MLL Study Materials Maths Class X 2017 18

MATHEMATICS
MINIMUM LEVEL MATERIAL

for
CLASS – X
2017 – 18
Project Planned By
Honourable Shri D. Manivannan
Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Hyderabad
Prepared by
M. S. KUMARSWAMY, TGT(MATHS)
M. Sc. Gold Medallist (Elect.), B. Ed.
Kendriya Vidyalaya gachibowli
PREFACE
It gives me great pleasure in presenting the Minimum Level Study Material in Mathematics
for Class X. It is in accordance with the latest CBSE syllabus of the session 2017-18.
I am extremely thankful to Honourable Shri D. Manivannan, Deputy Commissioner, KVS
RO Hyderabad and respected sir Shri. E. Krishna Murthy, Principal, KV Gachibowli, who blessed
and motivates me to complete this project work. This study material has been designed in such a
way that all the minimum level learning scoring chapters with sufficient number of previous years
Board Exam important questions for practice are covered. This is very useful for all level of
students to get quality result.
I avail this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to respected sir, Shri U. N. Khaware,
Additional Commissioner(Acad), KVS Headquarter, New Delhi, respected sir, Shri S. Vijay
Kumar, Joint Commissioner(Acad), KVS Headquarter, New Delhi, respected sir Shri P. V.
Sairanga Rao, Deputy Commissioner(Acad), KVS Headquarter, New Delhi, respected sir Shri. D.
Manivannan, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Hyderabad, respected sir Shri Isampal, Deputy
Commissioner, KVS RO Bhopal, respected sir Shri P. Deva Kumar, Deputy Commissioner, KVS
RO Bangalore, respected sir Shri Nagendra Goyal, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Ranchi,
respected sir Shri Y. Arun Kumar, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Agra, respected sir Shri
Sirimala Sambanna, Deputy Commissioner, KVS RO Jammu, respected sir Shri. K. L. Nagaraju,
Retd. Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Bangalore, respected sir Shri.Gangadharaiah, Retd.
Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Bangalore and respected Shri M.K. Kulshreshtha, Retd.
Assistant Commissioner, KVS RO Chandigarh for their blessings, motivation and encouragement
in bringing out this project in such an excellent form.
I also extend my special thanks to respected sir Shri. P. S. Raju, Principal, KV No. 1
Uppal, respected madam Smt. Nirmala Kumari M., Principal, KV Mysore & respected sir Shri.
M. Vishwanatham, Principal, KV Raichur for their kind suggestions and motivation while
preparing this Question Bank. I would like to place on record my thanks to respected sir Shri.
P. K. Chandran, Principal, presently working in KV Bambolim. I have started my career in
KVS under his guidance, suggestions and motivation.
Inspite of my best efforts to make this notes error free, some errors might have gone
unnoticed. I shall be grateful to the students and teacher if the same are brought to my notice.
You may send your valuable suggestions, feedback or queries through email to
kumarsir34@gmail.com that would be verified by me and the corrections would be incorporated
in the next year Question Bank.
M. S. KUMARSWAMY
DEDICATED
TO
MY FATHER
LATE SHRI. M. S. MALLAYYA

MINIMUM LEVEL DAILY REVISION SYLLABUS
FOR REMEDIAL STUDENTS
MATHEMATICS: CLASS X
MARKS COVERED AS PER

S. NO. CHAPTER/TOPIC
LATEST CBSE SAMPLE PAPERS
1 Real Numbers – Full Chapter 6
2 Polynomials – Full Chapter 3
3 Arithmetic Progression – Full Chapter 7
4 Triangles Theorem 5
5 Circles – Full Chapter 3
6 Construction – Full Chapter 4
7 Areas related to Circles 3
8 Statistics – Full Chapter 7
9 Probability – Full Chapter 4
Total Marks 41
All Remedial Students have to complete the above chapters/topics thoroughly with
100% perfection and then they can also concentrate the below topics for Board Exam:
*Linear Equation in two variables – Graph Questions, Comparing the ratios of

coefficients based questions.
*Quadratic Equations – imp questions
*Triangles – 1 mark imp questions
*Coordinate Geometry – imp questions
*Trigonometry – imp questions
*Surface Areas and Volumes – imp questions
INDEX OF MINIMUM LEVEL LEARNING STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS X : MATHEMATICS
S. NO. CHAPTER/CONTENT PAGE NO.
1 Real Numbers – Concepts with Important Questions 1–4
2 Polynomials – Concepts with Important Questions 5–6
3 Arithmetic Progression – Concepts with Important Questions 7–9
4 Triangles Theorem – Proof 10 – 14
5 Circles – Concepts with Important Questions 15 – 16
6 Construction – Concepts with Important Questions 17 – 18
7 Areas related to Circles – Concepts with Important Questions 19 – 23
8 Statistics – Concepts with Important Questions 24 – 30
9 Probability – Concepts with Important Questions 31 – 33
10 Linear Equation in two variables – Important Questions 34 – 36
11 Quadratic Equations – Important Questions 37 – 39
12 Triangles – 1 mark Important Questions 40 – 41
13 Coordinate Geometry – Important Questions 42 – 45
14 Trigonometry – Important Questions 46 – 52
15 Surface Areas and Volumes – Important Questions 53 – 56

