CONCRETE STRUCTURES Part - I, 3“ Edition Based on ACI 2014 ZAHID A. SIDDIOL Professor ivil Engineering Department of Engineering and Technology Lahore E-mail; easiddiq @uct.cdu.pke Help Civ Engineering Publisheriv CONCRETE STRUCTURES PART <1 AUTHOR: ZAHID A. SIBDIOL In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful Recite in the Name of the Allah, Who had created (A/-Quran) © Copyright by Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi All Rights ReservedCONTENTS Profiee w 1. MATERIALS AND DESIGN PROCESS: 1 1.1 Introduction, 1 LLL -Conerete. 1 LL2 Size of Bricks, 2 LLL Mechanism of Load Trans 1.2 Merits of Concrete Construction, 3 1.2L Contral averCrass-Seetional Shape, 3 Easy And Universal Availability of Constituents, 3 Economy, 3 124 Better Insulation Properties, 3 1.2.5 Good Bond with Stecl, 3 1.2.6 Duetility and Warning Before Failure, 4 12.7 Lesser Chances of Buckling, 4 1.2.8 Aesthetics, 3 1.3 Bemerits of Concrete Canstruction, LBL Weaker in Tension, 4 1.32 Greer Self Weight, + 133 Cracking, 1.34 Relatively Unpredictable Behavinr, 4 1.35 Limited Industrial Behavior. 5 1.36 Inelastic Behavior, 3 1.37 Creep and Shrinkage 14 Specifications, 5 15 Types of Loads, § 2 5 US. Self Load, 6 15.2 Imposed Load, 6 15.3 Service or Characteristic Loads, 6 154 Factored Loads, 6 15.5 Dead Load, 6 15.6 Live Leal, 6 16 Limit States, 9 1,7 Yarious Design Methods, 10 LT. Basie Design Equation, 10 17.2 Factor of Safety (F.O.S), 10 17.3 Smength Design, 11 L74 Allowable Stress Design (ASD), 11 L753 Plastie Design, 12viii STRUCTURES PART UTHOR: ZAHID A. SIDDION Advantages of Using Strength Design or LRPD, 12 18 Design Strength. 12 1.9 Capacity Analysisof Structures, 13 110 13 Objectives of Smuctural Designer, 13 1.10.2 Beohony in Design, 14 1.10.3 Procedure of The Structural Design, 18 L104 General Design Flow Chatt, 16 1.11 Commonly Used Load Factors and Load Combinations, 16 1.12 Shrinkuge of Concrete, 19 1.13 Creep of Concrete, 20 1.14 Fatigue in Concrete, 20 1.15 Concrete Compressive Strength, 20 1.16 Reinforcing Steel, 23 1.17 Modulus of Elasticity, 25 1.18 Requirements for Contract Documents, 25 119° Duties oF Inspector, 26 1.20 Legal Standing of Design Codes, 26 121 Two-Cycle Moment Distribution, 77 1.22 Portal Frame Meth for Lateral Loads, 28 1.23 LValues for Factored Load Analysis, 32 Problems, 33 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF BEAMS UNDER SERVICE LOADS 35 21 Intraduction, 35 2.2 Assumptions Regarding Flexural Behavior, 35 23° Flexural Behaviorin General, 36 24 — Terms Used to Study Flexural Behavior, 38 24.1 Modular Ratio in), 39 2442 Unetacked Transformed Section, 40 24.3 Modulus of Rupture and Split Cylinder Strength, 41 244 Tensile Strength of Cenerete, 41 24.8 Cracked Trnsfarmed Section, when Conetete Stess is Lesser Than 12, 43 24.6 General Allowable Stress Design Procedure, 46 24.7 ACIMinimum Reinforeement in Beams, 47 24.8 Maximum Allowable Concrete and Steel Stresses, 47 24.9 Design Values of Factor &. 