In their senior year, high

school students have to begin

planning for their career. This
comes with the immediate
task of choosing a college
where they will gain the skills
and knowledge as foundations for their future. However, getting in to their dream colleges could be
a challenging task. Top colleges and universities, have entrance examinations, and in-demand
courses offer limited slots for only the top performing students. This results to the need for
students to prepare comprehensively for academic excellence during the senior year and for the
entrance examinations they will take up after graduation.
Sun Tzu, the author of Art of War, said “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need
not fear the result of a hundred battles.” Likewise if you know your academic strengths and
weaknesses plus the structure of the entrance exams, you need not fear the hundreds of exam
items you are to take.

University of the Philippines (UP)

The UP College Admission Test (UPCAT) is a four-hour examination which consists of
Mathematics, Science, Language (English and Filipino), and Reading comprehension. The
examination is right minus ¼ of wrong and some items in every subject are in Filipino language. In
applying for the UPCAT, you are to select two campuses in order of preference from among nine
(Diliman, Manila, Los Banos, Baguio, Cebu, Iloilo, Pampanga, Tacloban, and Mindanao). You are also
to choose two degree programs in order of preference in each of the campuses you selected.
Applicants are ranked based on their University Predicted Grade (UPG) and then screened
based on the choice of campuses and courses. The UPG is the result of combining the applicant’s
weighted scores in the UPCAT exam and the grades in high school. Somehow, it predicts the
applicant’s performance when he enters the University of the Philippines. The number of items and
time allotment per subject may consist of the following:
SUBTESTS Number of Items Time Allotment (Minutes)
Language Proficiency 85 50
Identifying Errors 20
Analogy 15
Word Meaning 15
Antonyms 15
Sentence Completion 10
Sentence Improvement 10
Science Proficiency 60 50
Mathematics Proficiency 60 75
Reading Comprehension 90 70
TOTAL 295 245

De La Salle University (DLSU)

The DLSU College Entrance Test (DLSU-CET) is onsidered by some to be the hardest exam to
take but easiest to pass because of its low cut-off grade for passing. The DLSU entrance test usually
 consists of abstract reasoning, verbal reasoning, language proficiency, reading comprehension,
science, mathematics, and essay writing (English and Filipino).

University of Santo Tomas (UST)

The UST Entrance Test (USTET) consists of a mental ability test and aptitude tests in
Mathematics, English, and Science. Moreover, subjects related to your course are given more
weight in scoring. The number of items and time allotment per subject may consist of the following:

SUBTESTS Number of Items Time Allotment (Minutes)

Mathematics Proficiency 60 120
English Proficiency and Reading Comprehension 80 25
Science 80 45
Mental Ability 80 30
Abstract Reasoning 60 25
TOTAL 360 245
*Extra Items for CFAD (College of Fine Arts and Design) Applicants

Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU)

The Ateneo College Entrance Exam (ACET) is a time pressured exam where there are more
number of items compared to the UPCAT but less time, making it a test of speed and accuracy.
ACET has no particular subject allotted for science but science concepts are included in the general
information. Moreover, reading comprehension and language proficiency items are in Filipino. The
ACET exam is not merely an academic performance evaluation but also a test of creativity, fluency,
and tenacity. The number of items and time allotment per subject may consist of the following:
Time Allotment
SUBTESTS Number of Items
(Minutes)
Mathematics Proficiency 60 60
Numerical Ability and Word Problems 30 30
English Proficiency 100 + essay 65
Reading Comprehension 30 20
Abstract Reasoning 30 10
Analogy 25 5
Verbal reasoning 30 10
General Information 25 5
TOTAL 330 + essay 205
 SCIENCE CONCEPTS
Key Concept 1: Life Sciences
1.1 Levels of Organization
1.3 Cellular Organization
1.4 Human Anatomy
1.5 Botany
1.6 Ecology and Ecosystems
1.7 Genetics
DRILLS

Key Concept 2: Earth Sciences

2.1 Atmohsphere
2.2 Lithosphere
2.2 Hydrosphere
2.3 Astronomy
DRILLS
Key Concept 3: Chemistry

3.1 Properties of Matter

3.2 Chemical Nomenclature
3.3 Periodic Trends
3.5 Chemical Reactions
3.6 Stoichiometry
3.7 Gas Laws
3.8 Solution Chemistry
DRILLS
Key Concept 4: Physics
4.1 Units of Measurement
4.2 Newton's Laws of Motion
4.3 Uniformly Accelerated Motion
A
4.4 Momentum
4.5 Energy, Work, Power
4.6 Thermodynamics
DRILLS

Answers and Rationale

 Life Sciences
Biology -Science that explains the living world by studying living things
Levels of Organization
Ecosystem – community and
its nonliving surroundings

Community – populations
which live together in a
defined area

Population – group of organisms

of one type which live in the
same area
Organism – individual
living thing
Organ systems – group of organs which
performs complex processes to sustain life

Organs – tissues grouped together

to perform certain functions

Tissues – group of cells

Cells – smallest functional unit of life
Molecules – smallest unit of most compounds

The Five Major Kingdoms

1. Animalia – multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic,
Coelenterates – 2-cell layered organism with sac-like digestion Annelids – segmented worms, closed circulation, tube-like
digestion
Arthropods – jointed appendages, exoskeleton, body divided into Vertebrates – dorsal nerve cord enclosed in cartilage or bone
head-thorax-abdomen
2. Plantae – multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
Bryophytes – lack vascular tissue; no true roots, leaves and Tracheophytes – have vascular tissue; true roots, leaves and
stems stems
3. Fungi – uni/multicellular, eukaryotic, with external digestion
4. Protista – mostly unicellular, eukaryotic
Algae – photosynthetic, contains cell walls Protozoa – animal like movement and ability to acquire nutrition
5. Monera – unicellular, prokaryotic,
Blue green algae – photosynthetic, have ribosomes; produce Bacteria – heterotrophic, decomposers, pathogens; have cell
oxygen walls
 Characteristics of living things
 Made up of cells unicellular or multicellular
 Ability to reproduce
 Has genetic makeup except viruses
 Ability to grow and develop
 Obtains energy and materials for living
 Responds to environment
 Maintains homeostasis (stable internal environment)

Cellular Organization
Cell collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings.

Cell theory  All living things are composed of cells

 Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
 New cells are produced from existing cells
coined the term “cells” after observing them from a slice of cork under the light Robert Hooke
microscope
concluded all PLANTS are made of cells Matthias Schleiden
concluded all ANIMALS are made of cells Theodor Schwann

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Smaller and simpler than cells of eukaryotes; have cell membranes Aside from cell membrane and cytoplasm, they contain nucleus
and cytoplasm but no nuclei (ANUCLEATED); All bacteria are and other various organelles; all plants, animals, and fungi are
prokaryotes eukaryotes

Cell Structures
Cell membrane  Thin, flexible barrier that supports and protects the cells while allowing them to interact with
their environment;
 it allows food to enter the cell and wastes to exit it;
 it is semi-permeable: certain substances readily pass through it such as water, alcohol and
small lipids while some substances do not.
Lipid by-layer – doubled-layer sheet which is the core of nearly all cells; also has protein
channels embedded though the layer which serves as channels and pumps; some of these
proteins have carbohydrate chains at the end which serves as identification markers.

Nucleus – contains the cell‟s genetic material and controls the cell‟s activities.
 DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that contains the hereditary information of organisms
 Chromatin – VISIBLE granular material within the nucleus which consists of DNA bound to protein
 Chromosomes – CONDENSED form of chromatin during cellular division
 Nucleolus – small dense region inside the nucleus where assembly of ribosomes begins
  Nuclear envelope – double-membrane layer with NUCLEAR PORES to allow passage of materials in and out of the nucleus.
 Cytoplasm – material inside the cell membrane excluding the nucleus

Cell Wall  to protect and provide support for the cell; found in plants, algae, and most prokaryotes
but NOT in animal cells.
Cellulose – most of plant cell wall is made up of this tough carbohydrate fiber

Cytoskeleton a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape; also functions in moving
the organelles within the cell
Ribosomes small particles made of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein which produces other proteins by
following coded instructions

Endoplasmic Reticulum organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins
are modified
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum – part of the endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are synthesized
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – contains enzymes which perform specialized tasks such as lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins

Lysosomes filled with enzymes which break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food to be
used by the cells; breaks down organelles which are not functioning already; plant cells
HAVE NO lysosomes
Vacuole saclike structure where water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates are stored; plant cells
have a single large CENTRAL VACUOLE
Chloroplasts plant cell organelle which uses the energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food
molecules through photosynthesis
Mitochondria makes high-energy compounds that the cell can use

Animal Cell Plant Cell

No cell wall No lysosomes

Some cells do not have vacuoles Large central vacuole
Cellular Functions
Movement through its membrane
Diffusion Osmosis
- passage of substances across the cell membrane which does - the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
not require energy, thus a PASSIVE process; membrane; solvent flow from lower concentration of solute to
-substance flow from higher concentration to lower higher concentration of solute until equilibrium is achieved (equal
concentration (CONCENTRATION GRADIENT) until equilibrium is concentration of solutes)
achieved (state where there is equal concentration of substances
between two locations) - fluid flows from hypotonic solutions to hypertonic solutions
across a semi-permeable membrane in an attempt to make both
solutions isotonic.
Osmotic pressure – greater pressure exerted on the hypertonic
side of a selectively permeable membrane.

Solute Solvent Solution

solids dissolved in the solution liquid part which dissolves or breakdowns mixture of solute and solvent
the solute

Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution

solution with lower concentration of solution with just right concentration of solution with higher concentration of
solute; placing an animal cell on a solute, placing an animal cell on an solute; placing an animal cell on a
hypotonic solution causes the fluids inside isotonic solution doesn‟t change its hypertonic solution causes the fluids from
the cell to move out of the cell into the appearance the solution to move into the cell, thus is
solution, thus the cell shrinks or CRENATES expands and then bursts LYSIS

Facilitated diffusion movement of substances across the cell membrane that do not readily pass the lipid bi-layer;
movement is facilitated by proteins in the lipid bi-layer serving as CHANNELS

Active transport – movement of substances across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient (from area of lower
concentration to area of higher concentration); some movement requires energy through the proteins in the lipid bi-layer serving as
PUMPS.
Endocytosis taking material into the cell through active transport by means of in foldings or pockets of the cell
membrane; when large amounts of materials are taking in PHAGOCYTOSIS occurs; when water is
taking in PINOCYTOSIS occurs
Exocytosis excretion of large amounts of materials from the cell

Cell division
Mitosis series of changes in the nucleus, involving an exact duplication of complete set of chromosomes and the
separation of these chromosomes into TWO IDENTICAL sets of chromosomes; occurs in cells making up
the body organs
Replication EXACT duplication of each single-stranded chromosome during the non-dividing period, resulting in
double-stranded chromosomes.
Cyclins proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
Cancer cells rapidly dividing cells that do not respond to the signals that would normally stop them from dividing
Chromatids individual strands of double-stranded chromosomes joined at the CENTROMERE

Process of mitotic division

Interphase non-dividing period, the cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles
Prophase first and longest phase of mitosis; the chromatin condenses into chromosomes; the centrioles separate and
forms spindle that helps separate the chromosomes; The nuclear membrane breaks down
Metaphase chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its
centromere
Anaphase sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart
Telophase The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes; two nuclear membranes
form
Cytokinesis also called cytoplasmic division, separation of cytoplasm which occurs during or at the end of mitosis resulting
in the formation of TWO daughter cells each containing an identical set of chromosomes.