CHAPTER – 1
REAL NUMBERS
EUCLID’S DIVISION LEMMA
Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r satisfying a = bq + r, where
0  r  b.
Here we call ‘a’ as dividend, ‘b’ as divisor, ‘q’ as quotient and ‘r’ as remainder.
 Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
If in Euclid’s lemma r = 0 then b would be HCF of ‘a’ and ‘b’.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Show that any positive even integer is of the form 6q, or 6q + 2, or 6q + 4, where q is some
integer.
Solution: Let x be any positive integer such that x > 6. Then, by Euclid’s algorithm,
x = 6q + r for some integer q ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ r < 6.
Therefore, x = 6q or 6q + 1 or 6q + 2 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 4 or 6q + 5
Now, 6q is an even integer being a multiple of 2.
We know that the sum of two even integers are always even integers.
Therefore, 6q + 2 and 6q + 4 are even integers
Hence any positive even integer is of the form 6q, or 6q + 2, or 6q + 4, where q is some integer.
Questions for practice

1. Show that any positive even integer is of the form 4q, or 4q + 2, where q is some integer.
2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 4q + 1, or 4q + 3, where q is some integer.
3. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1, or 6q + 3, or 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
4. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is either of the form
3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
5. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of the form 9m, 9m
+ 1 or 9m + 8.
6. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that the square of an odd positive integer can be of the
form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 for some integer q.
7. Use Euclid’s division lemma to prove that one and only one out of n, n + 2 and n + 4 is divisible
by 3, where n is any positive integer.
8. Use Euclid’s division lemma to prove that one of any three consecutive positive integers must be
divisible by 3.
9. For any positive integer n, use Euclid’s division lemma to prove that n3 – n is divisible by 6.
10. Use Euclid’s division lemma to show that one and only one out of n, n + 4, n + 8, n + 12 and n +
16 is divisible by 5, where n is any positive integer.
EUCLID’S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Euclid’s division algorithm is a technique to compute the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two
given positive integers. Recall that the HCF of two positive integers a and b is the largest positive
integer d that divides both a and b.
To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say c and d, with c > d, follow the steps below:
Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma, to c and d. So, we find whole numbers, q and r such that c
= dq + r, 0  r  d .
Step 2 : If r = 0, d is the HCF of c and d. If r  0 apply the division lemma to d and r.
Step 3 : Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will be the required
HCF.
Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 1 -
This algorithm works because HCF (c, d) = HCF (d, r) where the symbol HCF (c, d) denotes the
HCF of c and d, etc.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 867 and 255
Solution: Since 867 > 255, we apply the division lemma to 867 and 255 to obtain
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Since remainder 102 ≠ 0, we apply the division lemma to 255 and 102 to obtain
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
We consider the new divisor 102 and new remainder 51, and apply the division lemma to obtain
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
Since the remainder is zero, the process stops.
Since the divisor at this stage is 51,
Therefore, HCF of 867 and 255 is 51.

1. Use Euclid’s algorithm to find the HCF of 4052 and 12576.
2. Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of 135 and 225.
5. Using Euclid’s division algorithm, find which of the following pairs of numbers are co-prime: (i)
231, 396 (ii) 847, 2160
6. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65m – 117, then find the value of m.
The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Every composite number can be expressed ( factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorisation
is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur.
The prime factorisation of a natural number is unique, except for the order of its factors.
Property of HCF and LCM of two positive integers ‘a’ and ‘b’:
HCF (a, b)  LCM (a, b)  a  b
ab
LCM (a, b) 
HCF (a, b)
a b
HCF (a, b) 
LCM (a, b)
PRIME FACTORISATION METHOD TO FIND HCF AND LCM

HCF(a, b) = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
LCM(a, b) = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the LCM and HCF of 510 and 92 and verify that LCM × HCF = product of the two
numbers
Solution: 510 = 2 x 3 x 5 x 17
92 = 2 x 2 x 23 = 22 x 23
HCF = 2
LCM = 22 x 3 x 5 x 17 x 23 = 23460
Product of two numbers = 510 x 92 = 46920

HCF x LCM = 2 x 23460 = 46920
Hence, product of two numbers = HCF × LCM

1. Find the HCF and LCM of 6, 72 and 120, using the prime factorisation method.
2. Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime factorisation method. Hence, find their LCM.
3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LCM × HCF = product
of the two numbers: (i) 26 and 91 (ii) 336 and 54
4. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorisation method: (i)
12, 15 and 21 (ii) 17, 23 and 29 (iii) 8, 9 and 25
5. Explain why 3 × 5 × 7 + 7 is a composite number.
6. Can the number 6n, n being a natural number, end with the digit 5? Give reasons.
7. Can the number 4n, n being a natural number, end with the digit 0? Give reasons.
8. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
9. If two positive integers a and b are written as a = x3y2 and b = xy3; x, y are prime numbers, then
find the HCF (a, b).
10. If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p = ab2 and q = a3b; a, b being prime
numbers, then find the LCM (p, q).
IRRATIONALITY OF NUMBERS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Prove that 5 is an irrational number.
Solution: Let 5 is a rational number then we have
p
5  , where p and q are co-primes.
q
 p  5q
Squaring both sides, we get
p 2  5q 2
 p2 is divisible by 5
 p is also divisible by 5
So, assume p = 5m where m is any integer.
Squaring both sides, we get p2 = 25m2
But p 2  5q 2
Therefore, 5q2 = 25m2
 q2 = 5m2
 q2 is divisible by 5
 q is also divisible by 5
From above we conclude that p and q has one common factor i.e. 5 which contradicts that p and q
are co-primes.
Therefore our assumption is wrong.
Hence, 5 is an irrational number.

