Policy Formulation and Evaluation

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 Policy is a formal documented of intentions and sets of

actions of an organization/authority to either remove


certain deficiencies or improve the conditions in any
particular area of concern/interest such as housing
shortage, food crises, water contamination, growing
poverty etc.

 It could either be a part of an overall development policy


and strategy of the country could be a specific document
addressing a particular issue i.e. Food Security Policy,
Poverty Reduction Strategy, National Housing Policy,
Climate Change Policy, Health etc.

 A course of action that will create a desired objective in


the interest of the masses or the people in a given country.
State the problem meaningfully
 Determine the magnitude and extent of the problem
 Continually re-define the problem in light of what is possible
 Eliminate irrelevant material
 Question the accepted thinking about the problem
 Question initial formulations of the problem
 Say it with data
 Locate similar policy analyses
 Locate relevant sources of data
 Eliminate ambiguity
 Clarify objectives
 Resolve conflicting goals
 Focus on the central, critical factors
 Identify who is concerned, and why?
 What power do concerned parties have?
 Make a quick estimate of resources required to deal with the
problem
The first thing the policy analyst must do is
to ask:
- Does a problem exist?
- Can anything be done about it?
- Does the client have the power?

Of the answers are no, then there is no


point in doing a policy analysis.
-Policies must be soundly based on
adequately evaluated facts and
experience. Persons affected by
policy especially clientele groups
should be involved in the process.
A public policy is a deliberate and
(usually) careful decision that provides
guidance for addressing selected public
concerns. Policy development can be
seen, then, as a decision making
process that helps address identified
goals, problems or concerns. At its core,
policy development entails the selection
of a destination or desired objective.
In building public support, governments
must ensure that:
-Information is complete, objective,
reliable, relevant and easy to find and
understand
-Consultation has clear goals and
rules defining the limits of the
exercise and government’s obligation
to account for its use.
•Policy adoption can be influenced the
same factors that affect the composition
of policy agendas: the lobbying efforts
of significant interest groups, crises, and
public attention brought by the media.

•Governors and mayors can adopt


policies to bring about change on the
state or local level.
Policy implementation involves putting adopted policies into
effect. Successful implementation is dependent upon three
elements.
First, policies must be passed down from the president or
state and local government officials to the appropriate
agency within the government bureaucracy).
The second element essential to effective policy
implementation is clear interpretation.
The final element needed in effective policy
implementation is also difficult to accomplish. The
dedication of resources to implement the policy under the
first element must be joined with coordination of the policy
with ongoing operations. In other words, a new initiative or
agency must not cause excessive competition or
disagreement with existing initiatives or agencies.
Policy evaluation is the last step in the policy process.
It may ask deep and wide-ranging questions, such as:
-was the problem correctly identified, or was the
correct problem identified?
-were any important aspects overlooked?
-were recommendations properly implemented?
-is the policy having the desired effect?
-are there any needs for modification, change, or re-
design? What should be done differently next time?

When policies fail to have the intended effect, it is


usually due to one of two types of failure; theory failure,
or program failure.

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