47 25 Reduced Moment OF Inertia Due to Cracking, $7 26 Long = Term Deflections, 57 Problems, 5 DESIGN OF BEAMS, al 31 32 Introduction, 61 Stress-Strain Curve for Concrete, 6133 34 3S 36 a7 38 39) 3.10 3 Bat Plexural Strength, 63 Depth of Rectangular Stress Block when Tension Steel is Yielding, 64 Minimum Depth of Non-Presiressed Beams anid One-Way Slabs, 65 ‘Maximum Permissible Computed Defleetions, 65 Balanced Steel Ratio, 65 ‘Types of Seetions Depending on Flexural Behavior, 6% 3.8.1 Tension-Controlled Sections, 68 3.4.2 Compression-Conumalled Sections, 69 3.8.3 Transition Sections, 6 Strength Reduction Factors (g ), 69 39.1 Tension-Controlled Sections, 701 39.2 Compression-Contrulled Sections, 70 39.3 Transition Sections, 70 3.94 Shear and Torsion, 70 395 Beariayon Concrete, 70 396 Strut-And-Tie Models, 70 3.97 Development Length, 71 398 Plain Concrete Elements, 71 ‘Maximum Steel Ratio, 71 ACT Minimum Reinforcement, 73 ‘Types of Pailunes, 74 3.12.1 Under-Reinforced or Tension Failure, 74 3.12.2 Over-Reinforved or Compression Failye, 77 3.12.3 Balanced Failure, 79 “Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections, 80 Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement, 85 Skin Reinforeement im Dec 85 Requirements for Structural Integrity. #6 Scleetion of Steel Bars For Beams, 87 Concrete Cover Steel Reinforcement, $7 ‘Number of Bars in One Layer, 88 Loads Supported by Beams, 88 ‘Beams Supporting One-Way $1 Teams Supporting Two-Way Slibs, 89 ‘Walls Supported by Beams, 91 Supported by Lintels, 92 Caleutation of Beam Loads, 92 3.22.1 Slab Loads, 92 3 Caleulation of Bar Bending Schedule, 93 ingly Reinforced Section, 96 Using Trial Beam Dimensions, 96 eel Ratio is Known, 98 If Weight of Beams, 93 Problems, 117x coNERET STRUCTURES PART UTHOR: ZAHID A. SIDDION SHALLOW, TEE AND CONTINUOUS BEAMS 9 4.1 Doubly Reinforced Beams, 119 42 Behaviorof Doubly Reinforced Sections, 120 4QL Case: Both Steels ate Yielding, 120 422 Case Il: One or Two Steels are Not Yielding, 123 43 Balanced Steel Ratio for Doubly Reinforced Seetions, 1 44° Maximum Sicel Ratio for Doubly Reinforced Sections, 12 43° Minimum Tension Stecl Ratio for Compression Stecl Yielding, 126 46 Another Cheek for Yielding of Compression Steel, 27 4.3 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Sections, 128 48 Design of Doubly Reinforced Sections, 133 49 Tee and EN Beams, 138 49.1 Effective Flange Width (0) [ACL 8.12), 139 49.2 Requirements for Flange Reinforcement, 140 4.10 Joist Constmuetion, 140 4.11 Flexural Behavior of T-Beams, 141 4.12 Tension-Contotted Failure of T-Beams, 143 413° Analysis of T-Beams, 144 4.14 Design of T-Beams, 146 415 Continuous Beams, 152 4.16 ACI Moment Coefficients for Continuous Beams, 154. 4.16.1 Conditions for ACI approximate analysis to be applicable, 154 4.16.2 Moment Coefficients, 154 4.17 Approximate Curtailment of Bars, 155 Problems, 165 DESIGN FOR SHEAR Lar 5.1 Introduction, 167 5.2 Concrete Shear Strength, 168 S21 Concrete Compressive Strength, 168 5.2.2 Applied Moment to Shear Ratio and Effective Depth, 16% 5.23 Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, 170 3.3 ACI Code Provisions for Concrete Shear Strength, 170 54 Shear Strength Provided hy Vertical Reinforcement 172 55 xh Reduction or Resistance Factor in Sheur, 172 5.6 Minimum Web Reinforcement, 173 5.7 Location of Maximum Sheur for Design Of Beams, 173 5.8 Minimum Seetion for Design Shear Capacity, 173 59 Maximum Spacing Requirements, 174 5.10 Design of Web Reinforcement, 174 S11 Hanger Reinforcement, 175 5.12 Typical Shear Force Diagrams, 178 5.13 General Procedure for Shear Desiga, 176 5.14 Truss Analogy for Shear, 184Problems, 187 6 ONE-WAY AND EDGE SUPPORTED SLABS 130 6.1 One-Way Slabs, 189 Gil. Procedure of Slab Design, 189 6.1.2 Depth of One-Way 190 618 190 61d 191 6.1.5 Maximum Spacing of Bars, 191 6.1.6 Distribution, Temperature and Shrinkage: 192 6.1.7 Minimum Plexural Steel, 192 Continuous One-Way Slabs, 192 Check for Shear, 193 Design Flow Chart for One-Way Slabs, 193 Approximate Amount of Stecl in Slabs, 194 Design af Staie Stab, 204 6.2 Two-Way Edge Supported Slabs, 208 6.21 Basie Behavior of Two-Way Slabs, 215 6.2.2 Minimum Slab Thickness fr Two-Way Slabs, 216 6.2.3 Design Procedure for Two-Way Slabs, 216 Problems. 