1. Prove that 2 is an irrational number.
2. Prove that 3 is an irrational number.
3. Prove that 2  5 3 is an irrational number.
4. Prove that 3  2 5 is an irrational number.
5. Prove that 2  3 is an irrational number.

RATIONAL NUMBERS AND THEIR DECIMAL EXPANSIONS
p
Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is of the form 2m.5n, where m,
q
n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which terminates.
p
Let x = be a rational number, such that the prime factorisation of q is not of the form 2m.5n,
q
where m, n are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating
repeating (recurring).
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
987
Without actually performing the long division, state whether the rational numbers will
10500
have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
987
Solution: Given rational number is not in the simplest form. Dividing numerator and
10500
987 987  21 47 p
denominator by 21 we get   which is in the form of
10500 10500  21 500 q
Now q = 500 = 22 x 53 which is in the form of 2m.5n, where m, n are non-negative integers. Therefore
the given rational number has terminating decimal expansion.

Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will
have a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion:
13 129 77 14587 833
(i ) (ii ) 2 7 5 (iii) (iv) (v ) 2 5 2
3125 257 210 1250 257

CHAPTER – 2
POLYNOMIALS
QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
Relationship between zeroes and coefficients
General form of Quadratic polynomial: ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0
Coefficient of x b
Sum of zeroes (   )   2
= 
Coefficient of x a
Constant term c
Product of zeroes ( )  2
=
Coefficient of x a
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3 and 2, respectively.
Solution: Here, α + β = – 3 and αβ = 2
We know that quadratic polynomial is given by p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
= x2 – (–3)x + 2 = x2 + 3x + 2
Hence, required quadratic polynomial is x2 + 3x + 2
Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are – 3 and 2.

Solution: Here, α = – 3 and β = 2.
Now, α + β = – 3 + 2 = – 1 and αβ = (– 3)(2) = – 6
We know that quadratic polynomial is given by p(x) = x2 – (α + β)x + αβ
= x2 – (–1)x + (– 6) = x2 + x – 6
Hence, required quadratic polynomial is x2 + x – 6
Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 – 2x – 8 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
Solution: Here, p(x) = x2 – 2x – 8 = 0
x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = 0  x(x – 4) + 2(x – 4) = 0  (x – 4)(x + 2) = 0
 x = 4, –2
Now, a = 1, b = –2, c = –8,  = 4,  = –2
b (2) b
Sum of zeroes,     4  (2)  2 and  2    
a 1 a
c 8 c
Product of zeroes,   4(2)  8 and   8   .
a 1 a
Hence verified.

1. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 5 and 3, respectively.
2. Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are – 4 and 1, respectively.
3. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the relationship between the
4. Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship between the zeroes and the
coefficients.
5. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 6x2 – 3 – 7x and verify the relationship between the
6. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2 – x – 4 and verify the relationship between the
7. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 4x2 – 4x + 1 and verify the relationship between the

DIVISION ALGORITHM FOR POLYNOMIALS
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x)
such that p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
If r(x) = 0, then g(x) is a factor of p(x).
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Divide 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x – 1 – x2, and verify the division algorithm.

Solution:
So, quotient = x – 2, remainder = 3.

Now, Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
= (–x2 + x – 1) (x – 2) + 3
= –x3 + x2 – x + 2x2 – 2x + 2 + 3
= –x3 + 3x2 – 3x + 5
= Dividend
Hence, the division algorithm is verified.
Questions for Practice

1. Divide 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 by 1 + 2x + x2.
2. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in each
of the following :
(i) p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
(ii) p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x
(iii) p(x) = x4 – 5x + 6, g(x) = 2 – x2
3. Find all the zeroes of 2x4 – 3x3 – 3x2 + 6x – 2, if you know that two of its zeroes are 2 and –
2
5 5
4. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are and –
3 3
3 2
5. On dividing x – 3x + x + 2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2 and –
2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).
6. If the remainder on division of x3 + 2x2 + kx + 3 by x – 3 is 21, find the quotient and the value of
k. Hence, find the zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3 + 2x2 + kx – 18.
7. Find k so that x2 + 2x + k is a factor of 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 + 5x + 6. Also find all the zeroes of the
two polynomials.

CHAPTER – 5
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
nth Term of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

nth term an of the AP with first term a and common difference d is given by
an = a + (n – 1) d.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the 15th term of the 21, 24, 27, . . .
Solution: Here, a = 21, d = 24 – 21 = 3
We know that an = a + (n – 1)d
So, a15 = a + 14d = 21 + 14(3) = 21 + 42 = 63
Which term of the AP : 3, 9, 15, 21, . . . , is 99?

Solution: Here, a = 3, d = 9 – 3 = 6
We know that an = a + (n – 1)d
Let an = 99  a + (n – 1)d = 99
 3 + (n – 1)6 = 99  (n – 1)6 = 99 – 3 = 96
96
 n 1   16  n = 16 + 1 = 17
6
Hence, 17th term of the given AP is 99
Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5 and the 7th term is 9.

Solution: We have a3 = a + (3 – 1) d = a + 2d = 5 ............... (1)
and a7 = a + (7 – 1) d = a + 6d = 9 ........................ (2)
Solving the pair of linear equations (1) and (2), we get a = 3, d = 1
Hence, the required AP is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . . .

1. Find the 10th term of the AP : 2, 7, 12, . . .
2. Which term of the AP : 21, 18, 15, . . . is – 81?
3. Which term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . ,is 78?
4. How many two-digit numbers are divisible by 3?
5. How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 7?
6. How many multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
7. Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
8. An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106. Find the 29th term.
9. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and – 8 respectively, which term of this AP is zero?
10. Which term of the AP : 3, 15, 27, 39, . . . will be 132 more than its 54th term?
11. Determine the AP whose third term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
12. The sum of 4th term and 8th term of an AP is 24 and the sum of 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find
the AP.
13. The sum of 5th term and 9th term of an AP is 72 and the sum of 7th and 12th terms is 97. Find
the AP.
14. If the numbers n – 2, 4n – 1 and 5n + 2 are in AP, find the value of n.
15. Find the value of the middle most term (s) of the AP : –11, –7, –3,..., 49.
16. The sum of the first three terms of an AP is 33. If the product of the first and the third term
exceeds the second term by 29, find the AP.
17. The sum of the 5th and the 7th terms of an AP is 52 and the 10th term is 46. Find the AP.

18. Find the 20th term of the AP whose 7th term is 24 less than the 11th term, first term being 12.
19. If the 9th term of an AP is zero, prove that its 29th term is twice its 19th term.
20. Which term of the AP: 53, 48, 43,... is the first negative term?
21. A sum of Rs 1000 is invested at 8% simple interest per year. Calculate the interest at the end of
each year. Do these interests form an AP? If so, find the interest at the end of 30 years making
use of this fact.
22. In a flower bed, there are 23 rose plants in the first row, 21 in the second, 19 in the third, and so
on. There are 5 rose plants in the last row. How many rows are there in the flower bed?
nth Term from the end of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

Let the last term of an AP be ‘l’ and the common difference of an AP is ‘d’ then the nth term from
the end of an AP is given by
ln = l – (n – 1) d.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the 11th term from the last term (towards the first term) of the AP : 10, 7, 4, . . ., – 62.
Solution : Here, a = 10, d = 7 – 10 = – 3, l = – 62,
We know that nth term from the last is given by ln = l – (n – 1) d.
 l11 = l – 10d = – 62 – 10(– 3) = – 62 + 30 = – 32

1. Find the 20th term from the last term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, . . ., 253.
2. Find the 10th term from the last term of the AP : 4, 9 , 14, . . ., 254.
3. Find the 6th term from the end of the AP 17, 14, 11, …… (–40).
4. Find the 8th term from the end of the AP 7, 10, 13, …… 184.
5. Find the 10th term from the last term of the AP : 8, 10, 12, . . ., 126.
Sum of First n Terms of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by
n
S n  [2a  (n  1)d ]
2
where a = first term, d = common difference and n = number of terms.
or
n
S n  [a  l ]
2
where l = last term
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP : 8, 3, –2, . . .
Solution : Here, a = 8, d = 3 – 8 = –5, n = 22.
n
We know that S  [2a  (n  1)d ]
2
22
 S  [16  (22  1)  (5)] = 11(16 – 105) = 11(–89) = – 979
2
So, the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP is – 979.

1. If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find the 20th term.
2. How many terms of the AP : 24, 21, 18, . . . must be taken so that their sum is 78?

3. How many terms of the AP : 9, 17, 25, . . . must be taken to give a sum of 636?
4. Find the sum of first 24 terms of the list of numbers whose nth term is given by an = 3 + 2n
5. Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.
6. Find the sum of the first 15 multiples of 8.
7. Find the sum of the odd numbers between 0 and 50.
8. Find the sum of first 22 terms of an AP in which d = 7 and 22nd term is 149.
9. Find the sum of first 51 terms of an AP whose second and third terms are 14 and 18 respectively.
10. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n
terms.
11. If an = 3 – 4n, show that a1,a2 ,a3 ,... form an AP. Also find S20 .
12. In an AP, if Sn = n (4n + 1), find the AP.
13. In an AP, if Sn = 3n2 + 5n and ak = 164, find the value of k.
14. If Sn denotes the sum of first n terms of an AP, prove that S12 = 3(S8 –S4)
15. Find the sum of first 17 terms of an AP whose 4th and 9th terms are –15 and –30 respectively.
16. If sum of first 6 terms of an AP is 36 and that of the first 16 terms is 256, find the sum of first 10
terms.
17. Find the sum of all the 11 terms of an AP whose middle most term is 30.
18. Find the sum of last ten terms of the AP: 8, 10, 12,---, 126.
19. How many terms of the AP: –15, –13, –11,--- are needed to make the sum –55? Explain the
reason for double answer.
20. The houses of a row are numbered consecutively from 1 to 49. Show that there is a value of x
such that the sum of the numbers of the houses preceding the house numbered x is equal to the
sum of the numbers of the houses following it. Find this value of x.
21. A manufacturer of TV sets produced 600 sets in the third year and 700 sets in the seventh year.
Assuming that the production increases uniformly by a fixed number every year, find : (i) the
production in the 1st year (ii) the production in the 10th year (iii) the total production in first 7
years
22. 200 logs are stacked in the following manner: 20 logs in the bottom row, 19 in the next row, 18
in the row next to it and so on. In how may rows are the 200 logs placed and how many logs are
in the top row?
23. A contract on construction job specifies a penalty for delay of completion beyond a certain date
as follows: Rs 200 for the first day, Rs 250 for the second day, Rs 300 for the third day, etc., the
penalty for each succeeding day being Rs 50 more than for the preceding day. How much money
the contractor has to pay as penalty, if he has delayed the work by 30 days?
24. A sum of Rs 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their overall
academic performance. If each prize is Rs 20 less than its preceding prize, find the value of each
of the prizes.
25. In a school, students thought of planting trees in and around the school to reduce air pollution. It
was decided that the number of trees, that each section of each class will plant, will be the same
as the class, in which they are studying, e.g., a section of Class I will plant 1 tree, a section of
Class II will plant 2 trees and so on till Class XII. There are three sections of each class. How
many trees will be planted by the students?
26. A spiral is made up of successive semicircles, with centres alternately at A and B, starting with
centre at A, of radii 0.5 cm, 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm, . . . . What is the total length of such a spiral
made up of thirteen consecutive semicircles?
27. In a potato race, a bucket is placed at the starting point, which is 5 m from the first potato, and
the other potatoes are placed 3 m apart in a straight line. There are ten potatoes in the line. A
competitor starts from the bucket, picks up the nearest potato, runs back with it, drops it in the
bucket, runs back to pick up the next potato, runs to the bucket to drop it in, and she continues in
the same way until all the potatoes are in the bucket. What is the total distance the competitor has
to run?