Process of Meiosis
involves two separate and distinct divisions; process which involves reduction division resulting to one-half number of chromosomes;
occurs in cells for sexual reproduction; in males meiosis results in four equal sized gametes called sperms while on females only one
large egg cell results from meiosis and the other three cells called polar bodies are not involved in reproduction.
Diploid cells that have paired number of chromosomes
Autosomes type of chromosome from diploid cells that contains information on body characteristics
Sex chromosome type of chromosome from diploid cells that determines sex of organism; XX pair produces females while XY
pair produces males
Haploid cells that have ½ number of chromosomes

Meiotic division

Meiosis I results to two haploid daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell;
covers Interphase I to Anaphase I
Interphase I cells undergo DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes
Prophase I each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad
Metaphase I spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
Anaphase I the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite end of the cell
occurs after meiosis I which covers prophase II to telophase II Meiosis II
the chromatin condenses into chromosomes Prophase II
the chromosomes line up in the middle of spindle fibers along the equatorial plate Metaphase II
The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell Anaphase II
results in four haploid daughter cells Telophase II
 Human Anatomy

Nervous System
Neurons Basic cellular unit of the nervous system
Sensory neuron transmits impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system; main neuron system of the sensory organs
Interneuron located mainly in the central nervous system to interpret and relay nerve impulses between sensory and motor
neurons
Motor neuron transmit impulses from the central nervous system to effectors (glands and muscles) causing them to take action and
respond
Nerves of neurons specialized for long distance and high speed impulse transmission
Myelin sheath covers neurons for insulation and protection
Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that produce certain effect on organs to maintain function

Brain Cerebrum of voluntary activity, memory, and thinking center

large mass of neurons located in the
cranial cavity; controls and coordinates all Cerebellum coordinates muscle movement and maintains balance
human activity
Medulla controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heartbeat, blood
pressure, and peristalsis
Spinal cord protected by the vertebrate; center for reflex actions

Endocrine System
Endocrine glands ductless gland located in various parts of the body secreting hormones
Hormones chemical mediators which target body organs to elicit certain response; transported from the endocrine glands to the
target organ through the blood
Hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system

Growth stimulating hormone elongation of long bones and muscle growth

Pituitary gland Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
Follicle Stimulating Hormone stimulates activity in the ovaries and testes
Thyroid gland produces THYROXINE which regulates rate of body metabolism
Parathyroid hormone secretes PARATHORMONE for returning calcium to blood circulation from the bones

Adrenal cortex secretes CORTISOL for conversion of fat and proteins into
Adrenal glands glucose and ALDOSTERONE for reabsorption of sodium and
chloride into the bloodstream
Adrenal medulla secretes ADRENALINE to increase the blood sugar level and
accelerates the heart and breathing rate

Testes male development of male sex characteristics

Ovaries female sex gland which secretes testosterone to influence organ which secretes various hormones
such as the estrogen which influences development of female sex characteristics
 Circulatory system
Red blood cells have hemoglobin; carry oxygen to various parts of the body
White blood cells fight infection in the body.
Platelets needed for cessation of bleeding through blood clot formation
Arteries thick walled, muscular blood vessels which transport blood away from the heart to all parts of body
Capillaries found at end of small arteries, and at beginning of small veins; exchanges dissolved materials by diffusion between the
blood and fluid surrounding body cells
Veins thin walled blood vessels possessing valves which prevent back flow of blood; returns blood to the heart

Heart Right atrium receives DEOXYGENATED blood from the body through the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Four chambered double
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the PULOMANRY VEIN
pump composed of TWO
atrium and TWO ventricles. Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the PULMONARY ARTERY

Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the AORTA

Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

circulation to and from the lungs circulation to and from the rest of the body
 Respiratory system
-Involves cellular respiration and gas exchange
Cellular respiration process wherein oxygen is acquired by cells and processed to produce energy; end products are water and carbon
dioxide
Gas exchange transportation of gases between the external environment and the internal membranes of the lungs
Nasal cavity lined with ciliated mucous membrane which filters, warms, and moistens the air; opening is called nostrils
Pharynx connects the nasal cavity to the air cavity; air travels here and passes the epiglottis, a flap of tissue which prevents
other materials aside from air to enter the trachea
Trachea tube that sends air between the pharynx and the bronchi; cartilage rings prevent the trachea from collapsing
Bronchi lined with mucous membranes and ringed with cartilage leading to the bronchioles
Bronchioles lined with mucous membranes but lack cartilage which finally leads to alveoli
Alveoli functional unit where gas exchange occurs; surrounded by capillaries

Inhalation Exhalation
 diaphragm contracts and moves down to move air inside the  diaphragm relaxes and moves upward to move air outside
lungs; the lungs;
 as inhalation starts air pressure inside the lungs is lower  as exhalation starts air pressure inside the lungs is higher
than environment than environment

Digestive System
consists of a continuous „one-way‟ gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs
Peristalsis rhythmic muscular contractions to move food along the GI tract
Ingestion digestion of food through the mouth which contains the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands; serves to increase surface
area of food for easier digestion
Movement of food mouth -- esophagus -- stomach -- small intestines -- large intestines -- anus
Amylase digests starch into simple sugar.
Stomach temporary storage area of food; where protein digestion begins through enzyme protease
Small intestine major portion of the food is digested; absorption of nutrients to the blood stream occurs through its VILLI structures
Gallbladder stores bile that helps in fat digestion
Alveoli functional unit where gas exchange occurs; surrounded by capillaries
Pancreas produces protease, lipase and amylase which aid protein, lipid and starch digestion.
Large intestine where water is mainly reabsorbed

Excretory system
Liver breaks down red blood cells and recycle useable materials inside the body
Sweat glands through these structures of the skin water, salts and urea diffuses from the blood to the external surface of the body as
perspiration
Kidneys excretion of urea; controls Nephrons functional unit for fluid filtration and reabsorption
concentration of body fluids
in the body Ureters Two tubes which connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder stores urine until eliminated through the urethra
Urethra small tube where urine is finally excreted; contents of the urinary bladder empties to the urethra
 Masculo-skeletal system
Usually operates in pair which pulls on the bones on either side of a joint.
Visceral muscles involuntary in action and smooth in appearance
Cardiac muscles involuntary in action and striated
Skeletal muscles striated and voluntary

Joint Tendons Ligaments

point of motion between two bones attach muscles to bones connect ends of bones at movable joints

FUNCTION OF BONES
 Support
 Protection
 Anchorage sites for muscle action
 Leverage for body motion
 Production of blood cells (bone marrow)

Botany

Classification of Plants
1. Bryophytes or  plants that has no transport vessels
non vascular
2. Tracheophytes  plants with transport vessel like xylem and phloem
or vascular
Seedless
Seeding Gymnosperms - cone bearing plants
Classification of Angiosperms - Monocot – flowering plants with single
Tracheophytes: flowering plants cotyledon or seed-leaf
Dicot – flowering plants with double cotyledon
or seed-leaf
 Plant Parts
Roots Absorb water and nutrients from the soil

Stem Transport the nutrients to the leaves through cells that are specialized for transport

Leaves Food manufacturing site

Stomata in the leaves open to exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize excessive water loss

Photosynthesis – means by which plants create food; requires carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and

sunlight.
 The product of photosynthesis is glucose and oxygen which they excrete during night time
Flowers  Reproductive organ of the plants which turns into a FRUIT when the embryo is pollinated

Plant Reproduction
Vegetative propagation Fertilization
 Asexual reproduction V  Sexual reproduction
 Involves the root, stem or leaves E  Involves the pollination of the flower
R  After fertilization, the ovule becomes the seed which
 Produces an entirely new plant genetically identical S later grows into a new plant, and the ripened ovary
to the parent U becomes the fruit.
S  Examples are those plants which has seed-bearing
 Examples are grafting, cuttings, bulbs and runners.
fruits

Plant Growth
 Tropism – directional growth or movement of a plant in reaction to stimuli.
Tip: Remember the phrase “Everybody thinks priests go to heaven” or the acronym “ETPGTH”
Keyword
Type of Tropism Definition
Meaning
E Electrotropism Electro – electric  growth or movement in response to an electric field
T Thermotropism Thermo – heat  growth or movement in response to temperature
P Phototropism Photo – light  growth or movement towards the direction of light
G Geotropism Geo – earth  growth or movement towards the direction of Earth‟s gravity
T Thigmotropism Thigmo - touch  growth or movement in response to touch or contact
H Hydrotropism Hydro - water  growth or movement towards water or bodies of water
 Ecology and Ecosystems
Ecology - study of the Ecosystem – all living organisms (biotic factors) + all nonliving (abiotic factors) + physical
relations that living components (air, soil, water, sunlight) in a particular area which are in constant interaction with
organisms have with respect each other
to each other and their Limiting factors – factors in the ecosystem which determine the types of organisms which
natural environment may exist in that environment

Biomes
- ecosystems with similar climatic conditions
Tip: Remember the phrase “Travelling the desert got Trisha thirsty” or the acronym “TTDGTT”
Types Description
T Tundra  permanently frozen subsoil
T Taiga  long, severe winters, summers with thawing subsoil
D Desert  sparse rainfall, extreme daily temperature changes
G Grasslands  rainfall and temperature vary greatly, strong prevailing winds
T Tropical Rainforest  heavy rainfall, constant warmth
T Temperate-deciduous forest  moderate precipitation, cold winters, warm summers

Food Chain Food Web Energy Pyramid

 Demonstrates the transfer of energy  Demonstrates the  Can be used to illustrate the loss of usable energy at
from plants through a series of interactions of each feeding level. Energy decreases as one progresses
organisms with repeated stages of various food chain up the pyramid
eating and being eaten
COMPONENTS
Tip: Remember the acronym “SAHD” =(
S Sun  Provides energy for all living things
 “Producers” or the green plants
Autotrophs  ability to produce own energy through the energy of the sun and organic compounds thus
A
considered as the primary producers in ecosystems
 also produces oxygen needed by all aerobic organisms
 “Consumers”
 Classified as either:
Heterotrophs 1. Herbivores (animals that eat plants)
H
2. Carnivores (animals that eat other animals)
3. Parasites (animals that live off of other organisms by harming it)
4. Scavengers (animals that eat dead animal carcasses)
Saprophytes  “Decomposers”
D
 organic wastes and dead organisms are eventually broken down to simpler substances
 Symbiotic Relationships
Tip: Remember the phrase “Crisis Makes People Pray” or the acronym “CMPP”
Relationship Description
Commensalism  an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives
C
neither benefit nor harm
M Mutualism  relationship that is beneficial to both organisms involved
Predation  association of a predator and a prey; the prey is hunted and killed by the predator
P
for food
Parasitism  association of a parasite and a host; the parasite lives in or in the host and benefits
P
by deriving nutrients at the host‟s expense

