REVIEW:

• Scientific Methods
• Classification of Matter
• State of Matter
• Physical and Chemical properties/changes

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MEASUREMENTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

6. Convert measurements from SI units to English

system
7. Use the basic elements of the metric system
and the English system of units to make
scientific calculations
8. Use dimensional analysis in problem solving
questions

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Review

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Significant Figures
Are the digits that we are sure of plus the one that is estimated.

What is the length of this piece of wood?

• Includes all the digits with no uncertainty and one estimation

•The number of significant figures reflects the precision of a measurement, the
more significant figures the more precise the measurement.

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Significant Figures
• Any digit that is not zero is significant
1.234 kg 4 significant figures
• Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
606 m 3 significant figures
• Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant
0.08 L 1 significant figure
• If a number is greater than 1, then all zeros to the right of the decimal point are
significant
2.0 mg 2 significant figures
• If a number is less than 1, then only the zeros that are at the end and in the
middle of the number are significant
0.00420 g 3 significant figures

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Determine the number of significant figures in the following
measurements:

(a) 146 m

(b) 8.06 L

(c) 0.825 N

(d) 0.068 g

(e) 1.810 × 1022 atoms

(f) 800.0 mL
Solution

(a) 478 cm -- Three, because each digit is a nonzero digit.

(b) 6.01 g -- Three, because zeros between nonzero digits are

significant.

(c) 0.825 m -- Three, because zeros to the left of the first

nonzero digit do not count as significant figures.

(d) 0.043 kg -- Two. Same reason as in (c).

(e) 1.310 × 1022 atoms -- Four, because the number is greater

than one so all the zeros written to the right of the decimal
point count as significant figures.
 N x 10n
N is a number n is a positive or
between 1 and 10 negative integer

 A number in scientific notation contains a coefficient and a

power of 10.
coefficient power of ten coefficient power of ten
1.5 x 102 7.35 x 10-4
 To write a number in scientific notation, the decimal point
is placed after the first digit.
 The spaces moved are shown as a power of ten.
52 000. = 5.2 x 104 0.00378 = 3.78 x 10-3

4 spaces left 3 spaces right

568.762 0.00000772

move decimal left move decimal right

n>0 n<0

568.762 = 5.68762 x 102 0.00000772 = 7.72 x 10-6

Addition or Subtraction
1. Write each quantity with the same 4.31 x 104 + 3.9 x 103 =
exponent n
2. Combine N1 and N2 4.31 x 104 + 0.39 x 104 =
3. The exponent, n, remains the
same 4.70 x 104

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Multiplication
(4.0 x 10-5) x (7.0 x 103) =
1. Multiply N1 and N2
(4.0 x 7.0) x (10-5+3) =
2. Add exponents n1 and n2
28 x 10-2 =
2.8 x 10-1

Division
1. Divide N1 and N2 8.5 x 104 ÷ 5.0 x 109 =
2. Subtract exponents n1 and n2 (8.5 ÷ 5.0) x 104-9 =
1.7 x 10-5

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International System of Units (SI)

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• SI- DERIVED UNITS
• Combination of base units.
Example:
 Volume (m3 or cm3)
length x length x length

 Area (m2 or cm2)

length x length

 Density
mass /volume
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 Learning Check
Convert each of the following measurements to
a unit that replaces the power of ten by a prefix

1) 2.89 x 10-3 g 2.89 mg (milligrams)

2) 4.3 x103 m 4.3 km (kilometers)

3) 7.9 x 109 g 7.9 Gg (gigagrams)

4) 2.17 x10-6 L 2.17 L (microliters)

 Learning Check
Use Exponential Notation to express each of
the following measurements in terms of SI base
unit
9.470 × 101 m
1) 9470 cm
2) 650 µs 6.50 × 10−4 s
3) 7200 Tm 7.200 × 1015 m
4) 3.17 nm 3.17 × 10−9 m
5) 6. 19 x 106mm 6.19 × 103 m
 Learning Check
1. 1000 m = 1 ___ a) mm b) km c) dm

2. 0.001 g = 1 ___ a) mg b) kg c) dg

3. 0.1 L = 1 ___ a) mL b) cL c) dL

4. 0.01 m = 1 ___ a) mm b) cm c) dm
 is measured using a meter
stick
 uses the unit meter(m) in
both the metric and SI
systems
The unit of an inch
 is equal to exactly 2.54
centimeters in the metric
system

1 in. = 2.54 cm
  is a measure of the quantity of material it
contains
 the unit gram (g) or kilogram (1000 g) is used

 indicates how hot or cold a

substance is
 the Celsius (C) scale is used
in the metric system
 the Kelvin (K) scale is also
used
 18 °C is 64 °F on this
thermometer
A Comparison of Temperature Scales

K = 0C + 273.15
273.15 K = 0 0C
373.15 K = 100 0C

0F = 9 x 0C + 32
5
0C = 5 (0F – 32)
9
32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C

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 the unit second (s) is
used in the metric
system.
 Time is based on an
atomic clock that uses a
frequency emitted by
cesium atoms
 is the space occupied by a
substance
 the unit of volume is the
liter (L) in the metric
system
SI derived unit for density is
kg/m3

mass
density =
volume
m
d= V

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

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Example 1:

Gold is a precious metal that is chemically unreactive.

It is used mainly in jewelry, dentistry, and electronic devices.

A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g has a volume of

15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold.

gold ingots
Example 2:
The density of mercury, the only metal that is a liquid at room
temperature, is 13.6 g/mL. Calculate the mass of 5.50 mL of
the liquid.
Example 3:

(a) Solder is an alloy made of tin and lead that is used in

electronic circuits. A certain solder has a melting point
of 224°C. What is its melting point in degrees
Fahrenheit?

(b) Helium has the lowest boiling point of all the elements at
-452°F. Convert this temperature to degrees Celsius.

(c) Mercury, the only metal that exists as a liquid at room

temperature, melts at -38.9°C. Convert its melting point
to kelvins.
Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other

accurate precise not accurate

& but &
precise not accurate not precise

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 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem was solved
correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit

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1. How many seconds in 2.5 years? Given that
1 year has 365.25 days
1 day has 24 hours
1 hour has 60 minutes
1 minute has 60 seconds

2. Convert 350.0 mL to cubic inches. Given that

1 ml is equal to 1 cm3
1 in is equal to 2.54 cm

3. What is the density of osmium (22.6 g/cm3) in units of kg/m3?

4. How many atoms of hydrogen can be found in 5 g of ammonia, NH3?

The three unit factors needed to do this calculation can be derived from the
following information:
1 mole of NH3 has a mass of 17.0 grams.
1 mole of NH3 contains 6.02 x 1023 molecules of NH3.
1 molecule of NH3 has 3 atoms of hydrogen in it.
CONVERSION:

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SEATWORK No. 2
1. A person’s average daily intake of glucose (a form of sugar) is
0.0833 pound (lb). What is this mass in milligrams (mg)? (1 lb =
453.6 g.)
2. An average adult has 5.2 L of blood. What is the volume of blood
in m3?
3. Liquid nitrogen is obtained from liquefied air and is used to
prepare frozen goods and in low-temperature research. The
density of the liquid at its boiling point (−196°C or 77 K) is 0.808
g/cm3. Convert the density to units of kg/m3.
4. Calculate the mass of the air contained in a room that measures
2.50 m × 5.50 m × 3.00 m (density of air = 1.29 g/dm3 at 25°C).
5. The mass of an empty container is 77.664 g. The mass of the
container filled with water is 99.646 g. What is the volume of the
container, if the density of water is 1.0000 g/cm3. 32