CHAPTER – 6
TRIANGLES
IMPORTANT THEOREMS
BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM OR THALES THEOREM
If a straight line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other two sides, then it
divides the two sides in the same ratio.

CONVERSE OF BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM
( CONVERSE OF THALES THEOREM)
If a straight line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line must be parallel to
the third side.
AREAS OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES THEOREM

The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their
corresponding sides.

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.

Converse of Pythagoras theorem
In a triangle, if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then
the angle opposite to the first side is a right angle.

CHAPTER – 10
CIRCLES
THEOREMS
1) The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
2) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q from the
centre is 25 cm. Find the radius of the circle
2. In the below figure, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that  POQ =
110°, then find  PTQ.
3. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at angle
of 80°, then find  POA
4. The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm.
Find the radius of the circle.
5. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger
circle which touches the smaller circle.
6. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
7. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the
centre.
8. Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
9. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles
at the centre of the circle.

10. Prove that in two concentric circles, the chord of the larger circle, which touches the smaller
circle, is bisected at the point of contact.
11. XY and X′Y′ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with
point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X′Y′ at B. Prove that  AOB = 90°.
12. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD and
DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm
respectively. Find the sides AB and AC.
13. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove that
 PTQ = 2  OPQ.
14. PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. The tangents at P and Q intersect at a
point T. Find the length TP.
15. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point to a circle with centre O. Prove that
QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral.
16. If from an external point B of a circle with centre O, two tangents BC and BD are drawn such
that  DBC = 120°, prove that BC + BD = BO, i.e., BO = 2BC.
17. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a chord of a circle make equal angles with the chord.
18. Prove that a diameter AB of a circle bisects all those chords which are parallel to the tangent at
the point A.
19. From an external point P, two tangents, PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O. At one
point E on the circle tangent is drawn which intersects PA and PB at C and D, respectively. If PA
= 10 cm, find the the perimeter of the triangle PCD.
20. In a right triangle ABC in which  B = 90°, a circle is drawn with AB as diameter intersecting
the hypotenuse AC and P. Prove that the tangent to the circle at P bisects BC.

CHAPTER – 11
CONSTRUCTIONS
CONSTRUCTION OF SIMILAR TRIANGLE
3
Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle ABC with its sides equal to of the
4
3
corresponding sides of the triangle ABC (i.e., of scale factor ).
4
Steps of Construction :
 Draw any ray BX making an acute angle with BC on the side opposite to the vertex A.
3
 Locate 4 (the greater of 3 and 4 in ) points B1, B2, B3 and B4 on BX so that BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3
4
= B3B4.
3
 Join B4C and draw a line through B3 (the 3rd point, 3 being smaller of 3 and 4 in ) parallel to
4
B4C to intersect BC at C′.
 Draw a line through C′ parallel to the line CA to intersect BA at A′ (see below figure).
Then, Δ A′BC′ is the required triangle.
5
Construct a triangle similar to a given triangle ABC with its sides equal to of the
3
5
corresponding sides of the triangle ABC (i.e., of scale factor ).
3
Steps of Construction :
Draw any ray BX making an acute angle with BC on the side opposite to the vertex A.
5
Locate 5 points (the greater of 5 and 3 in ) B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 on BX so that BB1 = B1B2 =
3
B2B3 = B3B4 = B4B5.
5
Join B3(the 3rd point, 3 being smaller of 3 and 5 in ) to C and draw a line through B5 parallel
3
to B3C, intersecting the extended line segment BC at C′.
Draw a line through C′ parallel to CA intersecting the extended line segment BA at A′ (see the
below figure).
Then A′BC′ is the required triangle.

To construct the tangents to a circle from a point outside it.
Given : We are given a circle with centre ‘O’ and a point P outside it. We have to construct two
tangents from P to the circle.
Steps of construction :
 Join PO and draw a perpendicular bisector of it. Let M be the midpoint of PO.
 Taking M as centre and PM or MO as radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle at the
points A and B.
 Join PA and PB.
Then PA and PB are the required two tangents.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE

1. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 7 cm and altitude 4 cm and then construct another
3
similar triangle whose sides are time the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.
2
2. Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then another triangle
1
whose sides are 1 times the corresponding sides of the isosceles triangle.
2
3. Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5 cm and ABC = 60°. Then construct a
3
triangle whose sides are of the corresponding sides of the triangle ABC.
4
4. Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, B = 45°, A = 105°. Then, construct a triangle
4
whose sides are times the corresponding sides of ABC.
3
5. Draw a right triangle in which the sides (other than hypotenuse) are of lengths 4 cm and 3 cm.
5
Then construct another triangle whose sides are times the corresponding sides of the given
3
triangle.
6. Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. From a point 10 cm away from its centre, construct the pair of
tangents to the circle and measure their lengths.
7. Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle of radius 6 cm
and measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual calculation.
8. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take two points P and Q on one of its extended diameter each at a
distance of 7 cm from its centre. Draw tangents to the circle from these two points P and Q.
9. Draw a pair of tangents to a circle of radius 5 cm which are inclined to each other at an angle of
60°.
10. Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius 4 cm and
taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents to each circle from the
centre of the other circle.