227 7. BASICS OF SHORT COLUMN DESIGN 200 71 Intmuduction, 229 72 Types of Column Reinforcement, 230 7.3 Sourees of Moment in Columns, 232 74 Behavior of Concentrically Loaded Short Columns at Service Loads, 233, 75 Steel Yields Eselier than Crushing of Conerete in Columns, 234 76 Transformed Uncracked Section of Column, 234 7.7 Capacity Reduction Factors for Columns, 236 78 Ultimate Strength of Concentrically Loaded Short Columns, 236 7.9 Minimum Concrete Compressive Strength, 236 7.10 Minimum and Maximum Stce! Ratios in Columns, 237 LAL Minimum Cover and Splicing of Bars, 238 712° Amount of Transverse Ties, 238 7.13 Amountof Spiral Reinforcement, 239 D4 Trial Column Size, 243 715 Amountof Steel in Columas, 243 7.16 Becentrically Loaded Columns, 246 7.17 Procedure for Besiga of Eecentrically Loaded Columns, 247 Problems. 253 8 — RETAINING WALLS 285 8.1 Invaduetion, 255 8.2 Important Parameters for Retained Sails, 255xii a 89) 810 STRUCTURES PART Components of RC Cantilever Retaining Wall, 256 Loads f Forces on Retaining Wall, 259 Requited Retaining Wall Strengths, 263 Load Factors for Wall Desiga, 266 Placement of Joints, 267 Seismic Lateral Eamth Pressure, 287 Lateral Force on Separate Structural Elements, 291 Bending Moment Coeffieients for Walls Subjected to Triangular Loads, 293 8.10.1 Upper One-Third of Wall, 294 8.10.2 Middle-Third of Wall, 294 8.10.3 Lower One-Thind of Wall, 294 UTHOR: ZAHID A. SIDDION Problems, 3117 DESIGN OF FOOTINGS 3 941 Introduction, 311 9.2 ‘Types of Footings, 311 9.3 Bearing Pressure, 313 9.4 Allowable Bearing Capacity, 316 95 Net Contact Pressure, 316 9.6 Failure Behavior of Isolated Footings, 318 5.3 Design Bending Moment and One-Way Shear for Isolated Footings 320 98 Trancfer of Load fromColumn tw Footing, 321 9.9 Distribution of Footing Steel, 322 9.10 Development and Splicing of Steel, 322 9.1L Concrete Provection for Reinforeement, 912 913 cally Lavidedl Isolated Footings, 5 9.14 Kern of Contact sea, 333 9.15 Boventrie Punching Shear, 336 5.16 Combined Footing Design for Twa Cokimns, 345 9,17 Typical Types of Combined Footings, 347 9.18 Foundation Beam Footing, 356 5.19 Raft Footing, 360 9.19.1 Approximate Flexible Mat Design 361 9.19.2 Computerized Flexible Mat Design 372 Prolems, 373 LATERAL LOADS AND MOMENT ENVELOPES 375 101 Loads, 375 10.2 Rainand Snow Loads, 375 10.3 Wind Load, 375 104 UBC-97 Wind Loads. 377 load ‘ombined Height, Exposure and Gust Factor (Ce, 37810. 6 107 198 109 19.10 1o.ll 112 104.2 Pressure Coefficient (Cy, 378 WA3 Other UBC Wind Load Provisions, 378 Dynamic Loads, 382 105.1 Types of Prescribed Loading, 384 105.1.1 Periodic loading, 384 10,5.1,2 Non-petiodie lniding, 385 Eanbquakes, 38 10.8.1 Structure of Earth, 386 10.6.2 Plate Tectonics, 387 10.6.2.1 Plate boundaries, 388 10.6.3 Focus and Epicenter, 390 10.6.4 Shallow and Deep Earthguakes, 390 10.6.5 Eunhquake / Seismic Waves. 390) 10.6.6 Destruction Caused by Earthquakes, 392 10.6.6.1 Earthquake magnitude and Richter scale, 392 11)6.6.2 Earthquake intensity and Merealli scale, 392 10.6.7 Measuring Earthquakes, 393 10.6.8 Example Earthquakes. 