Genetics
Gregor Mendel – “Father of Genetics”
Terminologies
Trait  a specific characteristic, such as petal color or eye color that varies from one individual to
another
 usually traits have contrasting characters for example red petal vs. white petal or tall vs. short
Hybrid  offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Genes  sections of DNA that determine traits
Allele  different forms of a gene
Segregation  allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization
Genotype Phenotype
 combination of allele pairs  physical
a) Homozygous – genotype includes a pair of similar alleles (both dominant or both manifestations of
recessive) alleles
b) Heterozygous - genotype includes a pair of different alleles (one dominant and one
recessive)

DNA
 genetic material passed down from one generation to another
 composed of a phosphate group,deoxyribose ( 5-carbon sugar) and nitrogenous base.
4 Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)
Base Pairings A and T
Tip: Remember “Apples and Tangerines”, “Grapes and Cherries” G and C
RNA
 uracil (U) is substituted for thymine, therefore the bases are AUGC
mRNA tRNA rRNA
 messenger RNA; carries the DNA  transport RNA;  ribosomal RNA; identification
 message form nucleus to ribosomes transports amino acids code of each ribosome
Transcription synthesis of mRNA while using the DNA as the template
Translation synthesis of the polypeptide chain within the ribosomes
Codons letter codes that stand for a certain amino acid found in the mRNA

Principles of Genetics
 Dominance
- Some alleles are dominant, while others are recessive
- An organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will always have that form
- An organism with a recessive form of a trait will only exhibit that form when the dominant allele is not present.
Example:
 The dominant allele for the trait seed color of a pea plant is yellow while the recessive one is gray. Now a pea plant
with yellow allele and a gray one will always exhibit yellow seeds. A pea plant will exhibit gray seeds only if both of its
alleles are gray
Exemptions to Mendelian Genetics
1. Incomplete One allele is not completely dominant over the other
dominance Example: White roses crossed with red roses result to pink roses.
2. Co-dominance Both alleles contribute to the phenotype of organism
Example: type A and B are both dominant alleles, so the blood type becomes AB
 LIFE SCIENCE DRILLS
1. A group of organism of one type that lives in the same 9. Which of the following statements is not true?
area is known as: a. In osmosis, solvent flow from lower concentration of
A.Population B. Community solute to higher concentration of solute until equilibrium is
C. Ecosystem D. Biosphere achieved
2. Which of the following is false regarding the kingdom b. In facilitated diffusion, passage of substances across the
animalia? cell membrane which
a. all animals are multi-cellular does not require energy
b. all animals are eukaryotic c. In diffusion, substances flow from higher concentration to
c. all animals are vertebrates lower concentration until
d. all animals are heterotrophic equilibrium is achieved.
d. options a and c
3. Which of the following is true regarding kingdom
plantae? 10. After placing an animal cell on a solution the cell shrinks
a. Some plants are multicellular or crenates. We can conclude that:
b. Tracheophytes lack vascular system a. The solution is placed on a hypertonic solution
c. All plants are autotrophic b. the fluids inside the cell moved out of the cell into the
d. An algae is a plant solution
c. The process by which the fluid moved is through
4. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living facilitated diffusion
things? d. The inside of the cell has higher osmotic pressure than
a. Made up of many cells that of the surrounding solution
b. Evolves or changes over time
c. Responds to environment 11. Which of the following statements is true regarding
d. Has genetic makeup except viruses mitosis?
a. primarily occurs in cells for reproduction (gametes)
5. The scientist who concluded that all animals are made of b. involves an exact duplication of complete set of
cells is: chromosomes
a. Robert Hooke b. Matthias Schleiden c. A cell with 46 pairs of chromosomes will have two
c. Theodor Schwann d. none of the above daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each after mitosis
d. all of the above
6. Which of the following is false regarding cell structures?
a. The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic materials 12. The process of mitosis occurs in which order?
b. The nuclear envelope is a double-membrane layer with a. prophase >> metaphase >> anaphase >> telophase >>
NUCLEAR PORES to allow passage of materials in and out of cytokinesis
the nucleus. b. metaphase >> anaphase >> prophase >> cytokinesis
c. The cell membrane is semi-permeable which means c. anaphase >> telophase metaphase >> prophase >>
certain substances readily pass through while some cytokinesis
substances do not such as water, alcohol and small lipids. d. prophase >> metaphase >> telophase >> anaphase >>
d. Most of plant cell wall is made up of this tough cytokinesis
carbohydrate fiber called cellulose
13. Which of the following is false regarding meiosis?
7. The organelle in which components of the cell membrane a. involves two separate and distinct divisions
are assembled and some proteins are modified is called: b. primarily occurs in cells making up the body
a. Golgi apparatus b. Vacuole c. in males, meiosis results in four equal sized gametes
c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Mitochondria called sperms
d. in females only one large egg cell results from meiosis
8. The difference between animal and plant cells does not and the other three cells called polar bodies are not
include which of the following? involved in reproduction.
a. animal cells do not have cell wall
b. Plant cells do not have vacuoles 14. The final process of meiosis in which four haploid
c. plant cells do not have lysosomes daughter cells results is known as:
d. plant cells have large vacuoles a. Telophase II b. Anaphase
c. Metaphase d. Prophase
15. After food enters the small intestine, lipases, proteases, 23. Which of the following biomes is not correctly paired
and amylases are secreted into the small intestine by the: with its characteristics?
a. gallbladder b. Liver a. Tropical forest – heavy rainfall, constant warmth
c. salivary glands d. Pancreas b. Grasslands – rainfall and temperature vary greatly, strong
prevailing winds
16. Which part of the digestive system does not secrete c. Tundra - long, severe winters, summers with thawing
digestive enzymes? subsoil
a. gallbladder b. Liver d. Desert – sparse rainfall, extreme daily temperature
c. salivary glands d. Pancreas changes

17. Muscular vessels that transport blood directly from the 24. Which of the following is not true regarding Mendelian
heart throughout the body are known as: genetics?
a. veins b. Arteries a. offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
c. capillaries d. Lymph vessels are known as hybrids
b. an organism with a dominant allele for a particular form
18. Which part of the human respiratory system is a thin, of a trait will always have that form
moist membranous structure where gas exchange occurs? c. In the RNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and
a. trachea b. Bronchus Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
c. epiglottis d. Alveolus d. sections of DNA that determine traits are called genes

19. Which statement best describes the function of the 25. The condition in which a genotype includes a pair of
respiratory passageways of a human? similar alleles (both dominant or both recessive) is called?
a. They permit digestive end products to make contact with a. homozygous b. heterozygous
body cells c. unizygous d. Co-dominance
b. They permit exchange between the external atmosphere
and the circulatory system
c. They transport carbon dioxide from body cells to the
lungs for excretion
d. They regulate the amount of ammonia and salt dissolved
in the body fluids

20. Which part of the central nervous system is correctly

paired with its function?
a. spinal cord – coordinates learning activities
b. cerebrum – serves as the center for reflex actions
c. medulla – maintains muscular coordination
d. cerebrum – serves as the center for memory and learning

21. The tissue used directly for locomotion in humans is

known as:
a. voluntary striated muscles
b. visceral muscles
c. cardiac muscles
d. involuntary smooth muscle

22. Which of the following plant organs is not correctly

paired with functions?
a. Roots – absorb water and nutrients from the soil
b. Stems – transport the nutrients to the leaves through
cells that are specialized for transport
c. Leaves – food manufacturing site;
d. Flowers – has seeds for reproduction
The Earth’s Atmosphere - air that covers the WHOLE earth

TIP: no ace hit or simply the acronym NO AC

Composition of Air at Sea level
HHT
Composition % Volume Characteristics
 Colorless, odorless,
N Nitrogen 78.08  Does not combine readily with other substances
 Colorless, odorless
 Very active element, supports burning (combustible not flammable)
O Oxygen 20.9  In burning, combines with carbon, forming carbon dioxide, and with
hydrogen, forming water
A Argon 0.934  Used for filling incandescent and fluorescent light bulbs
 Highly inactive, does not burn or support burning
C Carbon Dioxide 0.033  Heat absorber in the atmosphere
 Air near the ground has more carbon dioxide than air above
 Lightest of the noble gases,
H Helium 0.005 2  good conductor of heat and transmitter of sounds
0.000
H Hydrogen  Simplest and most common element in the universe
05
Trace Elements (Neon, <
T Krypton, Xenon, Ozone,  A variety of gases which occurs in minute amounts in the air
Methane, Nitrous oxide) 0.00001

TIP: The Smart Mouse Took

Layers of the Atmosphere
Everything or TSMTE
Layer Characteristics
T Troposphere  Also called lower atmosphere; clouds, rainfall and other weather conditions occur ONLY here.
S Stratosphere  Contains 80% of the atmosphere‟s mass; contains 99% of air along with troposphere.
 Temperature decreases with increasing height; upper layer is MESOPAUSE the coldest
M Mesosphere naturally occurring place on earth.
T Thermosphere  Temperature increases with increasing height; biggest of all the layers.
E Exosphere  Gas molecules achieve ESCAPE VELOCITY until they move out to outer space.
Special Layers:
1. Ionosphere
 composed of the exosphere, thermosphere, and parts of mesosphere; IONIZED by the sun‟s rays
 helps in propagation of RADIO-WAVES
2. Ozone
 serves to PROTECT the earth from harmful rays of the sun
 highest concentration in the STRATOSPHERE
 Layers of the
Atmosphere

Meteorology -study of the atmosphere and factors

affecting it
Weather VS. Climate
 GENERAL condition of the atmosphere Definition o AVERAGE condition of the atmosphere
 SPECIFIC area Scope o EXTENDED region
 BRIEF (within 24 hours) Period of Time o LONG (not less than 1 year)

TIP: FACTORS affecting weather and climate? AHA!