CHAPTER – 12
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES
AREA AND PERIMETER OF CIRCLE, QUADRANT, SEMICIRCLE
Area of Circle =  r 2 , Perimeter of Circle = Circumference = 2 r
1
Area of Semicircle =  r 2 , Perimeter of Semicircle =  r  2r
2
1 1
Area of Quadrant =  r 2 , Perimeter of Quadrant =  r  2r
4 2
IMPORTANT QUESTONS
Find the diameter of the circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles of
diameters 20 cm and 48 cm.
Solution: Here, radius r1 of first circle = 20/2 cm = 10 cm
and radius r2 of the second circle = 48/2 cm = 24 cm
Therefore, sum of their areas = π r12 + π r22 = π (10)2 + π (24)2 = π × 676
Let the radius of the new circle be r cm. Its area = π r2
Therefore, π r2 = π × 676  r2 = 676  r = 26
Thus, radius of the new circle = 26 cm
Hence, diameter of the new circle = 2×26 cm = 52 cm

1. The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle which has
circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two circles.
2. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having area
equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.
3. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does each
wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?
4. Find the area of a quadrant of a circle whose circumference is 22 cm.
AREAS OF SECTOR AND SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE


Area of the sector of angle θ  0
  r 2 , where r is the radius of the circle and θ the angle of the
360
sector in degrees

length of an arc of a sector of angle θ   2 r , where r is the radius
3600
of the circle and θ the angle of the sector in degrees
Area of the segment APB = Area of the sector OAPB – Area of Δ OAB

   r 2 – area of Δ OAB
3600
 Area of the major sector OAQB = πr2 – Area of the minor sector
OAPB
Area of major segment AQB = πr2 – Area of the minor segment APB


Area of segment of a circle = Area of the corresponding sector – Area of the corresponding
triangle

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm and of angle 30°. Also, find the area of
the corresponding major sector (Use π = 3.14).
Solution : Here, radius, r = 4 cm,  = 300,
 2 300 1
We know that Area of sector = 0
  r  0
 3.14  4  4   3.14  4  4
360 360 12
12.56
  4.19cm 2 (approx.)
3
Area of the corresponding major sector
= πr2 – area of sector OAPB
= (3.14 × 16 – 4.19) cm2
= 46.05 cm2 = 46.1 cm2(approx.)
A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle at the centre. Find the area of the
corresponding : (i) minor segment (ii) major sector. (Use π = 3.14)
Solutions: Here, radius, r = 10 cm,  = 900,
 900 1
We know that Area of minor sector = 0
  r 2
 0
 3.14  10  10   314  78.5cm 2
360 360 4
1 1
and Area of triangle AOB =  b  h   10  10  50cm 2
2 2
Area of minor segment = Area of minor sector –

Area of triangle AOB = 78.5 – 50 = 28.5 cm2.
Area of circle =  r 2  3.14 10 10  314cm 2
Area of major sector = Area of circle – Area of minor sector
= 314 – 78.5 = 235.5 cm2

1. Find the area of the segment AYB shown in below figure, if radius of the circle is 21 cm and
 AOB = 120°.
2. Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if angle of the sector is 60°.
3. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept by the minute hand in 5
minutes.
4. A horse is tied to a peg at one corner of a square shaped grass field of side 15 m by means of a 5
m long rope. Find (i) the area of that part of the field in which the horse can graze. (ii) the
increase in the grazing area if the rope were 10 m long instead of 5 m. (Use π = 3.14)
5. A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter 35 mm. The wire is also
used in making 5 diameters which divide the circle into 10 equal sectors. Find : (i) the total
length of the silver wire required. (ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.
6. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find: (i) the length of
the arc (ii) area of the sector formed by the arc (iii) area of the segment formed by the
corresponding chord

7. A chord of a circle of radius 15 cm subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find the areas of the
corresponding minor and major segments of the circle. (Use π = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73)
8. A chord of a circle of radius 12 cm subtends an angle of 120° at the centre. Find the area of the
corresponding segment of the circle. (Use π = 3.14 and 3 = 1.73)
9. A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has a blade of length 25 cm sweeping
through an angle of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the blades.
10. To warn ships for underwater rocks, a lighthouse spreads a red coloured light over a sector of
angle 80° to a distance of 16.5 km. Find the area of the sea over which the ships are warned.
(Use π = 3.14)
AREA OF SHADED REGION BASED QUESTIONS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
In the adjoining figure, two circular flower beds have been shown on two sides of a square
lawn ABCD of side 56 m. If the centre of each circular flower bed is the point of intersection O
of the diagonals of the square lawn, find the sum of the areas of the lawn and the flower beds.
Solution: Here, side of square ABCD, a = 56 m
diagonal of square = a 2 = 56 2
56 2
radius, r = OA = OB = OC = OD =  28 2cm
2
Now, Area of sector OAB = Area of sector ODC
 2 900 22 2 1 22 2
=   r   r   r
3600 3600 7 4 7
1 1
and Area of Δ OAD = Area of Δ OBC =  r  r   r 2
2 2
Total area = Area of sector OAB + Area of sector ODC
+ Area of Δ OAD + Area of Δ OBC
1 22 1 22 1 1
=   r2    r2   r2   r2
4 7 4 7 2 2
1 22 1 11  11 
 2    r 2  2   r 2   r 2  r 2    1 r 2
4 7 2 7 7 
18
  28  28  2  4032cm 2
7