394 10.6.9 Types OF Earthquakes, 394 10.6.8.1 Types depetling of duration, 394 10.6.8.2 Types depending an intensity, 34 Main Considerations for Seismic Design, 394 Brief Description of Methods of Analysis and Besign for Earthquake Loading, 395 106.11. Free vibration analysis, 395 10.6.11.2 Response history analysis (RHA), 395 10.6.11.3 Response spectrum analysis (RSA), 395 10.6114 Base isolation method, 396 10.6.11.5 Use of special encnzy dissipating devices, 396 10.6.11.6 Equivalent statie or pscudo-statie load! method, 397 Free Vibration Analysis, 397 Spring Constant or Stifiness Coefficient for Columns, 402 Equation of Motion for Viseous Damping. 403 Free Vibration Analysis for Multiple Degrees of Freedom Structures, 406 Time History Analysis, 411 101.1 Single Degree of Freedam Damped System Subjected to Dynamic Force, 41 I Dynamic Effect of Earthquakes on Rigid Structures, 413 V1.3 Dynamic Effect of Earthquake on Flexible Structures, 413, Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA), 15 1012.1 Procedure to Use Respoms 1.12.2 Procedure 1 Use Response 47 ra for SDOP Systems, 415 pectra for MDOF Systems,xiv STRUCTURES PART 10.12.38 UBC Design Response Spectrum, 417 Equivalent Static Load Method, 421 10.131 Seismie Zone Factor (Zi, 421 oil Profile Types, 42 Seismic Source Types, 422 Near-Souree Factors, 422 Ground Response Coefficients, 422 Fundamental Time Period of a Structure, 423 10.186. Approximate Method. 423 10.13.62 Method A of UBC, 423 10.15.63 Method Bof UBC, 423 Ductitity, 425 113.8 Response Modifieation Factor (R). 425 10.139 Seismic Importance Factor (f), 426 3.10 Seismic Response Coefficient (C.), 426 WO.IB.1L Seismic Dead Load (W), 427 10.13.12 Magnitude of Base Shear (¥), 427 10.13.12.1 UBC refined formula, 427 10.13.12.2 UBC simplified formula, 428 12.13.13 _ Disteibution of Base Shear at Variaus Story Levels, 428 UTHOR: ZAHID A. SIDDION 16.14 General Considerations for Seismic Design, 435 10,15 ACI Definitions for Seismie Design, 438 16,16 Pattern Loads, £46 10,17 Correction of Beam Moment at Face of Supports. 443 10.18 Moment Envelope, 444 Problems. 455 DEVELOPMENT OF REINFORCEMENT. 461 11.1 ntraduction te Bond, 461 11,2 Mechanism of Force Transfer by Bond, 461 11.3 Bond Strength, 461 114 Pullout Test, 462 115. Failure Modes, 463 ls. ide Split Mechanism, 463 1 Face and Side Split Mechanism or Bottom Inside Mechanism, 464 115.3 ¥-Noich Mechanism, 464 [154 Pullout Mechanism, 464 116 Effect of Transverse Reinforcement, 465 11.7 Development of Reinforcement in Tension, 465 11,8 Development Length in Compression, 46% 11.9 Splice af Deformed Bats in Temsion, 468 11.10. Splices of Deformed Bars in Compression, 460 IL-1 Development of Bundled Bars, 469 11,12 Development Length with Standard Hooks, 46911.13 Buru-Off Requirements, 470 11.14 Procedure for Curtailment in Continuous Bears, 476 Problems, 495 TWO-WAY COLUMN SUPPORTED SLABS. 407 121 Introduction, 497 122 Code Provisions for Joist Construction, 498 12.3 FlatSlaty Vs. Coefficient Method of Slab Design, 499 124° Fraction of Loud to be Camied in Two Mutually Perpendicular Directions, 500 12.5 Total Moment to be Distributed Amongst Mid-Span and Supports, 502 Variation of Bending Moment in a Slab Panel, 502 Design Strip, Column Sip and Middle Strip, 5 Approximate Steel for a Typical Slab Panel, 506 ‘Torsional Strength of Slab, 506 Direct Design Method, 07 Equivalent Frame Method, 547 I2ULL Slab Beams, 548 1211.2 Columns, $49 1.11.3 Torsional Member and Torsional Stiffness (K;), $50 12.114 Equivalent Column Stiffness (Kyo), 553 12115 Pate Loading, 554 1211.6 Corection of Moments to Face of Suppons, $55 12.12 Analysis of Slab Systems for Lateral Loads, 560 1213 Seismie Provisions for Two-Way Slabs Without Beams, $63 Problems. 