A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

WATER LEVEL INDICATOR AND CONTROLLER

Bachelor Of Technology

In

Information Technology

First Year (First Semester)

Guided by:
Submitted by:

Gourav Majee

CS-F2-61

Department of First Year , Poornima College Of Engineering Jaipur

This is to certify that the project entitled “Arduino line follower” has been carried out by
GOURAV MAJEE (REGISTRATION NO.-PCE18CS059) under my guidance during the
academic session 2018-2019. To the best of my knowledge and belief ,this project work has not
been submitted elsewhere for the award of any other project work.

The work has been found satisfactory and its approved for submission.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and respect towards
Our guide,<NAME OFGUIDE><Designation> ,Poornima College of Engineering,
Jaipur.We very much indebted to him for generosity , expertise and guidance
Received from him while working on this project and throughout our studies. Without
His support and timely guidance ,the completion of our project would have seemed a
Far –fetched dream.

We are also grateful to our respected Campus Director Dr.Mahesh Bundele ,our
Respected Departmental Dean Dr. Rekha Nair , HOD Mr.Amitesh Kumar along with all
Faculty members to provide us such helpful environment to fulfill our dreams.
A special thanks goes to our technical officer Sugreev Chaudharysir ,coordinators
And membersof Zircon club and all those who have helped us directly or indirectly in
Our endeavor.
CONTENTS

1.Introduction

2. Synopsis

2.1.1 Project Motivation

2.1.2 Background And Literature

2.1.3 Project Objective

3.Working Methodology

3.1 Materials And Methods (Specifications)

3.2 Model Design (Hardware And Circuit Diagram)

4. Results And Discussion

5. Future Scope

6. Conclusion

7. References
 INTRODUCTION

A line follower robot is basically a robot designed to follow a line or path already pre determined
by the user the line of 8 may be as simple as a physical black line on the floor or as Complex
part making schemes in order to detect the specific markers or lines

various sensing schemes can be employed the schemes may vary from simple low cost line
sensing circuit too expensive vision system the choice of the schemes would be dependent upon
the sensing accuracy and flexibility required from the industrial point of view line following
Robot has been implemented in semi to fully autonomous plants in this environment these robots
functions as materials careers to deliver products from one manufacturing point to another via
rail conveyor and gantry solutions are not possible following capabilities these robot should also
have the capability to navigate junctions and decide on which Junction to turn and with junction
ignore this would required the robot to have 90 degree turn and also junction counting
capabilities

line following Robot with pick and placement capabilities are commonly used in manufacturing
plants these these move on a specific path to pick the components from specific locations and
place them on desired location basically line following Robot is a self operating Robot that
detects and follow the line drawn on the floor the path to be taken is indicated by the white line
on the black surface the control system used Mustang the line and man what to stay on course
while constantly correcting the wrong moves using feedback mechanism does forming a simple
yet effective closed loop system
 SYNOPSIS

The present condition in industry is they are carrying the parcels or materials one place to
another place using the crane system. Some times lifting of big weights at that time may cause
the breakage of lifting materials and will be cause damage to the parcels also. The line following
robots is commonly used for carry children through shopping malls, homes, entertainment
places, industries. The use of line following robotic vehicle is transport the materials from one
place to another place in the industries. This robot movement completely depends on the track.
The robot can do any thing you set them to do. Like in factories all they have to do with making
their products is make the robot.
 MOTIVATION BEHIND

In many cases, the robots in industries perform a lot of tasks including the material handling by simply
giving it instruction to follow a line and deliver things t is very difficult to continuous monitoring of
the patients. That line following robot based health care management system can be very
efficient to continuous monitoring to the patients, whenever they need any help or medicine. For
continuous monitoring of the patients, health care system needs many personnel robot based
health care management system can reduce the fee for the patient

PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The aim of the project is to make a robot which can follow a black strip on a white floor and can
follow the line including curves and turns .

WORKING METHODOLOGY

The arduino line follower uses two motors to control real wheels and the single front
We use here the behavior of light at black or white surface . when light falls on a white surface
its almost full reflected and in case of black surface light is completely absorbed .
We have used IR Transmitters and IR receivers also called photo diodes. They are used for
sending and receiving light. IR transmits infrared lights. When infrared rays falls on white
surface, it’s reflected back and catched by photodiodes which generates some voltage changes.
When IR light falls on a black surface, light is absorb by the black surface and no rays are
reflected back, thus photo diode does not receive any light or rays.

Here in this arduino line follower robot when sensor senses white surface then arduino gets 1 as
input and when senses black line arduino gets 0 as input.
Required components

1-ARDUINO

In our Project we have used a microcontroller to control whole the process of

2- L293D
L293D is a motor driver IC which has two channels for driving two motors. L293D
has two inbuilt Transistor Darlington pair for current amplification and a separate
power supply pin for giving external supply to motors

3- IR Module:
 IR Module is sensor circuit which consists IR LED/photodiode pair,
potentiometer, LM358, resistors and LED. IR sensor transmits Infrared light
and photo diode receives the infrared light.

4-Power Supply

I have added a voltage regulator to get 5 volt for arduino, comparator and motor
driver. And a 9 volt battery is used to power the circuit.

5-Motors

(Geared Motors): We have used two geared motors at the rear of the line follower
robot. These motors provide more torque than normal motors and can be used for
carrying some load as well.
 Circuit diagram

Simple representation of circuit diagram of arduino based line follower model

The robot was finally running with a few glitches and there which are sorted in the
later revisions of the firmware. The sensors were working properly and giving their well
output when placed on bright surface with black line . it was moving steadily taking
turns and as working perfectly fine

Future scope and application

 Line follower Robots are commonly used for automation process in industries,
military applications and consumer applications.
 They are very useful as they can work without any supervision i.e. they work as
automatic guided vehicles.
 With additional features like obstacle avoidance and other security measures, line
follower robots can be used in driver less cars.
 Conclusion

The robot was finally running with a few glitches and there which are sorted in the
later revisions of the firmware. The follower has still some shortcomings but achieve
,most of the objectives

I earned a lot of knowledge of micro controllers a deeper and clearer view of the
architecture, ports and all other functional blocks are achieved

In end we created a circuit that enabled our robot to follow line based reflected
off the ground . the robot is capable of following the lines by comparing lights of either
side .

We also found that the sensors work best in black and white , and placing the
sensors over a different colors results in fluctuating output. This behavior unfortunately
rules out the prospect of using background and tracks of different colors
 References

 https://reseachgate.net>publication
 https://www.electronicshub.org
 https://pantechsolution.net>line-follower
 Wikipedia/line-follower