1. Find the area of the shaded region in below left figure, where ABCD is a square of side 14 cm.
2. Find the area of the shaded design in above right figure, where ABCD is a square of side 10 cm
and semicircles are drawn with each side of the square as diameter. (Use π = 3.14)

3. Find the area of the shaded region in below left figure, if ABCD is a square of side 14 cm and
APD and BPC are semicircles.
4. From each corner of a square of side 4 cm a quadrant of a circle of radius 1 cm is cut and also a
circle of diameter 2 cm is cut as shown in above right sided figure. Find the area of the remaining
portion of the square.
5. In the below left figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. With centres A, B, C and D, four
circles are drawn such that each circle touch externally two of the remaining three circles. Find
the area of the shaded region.
6. In the above right sided figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle (with centre O)
perpendicular to each other and OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7 cm, find the
area of the shaded region.
7. In the below left figure, ABC is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm and a semicircle is drawn
with BC as diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.
8. In the above right sided figure, OACB is a quadrant of a circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm.
If OD = 2 cm, find the area of the (i) quadrant OACB, (ii) shaded region.
9. In the below figure, a square OABC is inscribed in a quadrant OPBQ. If OA = 20 cm, find the
area of the shaded region. (Use π = 3.14)
10. Calculate the area of the designed region in above right sided figure, common between the two
quadrants of circles of radius 8 cm each.

11. In the below figure, arcs have been drawn with radii 14 cm each and with centres P, Q and R.
Find the area of the shaded region.
12. In the above right sided figure, arcs have been drawn of radius 21 cm each with vertices A, B, C
and D of quadrilateral ABCD as centres. Find the area of the shaded region.
13. A circular park is surrounded by a road 21 m wide. If the radius of the park is 105 m, find the
area of the road.
14. Find the area of the shaded region in the below figure, where arcs drawn with centres A, B, C
and D intersect in pairs at mid-points P, Q, R and S of the sides AB, BC, CD and DA,
respectively of a square ABCD (Use π = 3.14).
15. In the above right sided figure, arcs are drawn by taking vertices A, B and C of an equilateral
triangle of side 10 cm. to intersect the sides BC, CA and AB at their respective mid-points D, E
and F. Find the area of the shaded region (Use π = 3.14).

CHAPTER – 14
STATISTICS
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
Direct method
Mean, x 
 fi x i
 fi
Assume mean method or Short-cut method
Mean, x  A 
 fi d i where d  x  A
i i
 fi
Step Deviation method
Mean, x  A 
 fiu i  h where u  xi  A
 fi h
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the mean literacy
rate.
Literacy rate (in %) 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85 85 – 95
Number of cities 3 10 11 8 3
Solution:
Literacy rate Number of Class mark x A fu
u
(in %) Cities ‘f’ ‘x’ h
45 – 55 3 50 –2 –6
55 – 65 10 60 –1 –10
65 – 75 11 70 0 0
75 – 85 8 80 1 8
85 – 95 3 90 2 6
Total 35 –2
Here, fu  2,  f  35 , A = 70, h = 10

Mean, x  A    h =  x  70   10  70 
fu 2 20 4
 70   70  0.57  x  69.43
f 35 35 7

1. Find the mean of the following data:
Class Interval 10 – 25 25 – 40 40 – 55 55 – 70 70 – 85 85 – 100
Frequency 2 3 7 6 6 6
2. Find the mean percentage of female teachers of the following data:
Percentage of female 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85
teachers
Number of States/U.T 6 11 7 4 4 2 1
3. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness
programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20
houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house.
Number of plants 0 – 2 2 – 4 4 – 6 6 – 8 8 – 10 10 – 12 12 – 14
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3

4. Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method for the
following data:
Daily wages (in Rs) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 – 160 160 – 180 180 – 200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
5. Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box for the following data:
Number of mangoes 50 – 52 53 – 55 56 – 58 59 – 61 62 – 64
Number of boxes 15 110 135 115 25
6. Find the mean daily expenditure on food for the following data:
Daily expenditure (in Rs.) 100 – 150 150 – 200 200 – 250 250 – 300 300 – 350
Number of households 4 5 12 2 2
MODE OF GROUPED DATA

 f1  f 0 
Mode  l    h
 2 f1  f 0  f 2 
where l = lower limit of the modal class,
h = size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal),
f1 = frequency of the modal class,
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class,
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the mean, mode and median for the following frequency distribution.
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total
Frequency 8 16 36 34 6 100
Solution:
Here, highest frequency is 36 which belongs to class 20 – 30. So, modal class is 20 – 30,
l = 20, f0 = 16, f1 = 36, f2 = 34, h = 10
 f1  f 0 
We know that Mode  l    h
2 f
 1 0  f  f 2 
36  16
 Mode  20   10
2(36)  16  34
20 200
 Mode  20   10  20   20  9.09  29.09
72  50 22

