electrolyte (MX)
(b) Two inert electrodes
(c) A battery
Working of an electrolytic cell:
The diagram shows that electrons move from anode to
cathode in the outer circuit, in the solution the cations move
towards cathode and anions towards anode. At anode
anions oxidize by loosing electrons. At cathode cations reduce by gaining electrons. This means oxidation
occurs at anode and reduction at cathode.
Examples of electrolytic cell: Down's cell, Nelson's cell Oxidation
Reaction at Anode X -----------► X* + 1e-
Reduction reaction at cathode: M* + 1e- -----------► M
Q29) Sketch an electrolytic cell for the electrolysis of fused KCI

Q30). List the possible uses of electrolytic cells?

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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
Uses of electrolytic cells: Possible uses of electrolytic cells are as follows
(a) Down's Cell is used for the commercial preparation of sodium metal it produces chlorine gas as a by
product.
(b) Nelson's Cell is used for the commercial preparation of sodium hydroxide it also produces chlorine and
hydrogen gas as by product.
(c) Electrolytic cells are used for the
commercial preparation of calcium and
magnesium metals
(d) It is used to produce aluminum
metal commercially
(e) It is used for the purification of
copper.
(f) Electrolytic cells are used to
electroplate metals such as tin, silver,
nickel etc on steel
(g) Electrolytic cells are used to
prepare anodized aluminum Anodized
aluminum can absorb dyes. Dyeing of
anodized aluminium can produce
metallic red, metallic blue or other
metallic colours on the metal surface

Q31) In the given electrolytic cell,

indicate the direction of current.
Also identify anode and cathode

Net Reaction: 2NaCl (fused) -----------►2Na + Cl2

Q32). Give the general principle of a voltaic or galvanic cell. Explain by taking example of Daniel
cell?
Galvanic cells (daniel cells):
The cell which involves spontaneous redox reaction to generates electricity is called a galvanic or voltaic
cell. The name Voltaic is given to this cell because Alessandro Volta discovered first such cell.
Construction of galvanic cells (daniel cells):
The English chemist Fredrick Daniel constructed first voltaic cell using zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu)
electrodes. Therefore this cell is named as Daniel Cell.
A galvanic or Daniel cell is shown in diagram
> A galvanic cell consists of the following parts:
1) A zinc bar dipped into a 1M ZnSO4 solution
2) A copper bar dipped into a 1M CuSO4 solution.
3) A salt bridge which is inverted U tube containing an inert electrolyte such as KCI. Its ions do not react
with the electrodes or with the ions in solution It makes the electrical contacts between the solutions

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through which ions can move.
4) A voltmeter to measure current
Working of Galvanic cells (daniel cells):
Each compartment of cell is called a half cell. Thus a Daniel cell consists of two half cell joined in series.
When circuit is complete, electrons begin to flow from Zn rod through the external wires to Cu rod. Thus Zn
half cell acts as anode and Cu half cell as cathode. Note that a half cell consists of a metal rod dipped in
the solution of its salt
Reactions in a daniel cell:
in Daniel cell, electrons flow from Zn rod, through the external wire to Cu rod. This is because Zn has more
tendency to undergo oxidation than Cu. Zn atoms from the rod go into the solution as Zn+2 ions leaving
electrons on the rod. These electrons flow in the external circuit. Thus oxidation half reaction occurs at
anode compartment. Cu+2 ions in copper sulphate solution capture electrons from Cu electrode and are
reduced. Reduction half reduction occurs at the cathode compartment Such oxidation and reduction
reactions are called half cell reactions
At Anode (Oxidation half reaction):
Zn (s) ------► Zn+2 (aq) + 2e
At Cathode (Reduction half reaction):
Cu+2 (aq) + 2e ------► Cu (s)
Q33) Sketch a voltaic cell labeling the cathode,
the anode and the direction of flow of the
electrons. Use the following chemicals:
Silver, Zinc, Silver Nitrate ( AgNO3 ) and zinc
sulphate ( ZnSO4 ) (Hint: Zn is more active than
Ag)
Solution:

Q34) Identify the half-cell in which

oxidation occurs and the half cell in which
reduction occurs in the following voltaic
cell
Following reactions occur in the cell.
At Anode: (oxidation half reaction)
Zn (s) ------►Zn+2 (aq) + 2e-At cathode:
(Reduction half reaction)
H2 (g) + 2e ------► 2H+ (aq)
Q35). What is a battery?
Battery (a source of electrical energy):
A battery is a galvanic cell or a group of
galvanic cells joined in series. It generates
electric current by a redox reaction. When
connected in a circuit its anode oxidizes by
releasing electrons. These electrons through
the external circuit begin to flow towards the cathode. At
cathode these electrons reduce oxidizing agent present in the
electrolyte. Examples: Examples of batteries are dry cell,
storage cell, mercury battery etc

Q36). Describe the construction and working of Zinc-

Carbon dry cell. Give the reactions at two electrodes. Give
uses of dry cell in everyday life.
Dry cell:
It is primary cell which is used to convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. The cell is called dry cell because there is no
free flowing liquid.
Uses:
The dry cell batteries are used to power many flashlights, toys
and small appliances
Construction:
The anode is the zinc metal of the container and the cathode is
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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
an inert graphite rod at the center of the container in contract with a mixture of MnO2 and carbon (charcoal).
The electrolyte is a mixture of moist NH4Cl and ZnCl2. Following reactions take place in it,
At Anode (Oxidation)
Zn ------► Zn+2 + 2e-
At Cathode (Reduction)
2NH4- + 2MnO2 +2e- -------► Mn2O3 + 2NH3 + H2O
This cell produces a potential of 1.5V.
Q37). What is the major role of electrical energy in electrochemical industries.
Electrochemical industries:
Electrical energy is extensively consumed by the chemical process industries. Electrochemical industries
use electricity to bring chemical change and produce wide variety of substances. Such industries are called
electrolytic industries. These industries produce substances that cannot be made economically in another
way
For example, aluminum and calcium carbide, sodium hydroxide, magnesium and hydrogen. These
industries also include electrolytic refining and electroplating industries Electricity is also used to produce
heat that produces high temperature required in the electrothermal chemical industries.
Q38). Explain the manufacture of
sodium metal from fused sodium
chloride in down's cell? OR
Explain the construction and working
of down's cell?
Manufacture of sodium metal from
fused sodium chloride:
On the large scale sodium metal is
produced by the electrolysis of fused NaCl
The electrodes are iron cathode and
graphite anode. Chlorine is obtained as a
by-product. In molten sodium chloride
(NaCl), Na+ and Cl- ions are free to move
about. Under the influence of electric
current, Na+ ions move towards the
cathode and Cl- ions move towards the
anode. At the electrodes following
reactions occur:
At Anode: 2Cl- ------► Cl2 (g) + 2e- (Oxidation)
At Cathode: 2Na+ + 2e- ------► 2Na (Reduction)
Molten sodium is collected into a sodium collecting ring, from where it is periodically drained. Whereas,
chlorine gas is collected into the funnel at the top of the cell.
Q39) Explain the manufacture of sodium hydroxide from brine ? OR Explain the construction and
working of Nelson’s cell ?
Manufacture of sodium hydroxide from brine:
Electrolysis of brine, a concentrated aqueous
solution of sodium chloride is used for the industrial
production of sodium hydroxide. Electrolysis of brine
produces simultaneously three important industrial
chemicals, chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and sodium
hydroxide. The electrolytic cell called Nelson’s cell
as shown in the diagram.
Nelson's Cell Working:
During electrolysis chloride ions move towards
anode. At anode chloride ions are oxidized to
produce chlorine gas. Sodium ions move towards
cathode However sodium ions do not reduce to
sodium metal in this process. This is because water
molecules are more easily reduced than sodium
ions. The reduction of water molecules produces
hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas. Thus the
electrolyte in solution becomes sodium hydroxide
(NaOH). Following reactions occur in the electrolytic cell