545 YIELD LINE AND STRIP METHODS FOR SLABS. S67 13.1 latraduetion, 567 13.2 Collapse Mectuanism and Yield-Line Pattern, 567 13.3 Types of Analysis Methods, 568 1B Lower Bound Method, 568 133.2 Upper Bound Method, 5469 13.4 Advantages of Yield-Line Analysis, 570 13,3 Demerits of Yield-Line Analysis, $70 13.6 — Conventions to Show Boundary Conditions and Yield Lines, 571 13.7 Rules w Locate Yield Lines, $71 13.8 Yield Line Pamerns, 573 13.9 Fundamental Assumptions in Yield Line Theory, S75 13.10 Contribution of a Stzel (Mi) Along and Across 4 Skewed Yield Line, 576 13.11 Contribuion of Steel Placed in Grid Resolved Along and Across a Skewed Yield Line, 578 13.12 Major Steps for Analysis, $79) 13.13. Scgmeni Equilibrium Method. 580 13.14 Vinual Work Method, 582xvi Ww Problems. 621 STRUCTURES PART UTHOR: ZAHID A. SIDDION al Conditions at Edges and Comer 5.1 Edges, 503 Comers, $94 601 $98 rip Method of 1317.1 Basie Assumptions, 602 imply Supported Square Stab, 602 as with Continuous on Rectangular Slab with: Two Adjacent Edges Continuous and Othec Two Simply Supported, 607 7.5 Slabs with Short Unsupported Edges, 611 7.6 Slabs with Longer Unsupported Edges, 614 SLABS-ON-GRADE, 6x8 141 Tntraduetion, 623 14.2 Properties of PL 624 14,3 Pressure under 144 General Types of Cracking, 6: 14.5 Components of Plain Slabs-on-Grade, 625 14.6 Common Terminology. 626 146.1 Curling, 626 Warping, 626 Pumping, 627 Stripping, 627 ESALs, 627 Dowel Bars, 627 Tic Bars, 628 Vapor Retanter, 628 Sul grade Resilient Modulus (MR) and Modulus of Sub grade Reaction (k}, 628 Sub-drainage, 628 628 Load Aisle, 628 14.7 Base of Slabs-on-Grade, 628 148 Sub-Base of Slabs-on-Grade. 628 14.9 Sub-Grade of Slabseon-Grade, 628 1410 Factors affecting Design of Slabs-on-Grade, 628 14.1.1 Traffic over Design Period, 630 Effect ofenvisnment on Slabs-on-Grade, 630 Concrete Strength apd elastic modulus, 632 Performance Criteria, 632 Design reliability, 63 Factoraf Safety (ACI 360), 68214.107 Load Transfer, 632 H.IL Thickness Design Methods, 633 AASHTO Methos, 633 Cantilever Method of Design, 634 Graphical Methods, 637 WRI Desig Method, 637 COE Design Method, 638 PCA Method! of Slabs-on-Girade Design, 640 643 Joint Co oH Transve 64d Longitudinal Joints, 644 Isolation joints, 644 Joint Sealing, 644 Joint Spacing by Sub-Grade Drag Procedure, 644 Steel placement, 646 Problems, 649 Appendix-I: Steel Tables ost Appendix-Il: Beam and Slab Design Aids 661 Appendix-I1l: Column Interaction Curves on Appendix-IV; Simplified Wall and its Pooting De: 1st Selected Formulas 188 References mm794. CONCRETE STRUCTURES PART -1 | Iss. 186. 182. 1s, 189. 4 = Veranr AUTHOR: ZANID A, SBDIOL ‘Table Design Indices for COE Slab Thickness Selection Method Caesars Design Index for Road Class D8 EU Tay guar HL (amy esquere) (any frequen IV_tany frequency TVA_(apy Frequency) Soniday, indy Tokay Abiay day Ady Vita Vo 260 KN uch living vehicle or 663 fails 200idey Toy vey day Aida day Lovech Vi 400 EN nek laying vehicle or 1113 Farhi Vil SH EN wack Taving vehicle Loox 190. a = LIT HO'Y — 316 ULOY + LT (ALD) + 2.355) ~ L137 (ROE + 19.65 LOY ~ 2.90 (410°) = 32.18 Co = S18 (art) $0.79 (10 + 128 Cy = 1372+ 3047+ 179