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Bearing Pressure Under A Base of Foundation

This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. Spread foundations consist of individual footings under columns and load-bearing walls. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab or raft that extends under the entire structure. Key advantages of shallow foundations are their lower cost and simpler construction process compared to deep foundations. The document then provides more details on spread foundations, describing common shapes like square, rectangular, circular, continuous, combined, and ring footings. It also discusses mat/raft foundations and when they are suitable compared to spread footings. Finally, it covers topics like bearing pressure distribution and designing foundations to account for eccentric or two-way loads.

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165 views37 pages

Bearing Pressure Under A Base of Foundation

This document discusses different types of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread foundations and mat/raft foundations. Spread foundations consist of individual footings under columns and load-bearing walls. Mat/raft foundations use a continuous slab or raft that extends under the entire structure. Key advantages of shallow foundations are their lower cost and simpler construction process compared to deep foundations. The document then provides more details on spread foundations, describing common shapes like square, rectangular, circular, continuous, combined, and ring footings. It also discusses mat/raft foundations and when they are suitable compared to spread footings. Finally, it covers topics like bearing pressure distribution and designing foundations to account for eccentric or two-way loads.

Uploaded by

محمد الذيباني
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BEARING PRESSURE

UNDER A BASE OF
FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
a) Shallow Foundation System
i) Spread Foundation
ii) Mat / Raft Foundation

b) Deep Foundation System


i) Pile iii) Diaphragm wall
ii) Pile walls iv) Caissons
SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Advantages
a) Cost (economical)
b) Construction Procedure (Simple)]
c) Material (mostly concrete)
d) Labor (doesn’t need expertise)

The Functional Requirements of foundation in general :


Strength and stability
Resistance to ground moisture
Resistance to the passage of heat
SPREAD FOUNDATION
 Also known as a footer or footing
 It’s an enlargement at the bottom of a column/
bearing wall that spreads the applied
structural loads over a sufficiently large soil
area.
 Each column & each bearing wall has its own
spread footing, so each structure may include
dozens of individual footings.
SPREAD FOUNDATION
 The foundation consists of concrete slabs
located under each structural column and a
continuous slab under load-bearing walls.
 For the spread foundation system the
structural load is literally spread out over a
broad area under the building
 Most common type of foundation used due
to their low cost & ease of construction.
 Most often used in small to medium size
structure with moderate to good soil condition.
SPREAD FOUNDATION SHAPES:
 Spread footings may be built in different
shapes & sizes to accommodate individual
needs such as the following:
a) Square Spread Footings / Square Footings
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
c) Circular Spread Footings
d) Continuous Spread Footings
e) Combined Footings
f) Ring Spread Footings
a) Square Spread Footings / Pad Foundation
- support a single centrally located column
- use concrete mix 1:2:4 and reinforcement
- the reinforcement in both axes are to
resist/carry tension loads.
b) Rectangular Spread Footings
- Useful when obstructions prevent
construction of a square footing with a
sufficiently large base area and when
large moment loads are present
c) Circular Spread Footings
- are round in plan view
- most frequently used as foundation for
light stands, flagpoles and power
transmission lines.
d)Continuous Spread Footings / Strip Foundation
- Used to support bearing walls
e) Combined Footings
- support more than one column
- useful when columns are located too close
together for each to have its own footing

Use of strap footing to support


exterior columns when
construction can not extend
beyond the property line
property line