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At anode (Oxidation):
2Cl- (aq) ------► CI2 (g) + 2e-
At cathode (Reduction):
2H2O + 2e- ------► H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq)
Overall Reaction:
2Cl- (aq) + 2H2O -------► Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) + 2OH- (aq)
Note: The solution contains Na+ and OH- ions. Evaporation of water from this solution produces relatively
pure solid sodium hydroxide, .
+ -
2Na (aq) + 2OH (aq) -→ 2NaOH (aq) .
Q40). Explain electrolytic refining of copper?
Electrolytic refining of copper:
The copper metal obtained from its ores is
usually impure. It contains impurities such as
zinc, iron, silver and gold. These impurities
are removed by the process of electrolysis In
this process impure copper bars act as anode
and pure copper bars as cathode. CuSO4
solution containing little sulphuric acid is used
as the electrolyte
Working:
On passing electricity, copper anode
dissolves forming Cu+2 ions Cations move
towards the cathode at which only Cu+2 ions
are reduced. Thus pure copper deposits at
cathode. The less electropositive metals,
silver and gold fall to the bottom of the cell
Copper obtained in this process is 99 5% pure
Following reaction occur in this process
At anode:
Cu (s) ------►Cu+2 (aq) + 2e-
At cathode:
Cu+2 (aq) + 2e- ------► Cu (s)
Q41). What is electroplating? Write down procedure of electroplating.
Electroplating:
Electrolytic process used to deposit one metal on another metal is called electroplating
Procedure of electroplating:
An object can be electroplated by making it cathode in an electrolytic tank containing ions of the plating
metal. The plating metal is made anode. On passing electricity through the electrolytic tanks, a thin layer of
anode metal is deposited on the surface of the object
Q42). List the condition of good electroplating?
Conditions for good electroplating are as follows:
i) High current density
ii) Low temperature
iii) High concentration of metal in its electrolyte
Q43). In electroplating of zinc, which salt is used as an electrolyte? Write the redox reaction taking
place during the electroplating of zinc.
Zinc plating:
Zinc plating on steel is done by using zinc metal as anode
Electrolyte used:
A solution of potassium zinc cyanide K2 [Zn(CN)4 ] containing little sodium cyanide. The steel object is
made cathode
During the electrolysis zinc at the anode enters the solution as Zn+2 ions which are deposited at the
cathode. The electrolyte ionizes as follows
K2 [Zn(CN)4 ] (aq) ===== 2K+1 (aq) + [Zn(CN,] (aq) [Zn(CN)4]-2 (aq)
[Zn(CN)4]-2 (aq) ===== Zn+2 (aq) + 4CN-1 (aq)
Redox reactions:
Following reactions occur at the electrodes:
At anode: Zn(s) ------► Zn+2 (aq) + 2e-

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+2 -
At cathode: Zn (aq) + 2e ------► Zn(s)
Sodium cyanide prevents the hydrolysis of the electrolyte
Note: (Awareness against pollution): Cyanide ions are extremely toxic. Therefore, solution containing
cyanide ions must not be dropped into rivers and streams. This is responsible for killing fish and other .
animals .
Q44) Why is tin plated steel used to make food cans ? OR Give the advantages of Tin plated steel?
Tin plated steel is used to make cans. Food and beverages industries use tinplated steel cans. This is
because the components of food beverages and the preservatives contain organic acids or their salts They
may form toxic substances by reacting with iron. These acids and salts are corrosive. Tin plating is non-
poisonous and prevents corrosion
Q45). In electroplating of tin, which salt is used as an electrolyte? Write the redox reaction taking
place during the electroplating of tin
Tin plating:
Food cans are generally tin plated.
Electrolyte used:
Tin plating on steel is done by using tin as anode and a solution of stannous sulphate (SnSO4) as
electrolyte. Few drops of dil H2SO4 are added in the electrolyte to prevent its hydrolysis. The electrolyte
ionizes as follows.
SnSO4 (aq) ===== Sn+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq)
Redox reactions:
During the electrolysis following reactions occur
At anode: Sn (s) ------►Sn+2 (aq) + 2e-
At cathode: Sn+2 (aq) + 2e ------► Sn (s)
Q46). In electroplating of chromium, which salt is used as an electrolyte? Write the redox reaction
taking place during the electroplating of chromium.
Chromium plating:
Since chromium metal does not adhere strongly to the steel therefore steel is first plated with copper or
nickel and then chromium.
Electrolyte used:
For electroplating chromium, chromium metal is used as anode and chromium sulphate, Cr2(SO4)3 as an
electrolyte. A few drops of dil H2SO4 are added in the electrolyte to prevent its hydrolysis. The electrolyte
ionizes as follows:
Cr2(SO4)3 (aq) ===== 2Cr+3 (aq) + 3SO4-2 (aq)
Redox reactions:
At anode: Cr (s) ===== Cr+3 (aq) + 3e-
At cathode: Cr (aq) + 3e- ===== Cr (s)
+3

Chromium plated steel is used to make automobile parts.