Factors Definition
 The weight/force of air on a unit area; measured by BAROMETER; the denser and
A Air Pressure
cooler the air, the greater the air pressure.
 Amount of water vapor in the air; measured by HYGROMETER; air containing much
H Humidity
water vapor is said to be HUMID.
A  Large body of air which extends over thousands of kilometers and has the same
Air Masses temperature, pressure, and humidity at all points. The surface of contact between
two air masses is called an AIR FRONT.
CLOUDS PRECIPITATION
Formed when evaporated water rises above the Process by which condensed water vapor falls
atmosphere and then condenses as it cools from the clouds to the ground
Types: Examples:
Cumulus – piles of puffed cotton which indicates Rain – liquid form of water
fair weather
Stratus – gray in appearance; low lying, formed Snow – ice crystals
from humid hair
Cirrus – white and feathery streaks, high lying, Sleet – mixed rain and snow
formed from low humidity areas
 Nimbus – thick, dark and rain producing Hail – ice crystals formed with various layers and
size ranging from that of mongo seed to a man’s fist

Philippine Climate Tropical type due to its proximity to the

equator
Two pronounced seasons DRY from Nov to April WET the rest of the year
No dry season Wet throughout (MAXIMUM on Nov
Wet and dry season DRY (DRIER on Nov to April) to Jan)
Rainfall distribution Distributed throughout the year
MONSOONS TROPICAL CYCLONES
Low pressure center over an ocean w/ strong
Seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation due
circulating winds
to asymmetric heating of land and sea
EYE - Center of a cyclone where warm air rises.
 During the day, air over the land is
warmer than over the sea. Cool Maximum
Sea breeze dense air from the sea moves Types
toward the land as a sea breeze Winds
and pushes the warm air upwards
 During the night, air over the sea is
warmer than over the land. Cool
Land breeze dense air from the land moves 1. Depression Less than 60 km/h
toward the sea as a land breeze
and pushes the warm air upwards.
Northeast Monsoon  Blows from November to April
2. Storm 60-118 km/h
(Amihan) causing rainy weather

Southwest Monsoon  Blows from May to October

3. Typhoon 119km/h or above
(Habagat) causing rainy weather

Philippine Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

PAGASA Government agency responsible for studying atmospheric phenomena in the
country

E. Greenhouse Effect: The Process

 About 50% of the Sun's energy is absorbed at the Earth's
surface and the rest is reflected by the atmosphere
(largely by CLOUDS).
 The absorbed energy warms the surface of the Earth, to
a temperature around 255 K, radiates infrared heat
 The heat is absorbed in each layer of the atmosphere
through the GREENHOUSE GASES.
 To balance temperature, the atmosphere re-radiates the
absorbed heat, both upwards (to the outer space) and
downwards (to the earth).
The Earth’s Lithosphere -rigid solid shell of the earth
Theories shaping Earth’s surface TIP: PIMP my lithosphere, says the Earth!
Theory Description
P  The single major continent which broke into two piece (LAURASIA and GONDWANALAND). These pieces
Pangaea further broke apart and drifted away to form the continents of today as stated by ALFRED WEGENER in
the CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
I  The earth‟s crust tends to distribute itself over the mantle to maintain a state of balance. 1) the crust
Isostasy floats over the mantle and 2) high density and massive parts of the crust sink while low density and
thinner parts rise
M  Remains of continents that parted and formed ridges from which magma flows out.
Mid-oceanic  LAVA – magma that reaches the earth‟s surface
rift  Seafloor spreading – caused by magma continuously pouring out of the mid-oceanic rift, hardening,
and forming new ocean floor
P  The earth is made up of several plates which move on top of the mantle. Collision of plates result to
Plate Tectonic
either the edge of the less dense plate crumples and forms MOUNTAINS or one plate sinks below the
Theory
other and forms a TRENCH

Layers of the earth

C  35 kilometers thick and is composed of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks.
 35% CONTINENTAL CRUST, which has more silicon, potassium but less iron, magnesium and calcium than
Crust
the OCEANIC CRUST.
 Mohorivic discontinuity – layer between the crust and the mantle where the tectonic plates move.
M  Second layer of the earth and 1. Upper mantle – Partially molten
includes most of the earth‟s
2. Lower mantle – Solid
Mantle volume and mass. About 20km
to 2,900km thick and denser 3. Gutenberg discontinuity – layer between the Earth’s
than crust mantle and core
 Center most layer, with 1. Outer core – Liquid
C Core radius of 3,500km thick and
densest of all layers 2. Inner core – Solid composed of Iron, Nickel, Silicon
 > Process by which rocks
change in kind
Rock Cycle > Rocks and Soil are the solid
material in earth
Types of Rock Description
Formed by deposition, accumulation,
S Sedimentary cementing, and hardening of loose
sediments into rock
I
Formed by the cooling of magma.
Igneous
Most common type
Formed when igneous and
M
sedimentary rocks are changed by
Metamorphic
increased pressure and
temperature. Hardest of the 3 types

 Naturally occurring substances with a definite, geometric arrangement of atoms and

Minerals molecules which makes up rocks
 Nonrenewable resources
Mohs’ Hardness Scale – measures the ability of a
mineral to resist scratch
TIP: The higher the scale, the harder the mineral!
Scale Mineral Used for Comparison Simple Hardness
10 Diamond None
9 Ruby, Sapphire, Alexandrite, Chrysoberyl None
8 Aquamarine, Emerald, Morganite, Spinel, Topaz None
7 Amethyst, Citrine, Garnet, Iolite, Tourmaline, Scratches window glass
Zircon
6 Diopside, Lapis lazuli, Orthoclase, Turquoise Can be scratched with steel file
5 Apatite, Obsidian, Sphene, Glass Can be scratched with a knife
4 Coral, Flourite, Pearl Can be easily scratched with a knife
3 Calcite, Ivory Can be scratched with a copper coin
2 Amber, Gypsum Can be scratched with a fingernail
1 Talc Can be scratched with a fingernail
The Earth’s Hydrosphere - Combined mass of water on earth

Features of the Hydrosphere Definition

W Waves and currents movement of water by the force of the wind
T Tsunamis movement of water by earthquakes
T movement of water caused by the gravitational pool of the sun and moon on earth
Tides

Water Facts!
1. 71% of the earth‟s surface is covered with water
2. Water is the universal solvent due to its POLAR structure (has positive and negative ends)
3. Water gives off and absorbs large amounts of heat
a. Melting of ice and Evaporation – absorbs heat (ENDOTHERMIC)
b. Freezing and Condensation – releases heat (EXOTHERMIC)
4. Salts in seawater give it GREATER DENSITY and LOWER FREEZING POINT than pure water
Water cycle – shows how water travels from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to the earth

Astronomy
 Sun and the 8 planets revolving around it:
A. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (My Very Energetic Mother Just
Solar Sent Us Nothing)
 Pluto was now removed from the list (dwarf planet).
System  Nebular hypothesis – most widely accepted theory on the origin of the solar system
- States that the solar system was formed from a huge NEBULA which contracted, rotated, and
condensed into hot lumps of matter to form the sun and planets.
Features Description
1. Shape Oblate spheroid
2. Rotation The movement of the earth on its own axis in a west to east
Earth direction in a 24-hour cycle
3. Revolution The movement of the earth around the sun from west to east in
365 ¼ days
 Seasons are caused by the changing orientation of the earth’s axis
with respect to the sun as the earth revolves.
4. Tilt of axis 23 ½ degrees, thus the lengths of daytime and nighttime
continually change but always add up to 24 hours
1. Ringed Planets  Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune.
Other
2. Terrestrial  Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Planets Planets
1. Lunar eclipse  Occurs when the earth is between the moon and the sun. The
earth’s shadow darkens the moon.
Eclipses 2. Solar eclipse  Occurs when the moon is between the earth and the sun. The
moon’s shadow casts over the earth.

 The earth’s satellite is the MOON.

Moon  The moon has no atmosphere
 Doesn’t have its own light but reflects the light of the sun.
Minor  Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids
Members

B. Big Bang Model – The universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state that
expanded rapidly.
The Universe This rapid expansion caused the young Universe to cool resulting to its present CONTINUOSLY
EXPANDING state.
Terms Description
Luminous ball of plasma composed of 73% hydrogen, and 25% helium
Star  Red star – coolest
 White blue star - hottest
A massive, gravitationally bound system that consists of stars and stellar remnants.
Galaxy The sun and the earth is situated at the MILKY WAY GALAXY
Satellite An object that orbits another object usually a planet. The earth’s satellite is the MOON.
 EARTH SCIENCE DRILLS
1. Which of the following statements does not 8. What is formed when evaporated water rises above the
correctly describe the properties of oxygen as one of atmosphere and then condenses as it cools?
the gases in the earth’s atmosphere? a. Clouds
a. highly reactive to other elements b. Precipitate
b. colorless and odorless c. Rain
c. flammable d. Humidity
d. supports burning
9. Which of the following is true regarding monsoons?
2. Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is a. These are seasonal changes in atmospheric
ozone most likely to be found? circulation and precipitation due to asymmetric
a. Stratosphere heating of mountains and plains
b. Troposphere b. The Northeast Monsoon blows from November
c. Mesosphere to April causing dry cold weather
d. Thermosphere c. The Northeast Monsoon blows from May to
October causing rainy weather
3. Weather conditions occur only in which layer of d. It causes rainy weather not attributed to
the atmosphere? tropical cyclones
a. Stratosphere
b. Troposphere 10. Which of the following climate types in the country
c. Mesosphere makes November to April relatively drier than other parts
d. Thermosphere of the year?
a. Two pronounced seasons
4. The simplest and most common element in the b. No dry season
universe is known as? c. Wet and dry season
a. Helium d. Rainfall distributed throughout the year
b. Hydrogen
c. Argon 11. Which of the following is not true regarding the
d. Nitrogen greenhouse effect?
a. About 50% of the Sun's energy is absorbed at
5. The layer of the atmosphere where radio waves the Earth's surface and the rest is reflected by
are mostly propagated? clouds
a. Stratosphere b. The absorbed energy warms the earth’s
b. Troposphere surface. The surface of the Earth, warmed to a
c. Ionosphere temperature around 255 K, radiates
d. Thermosphere infrared heat.
c. The heat is absorbed in each layer of the
6. The average condition of the atmosphere within atmosphere through the GREENHOUSE GASES.
not less than 1 year and over an extended region is d. Increasing the concentration of the greenhouse
known as? gases helps cool the earth surface
a. Climate
b. Weather 12. Which of the following conditions would not
c. Season contribute to global warming due to increased emission of
d. Atmospheric phenomena greenhouse gases?
a. burning of fossil fuels
7. Which of the following statements is not true with b. waste product of power stations
regards to air pressure? c. waste product of bacteria in livestocks
a. it is the weight/force of air on a unit area d. water irrigation
b. it is measured by BAROMETER
c. the denser and cooler the air, the greater 13. The mixture of different gases, dust and water vapor is
the air pressure. called?
d. the denser and cooler the air, the lower a. Water b. Air
the air pressure. c. Soil d. Dirt
14. According to this theory, the earth initially has 20. Which of the following materials could scratch
one single continent and broke off to several pieces amethyst?
which became the continents of today: a. ruby
a. Pangaea b. window glass
b. Continental drift theory c. glass file
c. Sea-floor spreading theory d. pearl
d. Plate tectonics theory
21. Which of the following is true regarding the
15. According to this theory, the collision of plates properties of water?
result to either the edge of the less dense plate a. Covers 40% of the earth’s surface
crumples and forms MOUNTAINS or one plate sinks b. non-polar
below the other and forms a TRENCH: c. universal solvent
a. Pangaea d. could only give off small amounts of heat
b. Continental drift theory
c. Sea-floor spreading theory 22. Which of the following is not true regarding the
d. Plate tectonics theory properties of water?
a. Melting of ice and Evaporation absorbs
16. According to this theory, the earth’s crust tends heat
to distribute itself over the mantle to maintain a b. Freezing and Condensation releases heat
state of balance: c. Salt water is less dense than pure water
a. Plate Equilibrium theory d. Ice floats on water due to crystal lattice
b. Continental drift theory structure
c. Sea-floor spreading theory
d. Isostasy 23. According to this theory, the universe was once
in an extremely hot and dense state
17. Which of the following statements is true? which expanded rapidly:
a. Collision of plates could result to the edge a. Big bang model
of the less dense plate crumpling and forming b. Nebular theory
trenches c. Heliocentric model
b. Collision of plates could result to one d. Plasma expansion theory
plate sinking below the other and forms a mountain
c. Magma rising through cracks in rocks is 24. Which of the following is considered true
deposited on the earth’s surface to form peaks regarding the Solar system?
(VOLCANOES) a. It is composed of the sun and the 9 planets
d. Magma rising through cracks in rocks is revolving around it
deposited on the earth’s surface to form flat-topped b. The terrestrial planets are Neptune, Venus,
raised areas (VALLEYS) Earth, and Mars
c. A satellite doesn’t have its own light but
18. The most common type of rock is? reflects the light of the sun.
a. Igneous d. Seasons are caused by the changing
b. Metamorphic orientation of the earth’s axis with respect
c. Sedimentary to the sun as the earth rotates.
d. Minerals

