Work Energy and Power

Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power
Dot or Scalar Products

 When two vector quantities are multiplied and the product is a scalar quantity, the product is
called a dot product.
Work
 Defined as the product of force and displacement.
W=Fd or W=Fdcosθ
 Work is a scalar product, so it has a maximum value when force and displacement are parallel
to each other (θ=0°)
 The unit for work is joule. Joule is the work achieved by a force of 1 Newton which moved an
object through a distance of 1 meter
Energy
 The ability to do work.
 The unit for energy is joule same as work.
Kinetic Energy
 Energy possessed by an object that is moving.
 Kinetic energy is expressed as:
K=½mv²
 Changes in the kinetic energy of an object is related to work done;
o If the velocity of the object increases, vf > vi, then work is done on the object.
o If the velocity of the object decreases, vf > vi, then work is done by the object.
Gravitational Potential Energy
 The energy of an object due to its position relative to the earth`s surface.
Ugrav= mgh
Where m=mass
g=gravitational acceleration
h=vertical distance from a reference position
Elastic Potential Energy

 The energy of an object due to its position relative to its equilibrium position
Uet=½kx²
Where k=force constant
x=displacement of the object from its equilibrium position
Conservative Forces
 These are forces when acting on an object conserves energy, which mean that the initial and
final total energies are the same: Ei = Ef
 Conservative forces would result in work that are path-independent – only the initial and final
states matter.
Ex. Gravity
Non-conservative Forces
 These are forces that would lead to work that do not conserve energy, which means that the
initial and final states do not have the same energy: Ei ≠ Ef
 Non-conservative forces are path-dependent.
Ex. Friction
Equilibrium and Energy Diagrams
 Analyze the energy interactions and outcomes in a system
 Show the transformations of energy
 Show the interaction of forces during energy transformations
Energy Conservation
 “In the absence of non-conservative forces, the initial and final energies of a system remain
constant.”
 “Energy is not created or destroyed; it is only transformed”
WNC = Ef – Ei and if WNC = 0, then Ef = Ei

 The energy conservation law also implies that the total energy of a system is constant such
that: E = U + K
Work – Energy Theorem
 Derived from Newton`s 2nd Law to show that:
W=½mvf² - ½mvi²
The equation has two meanings:
o Doing work on an object will change its kinetic energy; or
o A change in an object`s kinetic energy means it has done work or work was done on it.
 It states that the net work done is equal to the change in kinetic energy;
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = ∆𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄
𝟐
Where:
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝑫𝒐𝒏𝒆
𝒎 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒗𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒚
∆𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

DERIVING THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
Target formula :
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = ∆𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄
𝟐
Formulas that would aid in deriving :

𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒅 = (𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)(𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆) = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒂
𝟏
𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝟐𝒂𝒅 which is a kinematic equation
STEP 1:
We know that
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒅 = (𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)(𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆)
Assuming that the angle between the direction of the motion and the direction of the applied for is
@𝜃 = 0° =angle
Which makes
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝒅 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟎) = 𝑭𝒅(1)
Since 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝐦𝐚
Then we can substitute Newton`s second law of motion to the equation
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝒅(1)=mad
We can substitute a kinematic equation to the existing equation which is
𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝟐𝒂𝒅 which is a kinematic equation
𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 −𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍
= 𝒂𝒅
𝟐
We can substitute the acquired value from the kinematic equation to our existing work equation:
𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 −𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑭𝒅(1)=mad=𝒎( )
𝟐
If we simplify the equation above we can get:

𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 = ∆𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
WORKED EXAMPLE: WORK-ENERGY THEOREM:
A 1 kg phone is dropped from a height of 10 m. Calculate the work that has been done on the phone
between the moment it is released and the moment when it hits the ground. Assume that air
resistance can be neglected.
Determine what is given and what is required
 Mass of the phone: m=1 kg.

 Initial height of the phone: ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 10 m.
 Final height of the phone: ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 0 m.
 We are required to determine the work done on the brick as it hits the ground.
Determine how to approach the problem
The phone is falling freely, so energy is conserved. We know that the work done is equal to the
difference in kinetic energy. The phone has no kinetic energy at the moment it is dropped, because it
is stationary. When the phone hits the ground, all the phone's potential energy is converted to kinetic
energy.
Determine the brick's potential energy at h
𝐸𝑃𝑂𝑇𝐸𝑁𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 = 𝑚 · 𝑔 · ℎ=(1)(9.8)(10)=98 J
Determine the work done on the brick
The phone had 98 J of potential energy when it was released and 0 J of kinetic energy. When the
phone hit the ground, it had 0 J of potential energy and 98 J of kinetic energy.
Therefore 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 =0 J and 𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 =98 J.
From the work-energy theorem:
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 − 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 =98−0=98 J
𝟐
Hence, 98 J of work was done on the brick.
WORKED EXAMPLE: WORK-ENERGY THEOREM 2:

The driver of a 1 000 kg truck travelling at a speed of 16.7 m/s applies the truck's brakes when he
sees a red light. The truck's brakes provide a frictional force of 8 000 N. Determine the stopping
distance of the truck.
Determine what is given and what is required
We are given:
 mass of the truck: m=1 000 kg
 speed of the truck: v=16.7 m/s
 frictional force of brakes: →F=8 000 N
We are required to determine the stopping distance of the car.
Determine how to approach the problem
We apply the work-energy theorem. We know that all the truck's kinetic energy is lost to friction.
Therefore, the change in the truck's kinetic energy is equal to the work done by the frictional force of
the truck's brakes.
Therefore, we first need to determine the truck's kinetic energy at the moment of braking using:
𝟏
𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐
This energy is equal to the work done by the brakes. We have the force applied by the brakes, and
we can use:
𝑾 = 𝑭𝜟𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
to determine the stopping distance.
Determine the kinetic energy of the truck

𝟏 𝟏
𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒗𝟐 =𝟐 (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟔. 𝟕)𝟐 =139,445 J
Determine the work done
Assume the stopping distance is Δx. Since the direction of the applied force and the displacement are
in opposite directions, θ=180°. Then the work done is:
W=FΔxcosθ=(8000)(Δx0)cos(180)=(8000)(Δx0)(−1)=(−8 000)(Δx0)
Apply the work-enemy theorem
The change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done.
ΔEk=Wnet
Ek,f−Ek,i=(−8000)(Δx0)
0 J −139,445 J = (−8000)(Δx0)
∴Δx0=1394458000=17.4 m
Write the final answer
The truck stops in 17.4 m.

Power
 The rate of doing work.
 The unit for power is watt. Watt is the power involve when I joule of work is done in 1 second.
 A “powerful” object does “more work done in a shorter amount of time”
P=W/t or P=Fv
Where W=work
t=time
F=Force
v=velocity

Work Energy and Power

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Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power

Dot or Scalar Products

Elastic Potential Energy

WNC = Ef – Ei and if WNC = 0, then Ef = Ei

∆𝑬𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

Formulas that would aid in deriving :

𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝟐𝒂𝒅 which is a kinematic equation

𝒗𝟐𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 = 𝒗𝟐𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒍 + 𝟐𝒂𝒅 which is a kinematic equation

If we simplify the equation above we can get:

 Mass of the phone: m=1 kg.

Determine how to approach the problem

Determine the brick's potential energy at h

WORKED EXAMPLE: WORK-ENERGY THEOREM 2:

Determine the kinetic energy of the truck

Determine the work done

The change in kinetic energy is equal to the work done.

The truck stops in 17.4 m.

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