Q47). What do you mean by corrosion?
Corrosion:
Corrosion is the process in which a metal reacts with oxygen and moisture in the atmosphere. It is a natural
process that converts refined metals to the more stable metal oxides. For Example: Iron (Fe) gets
corroded when it gets rusted after reacting with moisture and Oxygen
Q48). What do you mean by rusting of iron. How can you investigate the condition for rusting of
iron?
Rusting of iron:
Rusting is a chemical process that can take place in metals exposed to the atmosphere.
Iron kept in moist air for a long time, gets rusted. The rusting is due to the coating of hydrated ferric oxide
on the surface of the metal Impurities present in the metal facilitate rusting. The presence of Co, in air also
helps rusting Along with hydrated oxides rust also consists of carbonate.
Conditions for rusting:
Most familiar example of corrosion is the formation of rust on iron. Oxygen and water are necessary for iron
to rust. A region of metal surface that has relatively less moisture, acts as anode.
Fe (s) ------► Fe+2 (aq) + 2e-
Another region on the surface of metal that has relatively more moisture acts as cathode. The electrons
released in the oxidation process reduce atmospheric oxygen to hydroxyl ions
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- ------► 4OH-
+2
The Fe ions formed at the anodic regions flow to the cathodic regions through the moisture on the
surface. Here Fe+2 ions further react with oxygen to form rust Fe2O3xH2O

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Q49). Briefly explain corrosion of aluminum?
Corrosion of aluminum:
The corrosion resistance of aluminum is dependent upon a protective oxide film This film is stable in
aqueous media when the pH is between about 4.0 and 8.5. The oxide film is naturally self-renewing and
accidental abrasion or other mechanical damage of the surface film is rapidly repaired. However, this does
not occur. This is because a tough layer of insoluble aluminium oxide (AI2O3) forms on its surface when
metal is exposed to air This layer firmly adheres to the metal and serves to protect the underlying aluminum
layers from further corrosion. On the other hand, the insoluble layer of rust, Fe2O3xH2O that forms on the
surface of iron is too porous to protect the underlying metal. This layer flakes away and exposes metal for
further corrosion
Aluminium is extensively used in the construction of aircraft, ships, cars, cooking utensil, window frames,
soda canes etc. Aluminium has much higher tendency to oxidize than iron. Therefore, we might expect to
see aircrafts, ships, cars, cooking utensils soda canes, transformed into piles of corroded aluminium
Q50). How corrosion can be prevented?
Prevention of corrosion:
1. Coating with paint:
Corrosion can be prevented by painting the metal, so that it does not come in contact with oxygen and
moisture and other harmful agents. Paint is cheap and easily applied Paint is used to protect many
everyday steel objects such as cars trucks, trains, bikes, bridges etc. Paint also provides visual appeal
2. Alloying:
The tendency of iron to oxidize can be greatly reduced by alloying it with other metals. For example,
stainless steel is an alloy of iron chromium and nickel It is protected from corrosion by an outer layer of
Cr2O3
3. Coating with a thin layer of another metal:
Metals that readily corrode can be protected by coating with a thin layer of another metal that resists
corrosion.
This can be done by:
(a) Tinning (b) Galvanizing (c) Electroplating
(a) Tinning:
In the process of tin plating, clean iron sheet is dipped in a bath of molten tin It is then passed through hot
pair of rollers. Tin protects iron effectively, since, it is very stable
(b) Galvanizing (Coating with Zinc):
The process of galvanizing consists of dipping a clean iron sheet in a hot zinc chloride bath and heating.
After this sheet is rolled into zinc bath and cooled.
(c) Electroplating:
In electroplating an electrolytic process is used to deposit one metal on the surface of another metal
4. Cathodic Protection:
Cathodic protection is the process in which the metal that is to be protected from corrosion is made cathode
and is connected to metals such as magnesium or
aluminum. These metals are more active than iron, so
they act as anode and iron as cathode. The more
active metals themselves oxidize and save iron from
corrosion .Cathodic protection is employed to prevent
iron and steel structures such as pipes tanks, Oil rigs
etc in the moist underground and marine environment.