19. The type of rock formed after volcanic activity is? 25. Which color of the star has the hottest
a. Igneous temperature?
b. Metamorphic a. white blue
c. Sedimentary b. yellow
d. Both A and B c. red
d. pink
 Chemistry Matter
study of the composition, properties and changes that matter anything that occupies space and has mass
undergoes

Properties of Matter
PROPERTIES OF MATTER

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

- properties that can only be - properties that can be

observed when the substance perceived by the physical senses
reacts with other substances

Extensive - depends on mass of

substance (weight, volume, height)

Intensive- does not depend on mass

but on type of substance (density,
color, odor, boiling point)

Phases of Matter
Classification of Matter

MATTER

PURE MIXTURE

ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HOMOGENOUS HETEROGENOUS

Metal Acid Colloid

Nonmetal Base Suspension

Metalloids Salt

PURE SUBSTANCES Pure type matter which cannot be separated physically

Either a compound or an element
Elements compound
substances that cannot be separated into simpler Combination of elements that can be separated by chemical
components means
Elements combine to form compounds to attain stability
conductors, malleable, ductile, pH < 7; turns blue litmus paper to red
Metals Acid +
lustrous gives hydronium ion H3O in water
insulators, non malleable, pH > 7; turns red litmus paper to blue
Non metals Base -
brittle, non lustrous gives hydroxyl ion OH in water
exhibit the properties of a
Metalloids Salt product of a reaction of an acid and a base
metal and a non metal

MIXTURES Combinations of two or more substances

 HETEROGENOUS HOMOGENOUS
observed with different phases observed to exhibit in one phase;
Colloid Suspension can be physically separated
Solutes are dispersed through-out Mixture in which the
the solution and particles do not particles are big enough
settle. to be seen by the naked
Particles are bigger than that of eye and settles in the
solution but smaller than that of bottom.
suspensions

Methods of Separating Mixtures

by passing liquid through a
FILTRATION Separating suspended solid from liquid
filter
by pouring out less dense
DECANTATION Separating two liquids with different densities
liquid.
by turning the liquid into
EVAPORATION Separating solid from liquid
vapor
Separating two liquids w/ different boiling
DISTILLATION by means of heat
points
by use of the centrifugal
CENTRIFUGATION Sedimentation of mixtures
force
MAGNETS Separate metals from non metals by the use of magnets

Changes that Matter Undergoes

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL NUCLEAR PHASE CHANGE
Changes in the physical Results after a chemical Changes in the atomic Change in the state of
properties of matter and reaction where a new properties of an element. matter
takes place without substance is formed. (solid, liquid or gas).
changing the chemical
composition.
 processes where heat is expelled
Exothermic
process such as FREEZING and
CONDENSATION

Endothermic processes where heat is absorbed

process such as MELTING and VAPORIZATION

rate of disorder
Enthalpy the higher the enthalpy, the more
disordered the particles

Composition of matter
Matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms
mass number/ atomic
Atoms nucleus atomic number
mass
made up of: Dense center of the atom - Sum of the number of - # of protons in the
PROTONS (+ charge), made of protons and protons and the element
NEUTRONS (neutral charge) nucleus number of neutrons - Differentiates atoms of
ELECTRONS (- charged). - mass of proton is almost - concentrated in the different elements
equal to mass of neutron nucleus - Does not change even if
- electrons surround the particle has charge or
nucleus none
Example: All atoms containing 1 proton, have 1 atomic number and are all hydrogen.
All atoms containing 6 proton have 6 atomic number and are all carbon.

REMEMBER!
Atomic mass (A) = no. of protons + no. of neutrons
ATOMIC MASS (A)
Atomic mass (A) = atomic no. (Z) + no. of neutrons
NO. OF NEUTRONS No. of neutrons = A - Z
NO. OF PROTONS No. of protons = no. of electrons (for neutrally charged atoms)
letter representation of an element is AZ X
Chemical symbol where X is the hypothetical element
The symbol 3517 Cl refers to chlorine atoms with the ff. particles:
Atomic number (Z) = no. of protons = no. of electrons = 17
example
Atomic mass (A) = 35
No. of neutrons = 35 – 17 = 8
 elements have the same number of PROTONS but
Isotope different number of NEUTRONS
12
example 6C , 116C, 136C

Chemical Nomenclature
ION CATIONS ANIONS
Atoms with unequal no. of Positively charged atoms (number of Negatively charged atoms
protons and electrons, as electrons is less than number of (number of electrons is greater
electrons are lost or protons). than number of protons).
added.
Example: Na+, Ca2+ Example: Cl-, F-, Br-

REMEMBER!
CHARGE OF ION = no. of protons - no. of electrons = Z - no. of electrons
Determine no. of particles of Br- with atomic mass of 80.

Solution:
Bromine has an atomic number of 35 which is constant despite changes in charge; the no. of protons
is equal to the atomic no. so, no .of protons = 35. From the symbol, it is known that it has -1 charge.
Charge of ion = no. of protons – no. of electrons = Z – no. of electrons
example -1 = 35 – no. of electrons
-1 – 35 = - no. of electrons
36 = no. of electrons
Atomic mass (A) = atomic no. (Z) + no. of neutrons
80 = 35 + no. of neutrons
80 – 35 = no. of neutrons
45 = no. of neutrons
Compounds formed between metals and nonmetals
IONIC COMPOUNDS consist of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions)
cATIONS formed from non-metals and are given an -ium ending
 A Roman numeral in parentheses, followed by the name of the element, is used for
elements that can form more than one positive ion.
Examples:
Fe2+ Iron (II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron (III) or Ferric
Cu+ Copper (I) or Cuprous Cu2+ Copper (II) or Cupric

anions Named by shortening the name of the element ad adding an -ide ending
 Polyatomic anions which contain oxygen.
When an element forms two oxyanions
- The one with less oxygen is given a name ending in –ite the one with more oxygen
is given a name that ends in -ate. In the case where there is a series of four
oxyanions, the hypo- and per- prefixes are used in conjunction with the -ite and -
ate suffixes. The hypo- and per- prefixes indicate less oxygen and more oxygen,
respectively.
Examples:
oxyanions NO2- Nitrite NO3- Nitrate ClO- Hypochlorite ClO2 - Chlorite
SO32- Sulfite SO42- Sulfate ClO3- Chlorate ClO4- Perchlorate

Oxyanions that can combine with hydrogen ions (H+), are given the prefix hydrogen or
dihydrogen, or in the older literature the prefix bi
Examples:
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate
HSO4- Hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate
H2 PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate
Named by putting the cation name first and the anion name second and removing the 'ion'
word.
Examples:
1. Ba2+ combined with Cl- is Barium chloride [BaBr2]
2. Fe3+ combined with CLO3- is Ferric chlorate [Fe(ClO3)3]
3. Al3+ combined with NO3- is Aluminum nitrate [Al(NO3)3]
Ionic compounds Notice that the charge of the cation becomes the subscript of the anion, while the charge of the anion is
placed as the subscript of the cation.
 Named from the anions that they are formed from.
The cation is Hydrogen ion, so just change the suffix of the anion and add the word 'acid'.

Acids

Binary molecular compounds that are formed between non-metals.

Use a prefix to state how many atoms of

each non-metal are in the molecule. The
element that is farthest left or down in the
periodic table is named first and the second
element is given an -ide ending. Don't use
Covalent mono- on the first element, and drop a vowel
compounds when they are combined.

Examples:
Cl2O - dichlorine monoxide
NF3 - nitrogen trifluoride
N2O4 - dinitrogen tetroxide (Dropped an 'a')
P4S10 - tetraphosphorous decasulfide
Periodic trends

A table listing the elements in increasing atomic numbers

PERIODIC TABLE Horizontal rows = PERIODS; Vertical columns = GROUPS or FAMILIES.

PERIODIC LAW
The properties of the elements recur periodically when the elements are arranged
according to their increasing order of their atomic numbers.
GROUPS
Numbered with roman numerals; elements in each group have the same number of
electrons in their outermost shells, so they all behave similarly.
ATOMIC RADIUS Presumably determines the size of an atom in each element.
 IONIZATION ENERGY
Energy required to remove an outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom;
Higher the ionization energy = Harder to remove an electron.
ELECTRON AFFINITY
Energy change when an electron is gained by an ion;
Greater affinity for an added electron = Greater energy released.
For metallic properties, remember SHIELDS
SOLID at room temperature (except for mercury, which is
S
liquid)
H HIGH melting point
METALLIC PROPERTIES I IONIZATION energy is LOW
E EFFECTIVE conductors
L LUSTER (reflects light)
D DUCTILE (can be drawn into WIRES)
S can be pounded into SHEETS (MALLEABLE)

Chemical reactions Represented by Chemical Equations

2C3H6 + 7O2  2CO2 + 3 H2O

REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Starting materials New compounds formed
(Compounds before the arrow) (Compounds after the arrow)

The equation states that: 2 molecules of ethane C3H6 is needed to react with 7 molecules of oxygen O2
to form 2 molecules of carbon dioxide CO2 and 3 molecules of water H2O.

REMEMBER!
The Law of Conservation of Mass: In a chemical reaction, mass of products EQUALS mass of reactants.
Types of Chemical Reactions
TYPE OF REACTION DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Involves combination of two or more substances to
COMBINATION/ SYNTHESIS produce a single complex compound. 8 Fe + S8 → 8 FeS
A + B → AB
A compound is broken into smaller chemical species.
DECOMPOSITION AB → A + B 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2
One element is displaced from a compound by
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT/ another element.
SUBSTITUTION A + BC → AC + B Zn + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
 DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT/ Two compounds exchange bonds or ions in order to
METATHESIS form different compounds. NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) →
AB + CD → AD + CB NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)

Type of double displacement reaction that occurs

between an acid and a base. The H+ ion in the acid HBr + NaOH →
ACID-BASE reacts with the OH- ion in the base to form water and NaBr + H2O
an ionic salt.
HA + BOH → H2O + BA
Oxygen combines with another compound to C10H8 + 12 O2 →
COMBUSTION form carbon dioxide and water. 10CO2 + 4H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations
Most chemical equations can be balanced by trial and error. Start with the most complicated
Step 1 molecules (those containing the greatest number of atoms).

