ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

JOHN KEVIN M. DE CASTRO

16000494

1. Given the data below, analyze the effect of skin on flowing bottom hole pressure and
demonstrate the effect of drainage area on oil well production rate
Q = 100STB/day re = 2980 ft k = 8.2 mD
Pi = 5651 psi rw = 0.328 ft µ = 1.1 cp
Bo = 1.7 bbl/STB h = 53 ft

Assumptions:
a. Flow regime is pseudosteady state.
b. The given pressure is average pressure.

Working Equation:
𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒒𝝁𝑩 𝒓𝒆 𝟑
𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 − ⌈𝒍𝒏 ( ) − + 𝑺⌉
𝒌𝒉 𝒓𝒘 𝟒

a. Skin effect can be analyzed by assuming different values of skin factor, S.

For S = 0
𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 )(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + 0⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = 0.5

𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 )(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + 0.5⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = 1
𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 )(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + 1⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟐. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = 1.5
ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 ) (1.1 𝑐𝑝) (1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + 1.5⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟏. 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = 2

𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 ) (1.1 𝑐𝑝) (1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + 2⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = -0.5

𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 )(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + (−0.5)⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = -1
𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 )(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + (−1)⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = -1.5
𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 ) (1.1 𝑐𝑝) (1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + (−1.5)⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟒𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊

For S = -2

𝑆𝑇𝐵 7𝑏𝑏𝑙
141.2 (100 ) (1.1 𝑐𝑝) (1. 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) 2980 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑝𝑤𝑓 = 5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − ⌈𝑙𝑛 ( ) − + (−2)⌉
(8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡) 0.328 𝑓𝑡 4

𝒑𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝒑𝒔𝒊

ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Table 1
Wellbore Flowing Pressure and ∆p at Varying Skin Factor
S pwf (psi) ∆p (psi)
-2 5264.3255 386.6745
-1.5 5233.9477 417.0523
-1 5203.5699 447.4301
-0.5 5173.1921 477.8078
0 5142.8143 508.1857
0.5 5112.4365 538.5635
1 5082.0587 568.9413
1.5 5051.6809 599.3191
2 5021.3031 629.6969

Skin Factor vs Wellbore Flowing Pressure Plot

5300
Wellbore FLowing pressure (psi)

5250
5200
5150
5100
5050
5000 y = -30.378x + 5294.7

4950
4900
4850
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Skin factor

Figure 1 - Skin Factor versus Wellbore Flowing Pressure Plot

The figure above shows the relationship between the wellbore flowing pressure and
the skin factor. It can be observed that there is an inverse linear relationship between them
since wellbore flowing pressure decreases as skin factor increases. The change according to
the equation above is 30.378 times of the skin factor. This is because the wellbore flowing
pressure is affected by the skin via the change or reduction in permeability and any other
factors. The formation fluid wasn’t able to flow freely into the wellbore thereby causing low
flowing pressure – which can be assumed to be a damage formation. Since skin is defined as
the permeability impairment due to wellbore damage caused by oil and gas operations,
increasing its value inhibit the flow of fluids causing a lower wellbore flowing pressure.
ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Skin Factor vs ∆p
700
y = 30.378x + 356.3
600

500
∆p (psi)

400

300

200

100

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Skin Factor

Figure 2 - Skin Factor versus ∆p Plot

Figure 2 shows the relationship between the change in pressure (∆p) and the skin
factor. According to the trendline, y = 20.378x + 356.3, there is a direct linear relationship
between the two variables since increases with each other. If the wellbore flowing pressure is
low for higher skin factor, and we get ∆p, we will expect higher value.

b. Effect of drainage area can be determined by assuming varying drainage areas.

Working Equation:
𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉(𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 )
𝒒=
𝒓 𝟑
𝝁𝑩 [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒 + 𝑺]
𝒘

Table 4
Drainage Area and Its Equivalent Effective Radius
Drainage area (ft2) Effective radius (ft)
15,000,000 2185.0969
20,000,000 2523.1325
25,000,000 2820.9479
30,000,000 3090.1936
35,000,000 3337.7906
40,000,000 3568.2482
45,000,000 3784.6988
ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Assumption:
Calculations made are based on S = 0.