Q51) Give some properties of silver metal.

Silver is very soft metal. Silver atoms have weak interactions and are loosely packed together Silver
tarnishes in air when it comes in contact with trace quantities of H2S or SO2 in the atmosphere or food such
as eggs, that are rich in Sulphur compounds
Q52) What is Silver Tarnish?
Silver tarnish is silver sulphide that gives silver blackish appearance. Due to this reason decorative and
practical objects made of solid silver gradually turn black and lose shining appearance Decorative and
practical objects are painted with a thin layer of silver. Atoms in thin layers firmly adhere to the metal atoms
of the object and form a durable layer. An article thickly plated with silver contains many layers of silver
atoms. Such layers form soft covering these layers gradually turn black
Q53) Difference between electrolytic cell and galvanic cell

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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
Electrolytic Cell Galvanic Cell
1.In this cell, the electrical energy is converted into 1.In this cell, chemical energy is converted into
chemical energy electrical energy
2.In this cell, current is used to drive a chemical 2.In this cell, current is produced as a result of
reaction chemical reaction
3.Non-spontaneous oxidation reduction takes place 3.Spontaneous oxidation-reduction reactions take
place
4.Electrolysis takes plce in this cell 4.Electric conduction takes place in this cell
Examples: Down’s cell, Nelson’s cell Examples: Daniel’s cell, Fuel cell

Q55) Explain how chemistry interacts with photography ? OR Explain one example
from daily life which involves oxidation-reduction reaction ?
Redox in Photography:
A photographic film is basically an emulsion of silver bromide, (AgBr) in gelatin. When the film is exposed to
light, Silver bromide granules become activated. This activation depends on the intensity of the light falling
upon them. When exposed film is placed in the developer solution that is actually a reducing agent.
Hydroquinone which is a mild reducing agent is used as a developer. In hydroquinone the activated
granules if silver bromide are reduced to black metallic silver. Reduced silver atoms form image.
Ag+ + 1e- ------► Ag (s)
Inactivated silver bromide is removed from the film by using a solvent called a fixer. Sodium thiosulphate is
used for this purpose. The areas of the film exposed to the light appear darkest because they have the
highest concentration of metallic Silver. Thus photography involves Oxidation-reduction reaction.
Q56) In which direction do cations within the salt bridge move to maintain charge neutrality ?
Negative ions move from cathodic compartment to anodic compartment through the salt bridge. In this way,

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the solutions of two half-cells remain neutral. Salt bridge contains KCl. The cation (K+) of salt bridge move
towards copper electrode and Cl- ions of salt bridge move towards zinc electrode.
Q56) Describe how a battery produces electrical energy? OR How is battery a source of electrical
energy ?
A battery is a galvanic cell or a group of galvanic cells joined in series. It generates electric current by a
redox reaction. When connected in a circuit it’s anode oxidizes by releasing electrons. These electrons
through the external circuit begin to flow towards the cathode. At cathode these electrons reduce oxidizing
agent present in the electrolyte.
Examples: Examples of batteries are dry cell, storage cell, Mercury battery etc.

Hydrogen Peroxide is a oxidizing agent in this reaction

Reason:
Hydrogen peroxide conerts Lead sulphite (PbS) into Lead Sulphate (PbSO4). Oxidation number of
oxidizing atom S changes from +2 to +6 . Whereas, Hydrogen peroxide in this reaction is reduced
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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
Because of decrease in it’s oxidation state from +4 to +2.