For example: C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)

The most complicated here is C2H5OH. Begin by balancing the products that contain the atoms in
Step 2 C2 H5OH. Since C2H5OH contains two carbon atoms, we place a 2 before the CO2 to balance the
carbon atoms:

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)

2C 2C

Step 3 Since C2H5OH contains six hydrogen atoms, the hydrogen atoms can be balanced by placing
a 3 before the H2O
C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
(5 + 1)H (3 x 2)H

Last, we balance the oxygen atoms. Note that the right side of the equation contains seven
Step 4 oxygen atoms, while the left side has only three. We can correct this by putting a 3 before
the O2 to produce the balanced equation:

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

1O 6O (2 x 2) O 3O

Now, check the equation.

Step 5 C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
2C 2C
6H 6H
7O 7O
C Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions
CONCENTRATION OF
SURFACE AREA TEMPERATURE CATALYST
REACTANTS
MORE molecules available GREATER surface area GREATER temperature Substances that speed up
= FASTER the reaction = FASTER reaction (greater kinetic energy) = rate of reaction without
FASTER reaction being consumed in the
reaction

Basic Stoichiometry
Quantity of substance that contains Avogadro’s number of units or particles
Mole (mol)
(Avogadro‟s number = 6.02 x 1023 )
Mass in grams of one mole of the substance; for elements it is equal to the
Molar mass (MM)
atomic mass; for compounds it is equal to the molecular mass
Molecular mass/ formula Sum of the atomic masses of all the constituent atoms in a molecular
mass (amu) compound.

REMEMBER!
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER = NO. of ATOMS = NO. of MOLES =
6.02 x 1023 no. of moles x Avogadro‟s no. given mass / molar mass
1. How many atoms are in 5 moles of Carbon (C)?

Answer:
No. of atoms of C = 5 moles C x( ) = 3.01 x 1024 atoms

2. How many moles of sodium (Na) are there in 64 g of sodium? Molar mass of Na
= 32g/mol.

Answer:
No. of moles of Na = 64 g of Na x ( ) = 2 moles Na

3. What is the mass of 2 mol NaHCO3 ?

EXAMPLES
Answer:
Na: 1 x 23 = 23
H: 1 x 1 = 1
C: 1 x 12 = 12
O: 3 x 16 = 48
---------
84.00 g/mol

Mass = No. of moles x molar mass

= 2 mol x 84g/mol = 168 g NaHCO3
Gas Laws
CHARLES’ LAW BOYLE’S LAW

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed
temperature while keeping the amount of gas and amount of gas is inversely proportional to pressure
its pressure constant
gay-lussac’ LAW avogadro’S LAW

The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly The number of a gas at constant temperature and
proportional to the temperature while keeping pressure is directly proportional to the number of
volume constant moles of gas.
REMEMBER!
Charles’ Law: Boyle’s Law: Avogadro’s Law: Gay-Lussac’s Law: Combined Gas Law:
V1/T1 = V2/T2 P1V1 = P2V2 V1/n1 = V2/n2 P1/T1 = P2/T2 P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2

Solution Chemistry
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

SATURATED UNSATURATED SUPERSATURATED

Contains MORE solute than can

Contains MAXIMUM amount of solute
Contains LESS solute than ordinarily dissolve at a given
dissolved in a given volume of solvent;
would be present in a saturated temperature;
Prepared by stirring in excess amount
solution. Adding more solute will result to
of solute until no more will dissolve.
crystallization.
Properties of solutions which depend on the concentration
Colligative Properties of solute particles but NOT on their identity.
Vapor pressure lowering boiling point elevation freezing point depression
adding more solutes to a liquid will adding more solutes to a liquid will adding more solutes to a liquid will
decrease its vapor pressure increase its boiling point lower its freezing point
volatile liquids boiling point freezing point
Liquids that easily evaporate at Temperature required to make a Temperature required to freeze
room temperature fluid boil a fluid

Higher vapor pressure = Higher boiling point = Lower freezing point=

Higher volatility Higher temperature to boil a fluid Lower temperature to freeze a fluid.
 CHEMISTRY DRILLS
1. Which of the following is not an intensive property 8. Determine the number of sub-atomic particles in
197
of matter? 79Au:
a. color b. weight a. protons = 79, electrons = 79, neutrons = 118
c. density d. freezing point b. protons = 79, electrons =118, neutrons = 79
c. protons = 79, electrons = 79, neutrons = 197
2. Which of the following is true regarding extensive d. protons = 197, electrons = 79, neutrons = 79
properties of matter?
a. It can only be observed through chemical reactions 9. What is the symbol of chlorine (Cl) that contains 17
b. It can be observed through the senses protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons?
c. weight is an example of intensive property a. 1735Cl b. 3517Cl
d. it does not depend on the mass of the substance c. 3518Cl d. 1835Cl

3. Which of the following phases of matter do/does 10. Two isotopes of chlorine occur in nature. Nuclide X
not have definite shape and volume? contains 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. The
a.solids b. liquidc. gas other nuclei Y has 2 neutrons more. What are the
d. Liquid and gas complete symbols for the two isotopes?
a. x = 3517Cl; y = 3717Cl
4. Which of the following is not true regarding the b. x = 3718Cl; y = 3717Cl
phases of matter? c. x = 3717Cl; y = 3517Cl
a. Solids cannot be compressed d. x = 3517Cl; y = 3717Cl
b. Gases have weak forces of attraction between
particles 11. Determine the number of sub-atomic particles in
27 3+
c. Gases usually have low densities 13Al :
d. In liquids, the particles vibrates only and stays fixed a. Z = 13; electrons = 10; neutrons = 14
in position b. Z = 10; electrons = 13; neutrons = 14
c. Z = 13; electrons = 11; neutrons = 14
5. Which of is true in classifying matter? d. Z = 13; electrons = 16; neutrons = 14
a. All suspensions are mixtures
b. mixtures are pure substances 12. Use the periodic table to predict which element has
c. Some pure substances are compounds the largest ionization energy:
d. elements could either be acid, base or salt a. H b. He c. Fr d. Rn

6. Which of the following is classified as a homogenous 13. Use the periodic table to predict which element has
mixture? the largest atomic radius.
a. Iodized salt b. pure salt a. H b. He c. Fr d. Rn
c. soil d. oil and water
14. For which of the properties does Li have a larger
value than potassium? Use the periodic table (not the
7. Upon observation, it was found out that a substance tables or charts in your text.)
has a pH less than 7; which cannot you conclude a. first ionization energy
regarding the characteristics of this substance? b. atomic radius
a. It is a compound c. ionic radius
b. it can turn blue litmus paper to red d. number of protons
c. it is a metal
d. none of the above
15. Electronegativity tends to increase as you: 21. How many moles of Aluminum (Al) are there in
a. go down a column of the periodic table. 54 g of aluminum. Molar mass of Al = 27g/mol
b. go from left to right across the periodic table.
c. go toward the middle of the periodic table. a. 2 moles
d. go from the upper left-hand corner to the lower b. 3 moles
right-hand corner of the periodic table. c. 4 moles
d. 0.5 moles
16. Which of the following is a double
decomposition? 22. Which of the following is false regarding
a. glucose + oxygen ==> carbon dioxide + water behavior of gases?
b. sodium sulphate + barium chloride ==> sodium
chloride + barium sulphate a. The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly
c. magnesium + copper sulphate ==> copper + proportional to the temperature while keeping
magnesium sulphate volume constant
d. none of the above b. The number of a gas at constant temperature and
pressure is directly proportional to the number of
17. Iron + Sulfur → Iron sulfide *Fe + S → FeS+ is an moles of gas.
example of c. At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed
a. double displacement amount of gas is inversely proportional to pressure
b. synthesis d. none of the above
c. decomposition
d. single displacement 23. If 4 moles of a gas are added to a container that
already holds 1 mole of gas, how will the pressure
18. Complete the coefficients of the balanced change within the container? (Assume volume and
equation temperature are constant.)
_____ S + ____ H2SO4 → _____ SO2 + ____ H2O a. The pressure will be 5 times as great.
a.1-1-2-3 b. The pressure will be 2 times as great.
b.1-3-3-2 c. The pressure will be 4 times as great.
c.1-1-2-2 d. The pressure will not change.
d. 1-2-3-2 24. What happens to temperature of gas when the
pressure is increased while keeping volume
19. Complete the coefficients of the balanced constant?
equation a. increase
____C5H12(l) + _____O2(g) → ____CO2(g) + ____H2O(l) b. decrease
a. 1-8-5-6 c. the same
b. 8-1-6-5 d. cannot be determined
c. 1-1-2-4
d. 1-4-2-1 25. Which of the following is false regarding
solutions?
20. What is the total number of atoms contained in a. adding more solutes to a liquid will decrease its
2.00 moles of nickel? vapour pressure
a. 58.9 b. adding more solutes to a liquid will make it easier
b. 118 to boil at low temperatures
c. 6.02 x 1023 c. adding more solutes to a liquid will lower its
d. 1.2 x 1024 freezing point
d. all of the above
Units of measurement
 Makes use of the base ten place value system
Metric System  Convert from one metric measure to another by multiplying or dividing by ten or
moving a decimal place
Prefixes used in the metric system
Meter –
basic unit for length (kilometer – km)

Grams –
basic unit for mass (centigrams – cg)

Liters -
basic unit for volume (milliliters – mL)

The SI units of measure

Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar vector
Quantities signifying magnitude only Quantities signifying magnitude and direction
Ex. Mass, charge, length, temperature, speed Ex. Weight, displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum

Computing for the resulting or net magnitude of vector quantities

Upward and Right motion indicates positive (+)

sign

Downward and Left motion indicates negative

Vector addition (-) sign
Thus:

A car moves 20km north, then 10km south. What is the net displacement of the car?
Example Solution:
20km + -10km = 10km northward (since the resultant has positive sign it indicates a
direction towards north)
To determine the result of adding
Pythagorean Theorem ONLY TWO vectors that make a
RIGHT ANGLE to each other
 James leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km, north and then hikes 11 km east. Determine
James' resulting displacement.

Solution:
The result (or resultant) of walking 11 km north and 11 km east is a vector directed
northeast as shown in the diagram to the right. Since the northward displacement and the
eastward displacement are at right angles to each other, the Pythagorean theorem can be
example used to determine the resultant.

The result of adding 11 km north plus 11 km east is a vector with a magnitude of 15.6 km.

Newton’s laws of motion

Law description
Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion with constant speed in
FIRST LAW
a straight line, unless acted upon by unbalanced external forces impressed upon
When the resultant or net force acting on an object is not equal to zero, the object will
SECOND LAW
accelerate.
THIRD LAW To every action there is always an opposed equal reaction.

Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion with

constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by unbalanced
1st external forces impressed upon it.
law of motion Inertia Net Force Normal Force
The property of things to The vector sum of forces The force equal in magnitude
resist changes in motion that act on an object. but opposite in direction of
the gravitational force.
How forces add up to the net force

example
 State of an object in which there are no changes in motion.
 If at rest, the state of rest persists
Mechanical equilibrium  If moving, motion continues without change
Objects at equilibrium have net force of ZERO.
(In the diagram above, the 2nd example is in mechanical equilibrium.)
1) What is the net force on a bathroom scale when a 50-kg person stands on it?
2) Suppose you stand on two bathroom scales with your weight evenly divided
example
between the two scales. What will each scale read? What happens when you stand
with more of your weight on one foot than the other?
Gravitational force is equal to the support force!
1) Zero, as evidenced by the scale remaining at rest. The scale reads
the support force, which has the same magnitude as weight-not the net
force.
Answers 2) The reading on each scale is half your weight. Then the sum of the
scale readings will balance your weight and the net force on you will be
zero. If you lean more on one scale than the other, more than half your
weight will be read on that scale but less on the other, so they will still
add up to your weight.

When the resultant or net force acting on an object is not equal to zero,
the object will accelerate.
2nd
where F is force in Newtons
law of motion
F= ma m is mass in kilograms
a is acceleration in m/s2
Acceleration: Directly proportional: Inversely proportional:
- Directly proportional to force As one increases, As one increases,
the other increases the other decreases
- Inversely proportional to mass
TIP: ADFIM
Mass Weight Newtons Volume
The quantity of The force due to The SI unit of force. One newton The quantity of
CONCEPTS matter in an gravity on an (symbol N) is the force that will space an object
object. object. give an object of mass 1 kg an occupies.
acceleration of 1 m/s2.

Answer:
Find the acceleration of a F= ma
examples 3.0-kg object when a net 30N = 3.0kg x a
force of 30N acts on it?
a = 30N/3.0kg = 10 m/s2
 A 3-kg object requires 10N
Answer:
of force to accelerate it at Since mass is directly proportional to force, as mass
a certain speed. How much increases the force required also increases. The 6-kg object
force will a 6-kg object has twice mass from that of the 3-kg object so it would
require to accelerate it at require twice as much force to achieve the same
the same speed? acceleration. Twice 10N is 20N.

To every action there is always an opposed equal reaction.

3rd
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object
law of motion
exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
While driving down the road, a firefly strikes the windshield of a bus and makes a
mess in front of the bus. The firefly hit the bus and the bus hits the firefly. Which of
example the two forces is greater: the force on the firefly or the force on the bus?

Answer: The forces on the fly and on the bus are EQUAL.

Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Distance Displacement Speed Velocity Acceleration
Distance traveled per
How far one
unit of time; Rate at which velocity
object moves Distance with Speed of an object
Measures how fast an changes with time, in
from location direction with direction
object changes magnitude, or direction
to another
position

Equations for motion in

one direction
 Vf = final velocity

Vi = initial velocity

a = acceleration

t = time

∆x = displacement

1) A car travels 200 m in 10 seconds. What is its average speed?

Solution: V = 200 meters/ 10 seconds = 20 m/s

2) A car travels 60 m, during which its velocity increases from 10 m/s to 20 m/s.
What is the acceleration of the car? How long does it take to travel 50 m?

Solution: Vf = Vi + at
examples Vf2 = Vi2 + 2a∆x 20 = 10 + 2.5t
(20)2 = (10)2 + 2a(60) 20-10 = 2.5t
400 = 100 + 120a 10 = 2.5t
400-100 = 120a 10/2.5 = t
300 = 120a 4 seconds = time
300/120 = a
2.5 m/s2= acceleration

Momentum
Inertia in motion
Product of the mass of an object and its velocity.

Velocity
Mass (m) Momentum
(V)

Change in momentum
Impulse (I) Product of force acting on object and time during which it acts
 Force Time Impulse

Law of conservation of In the absence of an external force, momentum of a system remains

unchanged.
momentum
Collision in which colliding objects rebound
Elastic collision Momentum and kinetic energy is conserved

M1 is the mass of object 1 with certain

velocity V1;
M1V3+
M1V1 M2V2 M2 is the mass of object 2 with
M2V4 certain velocity V2;
V3 and V4 as the final velocities of
the two objects respectively after
collision
Collision in which the colliding objects become distorted, generate heat, and
Inelastic collision possibly stick together
Momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not

M1 is the mass of object 1 with certain

velocity V1;
MV +
M1V1 MV 1 3 M2 is the mass of object 2 with
2 2
2 4 MV certain velocity V2;
The two objects have the same
magnitude of velocities and Vf after
collision collision
Which has more momentum, a 1-kg ball moving at 10m/s or a 2-kg toy car moving at
20m/s?

example Solution:
Momentum of ball = 1-kg x 10 m/s = 10kg-m/s
Momentum of toy car = 2=kg x 20m/s = 20kg-m/s, thus toy car has more momentum

Energy, Work, Power

Energy Work power
Rate at which energy is expended;
Property of a system Product of force and the distance moved;
unit of power is joule/sec.
that enables it to do unit of work is joule
Power = work done (W) / time
work. Work = force (f) x distance (d)
(t)
POTENTIAL ENERGY KINETIC ENERGY
 Energy at rest; Energy that something
 Energy in motion
possesses because of its position
 = mass x speed2
 weight x height = (m)(g)(h)
mechanical energy Conservation of energy
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
 Energy due to the position of something or
transformed from one form into another, but
the movement of something.
total amount of energy never changes.

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics Internal Energy Heat/Thermal Energy
Energy produced from the Energy produced as heat is
Study of heat and its attractive and repulsive forces of transferred from object with
transformation to different molecules in an object which higher temperature to that with
forms of energy. increases as temperature lower temperature until it reaches
increases equilibrium.
Methods of Heat Transfer
Conduction convection radiation
transmission of heat from two heat transfer through AIR heat transfer through RAYS or
objects with DIRECT contact and WATER currents WAVES emitted by a very hot object
Measure of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in a
Temperature substance, measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit or in Kelvin
Celsius to Fahrenheit Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Kelvin
(®C x ) + 32 (®F – 32) x ®C + 273.15
Absolute zero Lowest possible temperature that a substance may have
Rate of loss of heat from an object is proportional to the
Newton's law of cooling
temperature difference between object and its surroundings
 PHYSICS DRILLS
1. Which of the following rock samples is the heaviest? 7. If it took him 2 hours to complete his trip, what is Mark’s
a. 2.2kg Red rock average speed?
b. 0.22 lb Black rock a. 1.5 kph
c. 3400 g Blue Rock b. 3.5 kph
d. 16 ounces Yellow Rock c. 3.5 kph west of south
d. √13/2 kph west of south
2. Arrange the following quantities in increasing order:
I. 0.2 m rod 8. What is Mark’s average displacement during the trip?
II. 30cm pencil a. √13 km
III. 3 feet rope b. 3km
IV. 20 inches c. 7 km west of south
a.I - III-II-IV d. √13 km west of south
b.I-II-III-IV
c. I-II-IV-III 9. What is Mark’s average velocity?
d.I-IV-II-III a. 1.5 kph
b. 3.5 kph
3. Which of the following is not considered a vector c. 3.5 kph west of south
quantity? d. √13/2 kph west of south
a. Displacement
b. Weight 10. With regards to Newton’s law of motion, which of the
c. Mass following is true regarding a book resting motionless on
d. Force top of the table?
a. There is no force acting on the book that’s why it is at
4. Arianne rides a taxi 6km north from her home to the rest
grocery, returns 3km southward to the bus station, and b. The force acting on the book is gravitational force only
rode the bus 4km westward to her friend. What is the c. The net force on the book is zero
shortest distance between Arianne’s home and her friend’s d. None of the above
home?
a. 4km 11. Which of the following is false regarding a car moving
b. 5km forward at constant speed in a straight line?
c. 25km a. The net force acting on the car is zero
d. 7km b. The car also has constant velocity
c. The car also has constant acceleration
5. A man is able to row a boat at 3 mph in still water. If he d. None of the above
rows his boat pointed straight across a river with a current
of 4 mph, what is his net velocity? 12. Which of the following is true regarding a car moving at
a. 5mph constant speed in a circular orbit?
b. 7mph a. The net force acting on the car is zero
c. 1mph b. The car also has constant velocity
d. 25mph c. The car is accelerating
d. None of the above
6-9. Mark walks 4 km west, 2 km south, and then 1 km
east. 13. A toy car with mass (m) requires 3N of force to
6. Determine the total distance he walked: accelerate it to 3m/s2. A block was then placed in top of
a. 3km the toy cart which has twice as much mass as the toy car.
b. √13km south of west How much force will be needed to accelerate the block to
c. 3 km south of east 3m/s2 also?
d. 7 km a. 6N b. 9N
c. 1.5N d. 1N
14. How much acceleration could Czar provide a 3kg crate 20. How much work is done on a 1kg block of wood resting
by pushing it with 9N force? at your palms as you walk 10m forward with your hands
a. 3 m/s2 b. 27 m/s2 steady?
2
c. 1/3 m/s d. cannot be determined a. 10J
b. 100J
15. A 10lb man weighed on the moon would weigh ____ c. 0J
on earth? d. 10Kj
a. the same
b. more 21. How much does the kinetic energy of an object change
c. less when its speed is increased twice?
d. cannot be determined a. Increases twice
b. Increases four times
16. James jogs at 3m/s, he then decides to accelerate into c. decreases ½
a light run. James accelerates at 0.20m/s² as he runs d. decreases 1/4
through a distance of 40m. What is James’ final speed?
a. 16m/s 22. Which of the following is not true regarding potential
b. 4m/s energy?
c. 5m/s a. the higher the mass of an object he greater the potential
d. 25m/s energy
b. the higher the height of an object from the ground the
17. A truck was travelling at a speed of 20m/s, the driver higher the potential energy
saw a dead end 70 meters ahead on the road and c. potential energy is lower than kinetic energy for an
slammed on the breaks. After 6.0 seconds the truck came object at rest
to a halt. Did the truck hit the wall? d. all of the above
a. No, the truck traveled only 60 meters after hitting the
breaks 23. 37°C converted to Fahrenheit is equal to?
b. Yes, the truck traveled 80 meters after hitting the breaks a. 2.77 °F
c. No, the truck traveled only 50 meters after hitting the b. 98.6 °F
breaks c.89.6 °F
d. cannot be determined d.7.27 °F