P1 P2

2 footings close
to each other
P1 close to property
line and P2 > P1
property line

property line

P1 P2

If 1/2 < P2/P1 < 1


use trapezoidal footing If P2/P1 < 1/2, use strap combined footing
f) Ring Spread Footings
Continuous footings that have been wrapped
into a circle
Commonly used to support the walls of above-
ground circular storage tanks.
The contents of these tanks are spread evenly
across the total base area and this weight is
probably greater that the tank itself
Therefore the geotechnical analyses of tanks
usually treat them as circular foundations with
diameters equal to the diameter of the tank.
Ring Spread Footings
RAFT/MAT FOUNDATION
 A foundation system in which essentially the
entire building is placed on a large continuous
footing.
 It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced
with steel, which carries the downward loads
of the individual columns or walls.
Raft foundations are used to spread the load
from a structure over a large area, normally
the entire area of the structure.
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
MAT/RAFT FOUNDATION
 It is normally consists of a concrete slab
which extends over the entire loaded area.
 It may be stiffened by ribs or beams
incorporated into the foundation.
 Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing
differential settlements as the concrete slab resists
differential movements between loading positions.
 They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low
bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a
larger area.
Mat Foundation often considered when :
The structural loads are so high or the soil condition so poor
that spread footings would be exceptionally large. As a
general rule of thumb, if spread footings would cover
more than 50% of the building footprint area, a mat or
some type of deep foundation will usually be more
economical.
The soil is very irregular & prone to excessive differential
settlements. The structure continuity and flexural
strength of a mat will bridge over these irregularities.
The same is true of mats on highly expansive soils
prone to differential heave.
The structural loads are inconsistent and thus increase the
likelihood of excessive differential settlements. Again,
the structural continuity and flexural strength of the mat
will absorb these irregularities.
Mat Foundation often considered when:
cont.,
The lateral loads are not uniformly distributed through the
structure and thus may cause differential horizontal movements
in spread footings and pile caps. The continuity of a mat will
resist such movement.
The uplift loads are larger than spread footings can accommodate.
The greater weight and continuity of a mat may provide sufficient
resistance.
The bottom of the structure is located below the groundwater
table, so waterproofing is an important concern. Because mats
are monolithic, they are much easier to waterproof. The weight of
the mat also helps resist hydrostatic uplift forces from the
groundwater.
Bearing Pressure (gross bearing pressure)

-Most important parameter that defines interface between a shallow


foundation and the soil that supports it

-Contact force per unit area along the bottom of the foundation

- Distribution of bearing pressure depends on


-Eccentricity of applied loads
-Magnitude of applied moment
-Structural rigidity of the foundation
-Stress-strain properties of soil
-Roughness of bottom of the foundation
Distribution of bearing pressure along the base
of shallow foundations subjected to concentric
vertical loads

Flexible foundation on clay Flexible foundation on sand

Rigid foundation on clay Rigid foundation on sand


Bearing pressure computation:
We will use a simplified distribution of
bearing pressure, which is a uniform
pressure under the foundation unless we
have eccentricity or moment

Loads on continuous
footings will be
taken as load per
unit length (m or ft)
 For continuous foundation, we express the load as load per unit
length and:
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3: floating foundation

Solution:

• Thus, the net increase of


vertical effective stress
immediately below the
foundation is 237-129 =
108 kPa.

The vertical affective stress before construction is:


Foundation with eccentricity or moment
load

Eccentric loads or moment produces a non-uniform pressure under the foundation and
the eccentricity, e, of the bearing pressure is
• Notice that In both cases we assume linear distribution of
bearing pressure
One way loading
If the eccentric or moment loads
occurs in the B direction, then the
bearing pressure distribution is as
shown.
• If e<B/6, trapezoid bearing
pressure distribution and minimum
and maximum bearing pressure is
given by:

• If e = B/6, qmin= 0, triangular


bearing pressure distribution
Foundation with eccentricity
• If e>B/6, separation between the
must satisfy: e ≤ B/6, which
soil and the foundation will occur
maintains compressive
stresses along the entire base
area
Two Way Eccentric or moment loading

If the resultant load acting on the base is


eccentric in both B and L directions, it MUST
fall within the kern shown in the figure, this
would guarantee that the contact pressure is
compressive along the entire foundation, the
resultant will fall within the kern if

If the above equation is satisfied then q


at the four corners of a square or
rectangular foundation are
Example 4:
Solution:
Solution: cont.,
Example 5
Example 6

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