Q60) Describe the method of recovering metal from it’s ores. OR Describe the method of
recovering iron from it’s ores:
Methode of recovering metal from its ores.
The process of producing a metal from its ores, always involve oxidation-reduction reaction. Most of the
metals are found in nature as oxides or Sulphide ores. After mining the ore, desired mineral is separated
from the other materials. Purified metal oxides are reduced to free metals by using a reducing agent.
Use of reducing agents:
Aluminium, coke, carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas are generally used as reducing agents.
Extraction of iron:
For example extraction of iron involves the chemical reduction of Hematite (Fe2O3) and coke are introduced
into the blast furnace form the top. A blast of hot air is forced up the furnace from the bottom (hence it’s
name is blast furnace)
Waste gases:

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The oxygen gas reacts with coke to form mostly carbon monoxide and some carbon dioxide. These
reaction are highly exothermic. As hot CO rises, it reacts with iron oxide and reduces it to iron. Molten iron
collects at the bottom of the furnace. Lime stone removes impurities from iron as slag.
Fe2O3 + 3CO ------► 2Fe + 3CO2
Extraction of lead and zinc metals:
Lead and Zinc metals occur naturally as Sulphide ores. These ores are first converted into corresponding
oxide by heating in oxygen. In this process Sulphur is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. These oxides are
then reduced by coke or carbon monoxide or hydrogen.
ZnO + C ------► Zn + CO
PbO + CO ------► Pb + CO2
CuO + H2 ------► Cu + H2O
Q61) Give balanced half-reaction and overall cell reactions taking place inside a galvanic cell during
the electrolysis of copper

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Q66) Write a complete note on Galvanic/ Voltaic cell and it’s working
►Galvanic Cell / Voltaic Cell : The reaction which involve spontaneous redox (Oxidation and reduction)
reactions to generate electricity is called Galvanic or Voltaic cell.
►Construction of Galvanic / Voltaic cell: A galvanic cell consists of the following parts
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 Chapter 7 : Electrochemistry
(i) A zinc bar dipped into a 1M Zn SO, solution.
(ii) A copper bar dipped into a 1M Cu SO, solution
(iii) A salt bridge which is inverted U tube containing an inert electrolyte such as KCI. Its ions do not react
with the electrodes or with the ions in solution. It makes the electrical contacts between the solutions
through which ions can move.
(iv) A voltmeter to measure current.
►Working of Galvanic cells (daniel cells):
Each compartment of cell is called a half cell. Thus a Daniel cell consists of two half cell joined in series.
When circuit is complete, electrons begin to flow from Zn rod through the external wires to Cu rod. Thus Zn
half cell acts as anode and Cu half cell as cathode. Note that a half cell consists of a metal rod dipped in
the solution of its salt.
►Reactions in a daniel cell: In Daniel cell, electrons flow from Zn rod, through the external wire to Cu rod.
This is because Zn+2 has more tendency to undergo oxidation than Cu+2, Zn atoms from the rod go into the
solution as Zn+2 ions leaving electrons on the rod. These electrons flow in the external circuit. Thus
oxidation half reaction occurs at anode compartment. Cu+2 ions in copper sulphate solution capture
electrons from Cu electrode and are reduced. Reduction half reduction occurs at the cathode compartment.
Such oxidation and reduction reactions are called half cell reactions.
At Anode (Oxidation Half Raction) :
Zn ────► Zn+2 + 2e-

At cathode (Reduction half life Reaction) :

Cu+2 + 2e- ────► Cu

The Oxidation state of Cu and Zn is +2. But in this reaction , as we know that more electronegative element
is copper (1.9) and Zinc is less electronegative (1.6), Therefore Copper will take electrons from zinc and will
act as a negative anode. The purpose of a salt bridge is not to move electrons from the electrolyte, rather
it's to maintain charge balance because the electrons are moving from one-half cell to the other. The
electrons flow from the anode
to the cathode. A salt bridge
balances the charge when
electrons move from one half
cell to another half cell. During
this process the salt bridge
uses its electrolyte solution
which further helps in balancing
charges in both the half cells.
Any type of salt can be used in
salt bridge. Cotton plugs are
used at the end of salt bridge to
stop solution of one cell from
entering into another

Q67) In the electrolysis of

fused Nacl , what would be
the direction of flow of electrons
The current will flow from + ive anode to - ive cathode
At Cathode (reduction) : 2Na+ + 2e- ────► 2Na
At anode (Oxidation) : 2Cl- ────► Cl2 + 2e

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