18. Which of the following is true regarding instances with 24. An object A with temperature 103°F is placed in
constant impulse? contact with an object B with temperature 100°F. Which of
a. The greater the time the force is applied, the greater is the following is true regarding heat transfer?
force exerted a. Both objects will transfer heat to each other until they
b. Increasing the time the force is applied twice will reduce have equal temperatures
the amount of force exerted by ½. b. Object A will transfer heat to Object B until it is colder
c. Increasing the time the force is applied twice will than the other object
increase the amount of force exerted twice. c. Object B will transfer heat to Object A
d. none of the above. d. Object A will transfer heat to Object B until they have
equal temperatures
19. Which of the following is false regarding elastic
collision? 25. The energy produced from the attractive and repulsive
a. kinetic energy is conserved forces of molecules in an object which increases as
b. momentum is conserved temperature increases is known as?
c. the two objects will have the same speeds after the
collision a. Internal energy
d. the objects colliding will not experience lasting b. heat energy
deformity c. potential energy
d. molecular energy
 ANSWERS: Life Science
1. A. Population – group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
2. C. All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic. Not all are vertebrates
3. C. All plants are autotrophs, multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
4. A. not all living organisms have many cells. Some are unicellular
5. C. Theodor Schwann – concluded all ANIMALS are made of cells; Robert Hooke – coined the term
“cells” after observing them from a slice of cork under the light microscope; Matthias Schleiden –
concluded all PLANTS are made of cells
6. C. Cell membrane a thin, flexible barrier that supports and protects the cells while allowing them to
interact with their environment; it allows food to enter the cell and wastes to exit it; it is semi-
permeable which means certain substances readily pass through it such as water, alcohol and small
lipids while some substances do not.
7. C. Endoplasmic Reticulum – organelle in which components of the cell membrane are assembled and
some proteins are modified
8. B. plant cells have large vacuoles
9. B. Facilitated diffusion – movement of substances across the cell membrane that do not readily pass
the lipid bi-layer; movement is facilitated by proteins in the lipid bi-layer serving as CHANNELS
10. B. Hypotonic solution – solution with lower concentration of solute; placing an animal cell on a
hypotonic solution causes the fluids inside the cell to move out of the cell into the solution, thus the cell
shrinks or CRENATES
11. C. Mitosis – series of changes in the nucleus, involving an exact duplication of complete set of
chromosomes and the separation of these chromosomes into TWO IDENTICAL sets of
chromosomes; occurs in cells making up the body organs
12. A. a. prophase >> metaphase >> anaphase >> telophase >> cytokinesis
13. B. Meiosis – involves two separate and distinct divisions; process which involves reduction division
resulting to one-half number of chromosomes; occurs in cells for sexual reproduction; in males meiosis
results in four equal sized gametes called sperms while on females only one large egg cell results from
meiosis and the other three cells called polar bodies are not involved in reproduction.
14. A. Meiosis II – occurs after meiosis I which covers prophase II to telophase II
15. D. Pancreas – produces protease, lipase and amylase which aid protein, lipid and starch digestion.
16. A. Gallbladder – stores bile that helps in fat digestion.
17. B. Arteries – thick walled, muscular blood vessels which transport blood away from the heart to all
parts of body;
18. D. Alveoli – functional unit where gas exchange occurs; surrounded by capillaries
19. C. Respiratory system -involves cellular respiration and gas exchange
20. D. cerebrum – serves as the center for memory and learning
21. A. Visceral muscles – involuntary in action and smooth in appearance
22. D. Fruit - contains seeds for reproduction
23. C. Taiga - long, severe winters, summers with thawing subsoil
24. C. In the DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
25. A. homozygous - The condition in which a genotype includes a pair of similar alleles (both dominant
or both recessive
 ANSWERS: Earth Science
1. C. oxygen is combustible not flammable
2. A. Ozone has highest concentration in the STRATOSPHERE
3. B. Troposphere also called lower atmosphere; clouds, rainfall and other weather conditions occur
ONLY here
4. B. Hydrogen is the simplest and most common element in the universe
5. C. Ionosphere is composed of the exosphere, thermosphere, and parts of mesosphere; ionized by the
sun’s rays; helps in propagation of radio-waves
6. A. climate is the average condition of the atmosphere within not less than 1 year and over an
extended region
7. D. Air pressure is the weight/force of air on a unit area; measured by BAROMETER; the denser and
cooler the air, the greater the air pressure.
8. A. Clouds are formed when evaporated water rises above the atmosphere and then condenses as it
cools
9. D. Monsoons are seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation due to asymmetric
heating of land and sea. Northeast Monsoon (Amihan) – blows from November to April causing rainy
weather. Southwest Monsoon (Habagat) – blows from May to October causing rainy weather
10. C. Wet and dry season – November to April is relatively drier than other parts of the year; Two
pronounced seasons – dry from November to April, and wet for the rest of the year; No dry season –
wet season throughout but maximum rainfall is from November to January.
11. D. Increasing the concentration of the greenhouse gases increases the amount of absorption and re-
radiation, and thereby further warms the earth surface
12. D. burning of fossil fuels emits carbon dioxide, waste product of power stations include nitrogen
dioxide, waste product of bacteria includes methane
13. B. Air is the mixture of different gases, dust and vapor
14. B. According to ALFRED WEGENER in the CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY, the Pangaea is the single
major continent which broke into two piece (LAURASIA and GONDWANALAND). 15. D. Plate tectonic
theory – the earth is made up of several plates which move on top of the mantle. Collision of plates
result to either the edge of the less dense plate crumples and forms MOUNTAINS or one plate sinks
below the other and forms a TRENCH
16. D. Theory of Isostasy: 1) the crust floats over the mantle and 2) high density and massive parts of the
crust sink while low density and thinner parts rise
17. C. Magma rising through cracks in rocks is deposited on the earth’s surface to form peaks
(VOLCANOES)
18. A. Igneous – formed by the cooling of magma. Most common type
19. D. Igneous – formed by the cooling of magma. Metamorphic – formed when igneous and
sedimentary rocks are changed by increased pressure and temperature.
20. A. Ruby has a higher rank in the Mohs scale
21. C. Water is the universal solvent due to its polar structure
22. C. Salt water is denser than pure water
23. A. Big Bang Model – The universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state
which expanded rapidly. This rapid expansion caused the young Universe to cool and resulted in its
present CONTINUOSLY EXPANDING state.
24. C. A satellite doesn’t have its own light but reflects the light of the sun.
25. A. White blue star is the hottest star
 ANSWERS: Chemistry
1. B. does not depend on the mass of the substance but rather on type of substance (density, color,
odor, boiling point, etc.)
2. B. depends on the mass of the substance (weight, volume, height, etc) and can be perceived by the
senses
3. C. Solid – definite shape and volume, liquid – definite volume but indefinite shape, gas – indefinite
shape and volume
4. D. In liquids, the particles move around but are close with each other
5. C. pure substance could either be elements or compounds
6. A. this is a mixture of iodine and salt; B. Is a compound; C and D are heterogenous mixtures
7. C. Acids – compound which has pH of less than 7; turns blue litmus paper to red; gives hydronium
ion H3O+ in water
8. A. protons = 79, electrons = 79, neutrons = 197 – 79 = 118
9. B. Z = no. of protons = 17; A = no. of protons + neutrons = 17 + 18 = 35
10. D. Both has 17 protons so same atomic number. The mass of nuclide X is 17 + 18 = 35 while that
of nuclide Y is 17 + 20 = 37
11. A. Z = no. of protons = 13; electrons = 13 – (+3) = 10; neutrons = 14
12. B. ionization energy increases across a period and decreases down a group.
13. C. atomic radius decreases across a period and increases down a group.
14. A. Ionization energy increases across a period and decreases down a group.
15. B. electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group.
16. B. two compounds exchange bonds or ions in order to form different compounds;
AB + CD → AD + CB
17. B. synthesis involves combination of two or more substances to produce a single complex
compound; A + B → AB
18. D. S + 2 H2SO4 → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O
19. A. C5H12(l) +8O2(g) →5CO2(g) +6H2O(l)

20. D. No. of atoms of Ni = 2 moles Ni x( ) = 1.2 x 1024 atoms

21. A. No. of moles of Al = 54 g of Al x ( ) = 2 moles Al

22. D. All are true for behaviour of gases

23. A. The number of a gas at constant temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the
number of moles of gas; the number of moles increased 5 times so the pressure will also increase 5
times.
24. A. The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the temperature while
keeping volume constant
25. B. adding more solutes to a liquid will increase its boiling point; making it more difficult to boil
 ANSWERS: Physics

1. C. Covert the different units into a single unit. a. 2.2 kg x ( ) = 2200 g ;

b. 0.22lb x ( )x( ) = 100 g; c. 3400g ; d. 16 oz. x ( )x( )x( ) = 454.5 g

2. C. Covert the different units into a single unit. a. 0.2m x ( ) = 20cm ; b. 30cm ;
c. 3 feet x ( )x( ) = 91.44cm ; d. 20in x ( ) = 50.8 cm

3. C. mass measures magnitude only making it a scalar quantity

4. B. +6km (north) + -3km (south) = 3km north and 4 km westward

3km

4km

4 2 + 3 2 = x2
25 = x2
5km = x

5. A.
3mph towards the bank

4mph current 4 2 + 3 2 = x2
25 = x2
5km = x

6. D. total distance walked is simply 7 km (scalar addition)

7. C. Speed = 7km/2hr = 3.5km/hr west of south

8. D. Displacement involves vector addition; +4km (west) + -1km (east) = 3km west and 2km south

2km south 22 + 32 = x2
13 = X2
√13 km = X

3 km west
9. D. Velocity = √13 km/2hr = √13/2 kph
10. C. There are forces (gravitational and normal force) acting on the object which has equal magnitude
and opposite direction thus cancels out to give a net force of zero.
st
11. C. 1 law of motion - Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion with
constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by unbalanced external forces impressed
upon it. The object has no acceleration since its velocity is constant in magnitude and direction.
12. C. The car is accelerating since it experiences a change in velocity. The change in velocity is
due to change in direction as the car faces different directions while moving at a circular path.
The magnitude of the velocity however remains constant.
13. B. F =ma. Adding the block on the toy car gives it a total mass of three times its original
mass . Since mass is and force is directly proportional (found on opposite side of the equation)
as mass increases thrice the force needed also increases thrice. Thus, increasing 3N of force
three times equals 9N.
14. A. F =ma. Acceleration could be computed using the formula a = F/m.
a = 9N/3kg = 3m/s2
15. B. The earth has stronger gravitational pull than the moon
16. C
2a∆x = Vf² - Vi²
Vf² = 2a∆x + Vi²
Vf² = 2(40)(0.2) + 3²
Vf² = 25
Vf = 5 m/s
17. A. Our formula for displacement is ∆x = 1/2 ( Vf + Vi ) × t
∆x = 1/2 (20 + 0 ) × 6
∆x = 60 meters
18. B. Impulse = Force x time. Force and time are indirectly proportional (since they are found
at the same side of the equation). Thus if you increase the time, the force will decrease by the
same magnitude.
19. C. Letter C describes inelastic collisions
20. C. The force applied by your hand on the object is perpendicular in direction with the
direction of motion thus work done is ZERO.
21. B. Kinetic energy = mass x speed2 ; kinetic energy and speed are directly proportional
(since they are found on the same side of the equation). Increasing the speed twice will
increase the kinetic energy four times since speed has an exponent of 2 in the equation. 2 2 is
four.
22. C. Objects at rest has higher potential energy and zero kinetic energy
23. B. ( 37 x ) + 32 = 98.6
24. D. (Heat flows from an object with higher temperature to an object with lower temperature
until it reaches equilibrium.)
25. A. Internal Energy – energy produced from the attractive and repulsive forces of molecules
in an object which increases as temperature increases.