For Ad = 15x106 ft
𝟕. 𝟎𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒌𝒉(𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 )
𝒒=
𝒓 𝟑
𝝁𝑩 [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒 + 𝑺]
𝒘

7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)

𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 2185.0969 𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡

𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚

6
For Ad = 20x10 ft
7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 2523.1325 𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡

𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟎 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚

For Ad = 25x106 ft
7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 2820.9479 𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡
𝒒 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟓 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚
For Ad = 30x106 ft
7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 3090.1936 𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡

𝒒 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚

6
For Ad = 35x10 ft
7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 3337.7906 𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡

𝒒 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟔 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚

6
For Ad = 40x10 ft
7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 3568.2482 𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡

𝒒 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟏𝟗 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚

ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

For Ad = 45x106 ft
7.08𝑥10−3 (8.2 𝑚𝐷)(53 𝑓𝑡)(5651 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 5142.8143 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
𝑞=
𝑏𝑏𝑙 3784.6988𝑓𝑡 3
(1.1 𝑐𝑝)(1.7 𝑆𝑇𝐵 ) [𝑙𝑛 ( ) − 4 + 0]
0.328 𝑓𝑡

𝒒 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝑺𝑻𝑩/𝒅𝒂𝒚

Table 4
Production rate at Varying Drainage Area
2
Drainage area (ft ) Effective radius (ft) Q (STB/day)
15,000,000 2185.0969 103.8206
20,000,000 2523.1325 101.9990
25,000,000 2820.9479 100.6295
30,000,000 3090.1936 99.5375
35,000,000 3337.7906 98.6326
40,000,000 3568.2482 97.8619
45,000,000 3784.6988 97.1920

Drainage area vs Production rate

106
Production rate (STB/day)

104

102

100

98
y = -3.434ln(x) + 104.14
96

94

92
15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 35,000,000 40,000,000 45,000,000
Drainage area (ft2)

Figure 3 – Drainage area vs Production rate Plot

Figure above shows the effect of drainage area on the production rate. According to the
trendline, the relationship is a logarithmic function, y = -3.434ln(x) +104.14. The reason maybe is that
for a fixed pressure of different volume (drainage area with fixed thickness), pressure distribution
for smaller container for example is greater compared to the bigger ones. With this, production rate
can be higher since there is enough driving force the will enable the hydrocarbons to flow into the
wellbore. However, for large container (again for example) at same pressure, pressure distribution is
not that high thereby causing a low production rate.
ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

2. Show the equation transformation from the initial reservoir pressure version to the average
reservoir pressure equation.

𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟕𝒌𝒕 𝒓 𝟑
a. 𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 = [ + 𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒]
𝒌𝒉 ∅𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒘

𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒓 𝟑
b. 𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 = [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒]
𝒌𝒉 𝒘

Transforming the initial pressure equation to average pressure equation can be done by
substituting the compressibility formula to the left hand side of the former equation.

Assumptions:
a. Fluids inside the reservoir is slightly compressible.
b. The natural drive mechanism is by expansion.
c. Flow regime can be pseudosteady state.

𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝒄 = − 𝒗 ∆𝑷 (1)
∆𝑽 = −𝒄𝑽∆𝑷 = 𝒒𝒅𝒕 (2)
2
Where V = πr hØ
∆𝒑 𝒒 𝒒 𝑩
= − 𝒄𝑽 = − 𝒄𝝅𝒓𝒔𝟐 𝒉∅ (3)
∆𝒕 𝒆

∆p can be equated to pi – pave since we this change in pressure is caused by the change in
volume upon production, where pave is possible.
𝒑𝒊 −𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒒 𝑩
= − 𝒄𝝅𝒓𝒔𝟐 𝒉∅ (4)
∆𝒕 𝒆
qs is the flow rate under reservoir condition with a unit of bbl/hr. To make it under standard
condition, we multiply it with formation volume factor and also multiplying 5.615 ft3/bbl and
dividing 24 hours/day to make all units solvable.

𝒕
𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓𝒒𝒔 𝑩( )
𝒑𝒊 − 𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 = − 𝟐𝟒
(5)
𝒄𝝅𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉∅
The negative sign is just a sign convention for the reduction in volume. Substituting
Equation 6 to Equation a.
𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒒𝒔 𝑩𝒕
𝒑𝒊 = 𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 + (6)
𝒄𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉∅

𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒒𝒔 𝑩𝒕 𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟕𝒌𝒕 𝒓 𝟑

𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 + − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 = [ + 𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒] (7)
𝒄𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉∅ 𝒌𝒉 ∅𝝁𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒘

𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒒𝒔 𝑩𝒕 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒒𝑩𝒐 𝒕𝒌𝝁 𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒓 𝟑

𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 + − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 = + [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒] (8)
𝒄𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉∅ 𝒉∅𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒌𝝁 𝒌𝒉 𝒘
ASSIGNMENT IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY - MSC IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

Canceling kµ term on the first term of the right hand side of the equation. And transposing
the second term of the left hand side of the equation.

𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒒𝒔 𝑩𝒕 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒒𝑩𝒐 𝒕𝒌𝝁 𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒓 𝟑

𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 = − + + [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒] (9)
𝒄𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒉∅ 𝒉∅𝒄𝒕 𝒓𝟐𝒆 𝒌𝝁 𝒌𝒉 𝒘

Combining like terms.

𝟏𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝒒𝝁𝑩𝒐 𝒓 𝟑
𝒑𝒂𝒗𝒆 − 𝒑𝒘𝒇 = [𝒍𝒏 (𝒓 𝒆 ) − 𝟒] (10)
𝒌𝒉 𝒘