1. The frequency distribution table of agriculture holdings in a village is given below:
Area of land(in ha) 1-3 3-5 5-7 79 9-11 11-13
No. of families 20 45 80 55 40 12
Find the modal agriculture holdings of the village.
2. Find the mode age of the patients from the following distribution :
Age(in years) 6-15 16-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65
No. of patients 6 11 21 23 14 5
3. Find the mode of the following frequency distribution:
Class 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55
Frequency 25 34 50 42 38 14

4. Find the modal height of maximum number of students from the following distribution:
Height(in cm) 160-162 163-165 166-168 169-171 172-174
No. of students 15 118 142 127 18
5. A survey regarding the heights (in cms) of 50 girls of a class was conducted and the following
data was obtained.
Height(in cm) 120-130 130-140 140-150 150-160 160-170 Total
No. of girls 2 8 12 20 8 50
Find the mode of the above data.
Cumulative Frequency: The cumulative frequency of a class is the frequency obtained by

adding the frequencies of all the classes preceeding the given class.
MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA

n 
 2  cf 
Median  l    h
 f 
 
where l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal).
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
3Median = Mode + 2 Mean
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the median of the following frequency distribution:
Class 75-84 85-94 95-104 105-114 115-124 125-134 135-144
Frequency 8 11 26 31 18 4 2
Solution:
Class True Class limits Frequency cf
75-84 74.5 – 84.5 8 8
85-94 84.5 – 94.5 11 19
95-104 94.5 – 104.5 26 45
105-114 104.5 – 114.5 31 76
115-124 114.5 – 124.5 18 94
125-134 124.5 – 134.5 4 98
135-144 134.5 – 144.5 2 100
Total 100
n
Here, n = 100   50 which belongs to 104.5 – 114.5
2
So, l = 104.5, cf = 45, f = 31, h = 10
n 
 2  cf 
We know that Median  l    h
 f 
 
50  45 50
 Median  104.5  10  Median  104.5   104.5  1.61  106.11
31 31
1. The percentage of marks obtained by 100 students in an examination are given below:
Marks 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65
No. of Students 14 16 18 23 18 8 3
Determine the median percentage of marks.
2. Weekly income of 600 families is as under:
Income(in Rs.) 0-1000 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000 5000-6000
No. of Families 250 190 100 40 15 5
Compute the median income.
3. Find the median of the following frequency distribution:

Marks 0–5 5 – 10 10 – 15 15 – 20 20 – 25 25 – 30 30 – 35 35 – 40
Number of students 8 12 20 12 18 13 10 7
4. The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 500 neon lamps:
1500 – 2000 – 2500 – 3000 – 3500 – 4000 – 4500 –
Life time (in hrs)
2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Number of Lamps 24 86 90 115 95 72 18
Find the median life time of a lamp.
5. Find the median marks for the following distribution:
Marks Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 Below 60
No. of Students 6 15 29 41 60 70
6. Find the median wages for the following frequency distribution:
Wages per day 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-110 111-120
No. of workers 5 15 20 30 10 8
7. Find the median marks for the following distribution:
Marks 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50
No. of Students 2 3 6 7 14 12 4 2
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE IS ALSO KNOWN AS ‘OGIVE’.

There are three methods of drawing ogive:
1. LESS THAN METHOD

Steps involved in calculating median using less than Ogive approach-
Convert the series into a 'less than ' cumulative frequency distribution.
Let N be the total number of students who's data is given. N will also be the cumulative
frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)th itemand mark it on the y-axis.
Draw a perpendicular from that point to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A.
From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at
which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph.

2. MORE THAN METHOD
Steps involved in calculating median using more than Ogive approach-
Convert the series into a 'more than ' cumulative frequency distribution.
Let N be the total number of students who's data is given. N will also be the cumulative
frequency of the last interval. Find the (N/2)th item and mark it on the y-axis.
Draw a perpendicular from that point to the right to cut the Ogive curve at point A.
From point A where the Ogive curve is cut, draw a perpendicular on the x-axis. The point at
which it touches the x-axis will be the median value of the series as shown in the graph.
3. LESS THAN AND MORE THAN OGIVE METHOD
Another way of graphical determination of median is through simultaneous graphic presentation of

both the less than and more than Ogives.
Mark the point A where the Ogive curves cut each other.
Draw a perpendicular from A on the x-axis. The corresponding value on the x-axis would be the
median value.

The median of grouped data can be obtained graphically as the x-coordinate of the point of
intersection of the two ogives for this data.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.
Daily income (in Rs) 100 – 120 120 – 140 140 –160 160 –180 180 –200
Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution, and draw
its ogive.
Solution:
Cumulative frequency less than type
Daily income (in Rs) Less than type cf
Less than 120 12
Less than 140 26
Less than 160 34
Less than 180 40
Less than 200 50
On the graph, we will plot the points (120, 12),
(140, 26), (160, 34), (180, 40) and (200, 50).

1. The following table gives production yield
per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a
village.
Production yield (in kg/ha) 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65 65 - 70 70 - 75 75 - 80
Number of farms 2 8 12 24 38 16
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution, and draw its ogive.

2. For the following distribution, draw the cumulative frequency curve more than type and hence
obtain the median from the graph.
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency 5 15 20 23 17 11 9
3. Draw less than ogive for the following frequency distribution:
Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Number of 5
8 6 10 6 6
students
Also find the median from the graph and verify that by using the formula.
4. The table given below shows the frequency distribution of the cores obtained by 200 candidates
in a BCA examination.
Score 200-250 250-300 300-350 350-400 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600
No. of students 30 15 45 20 25 40 10 15
Draw cumulative frequency curves by using (i) less than type and (ii) more than type. Hence find
median
5. Draw less than and more than ogive for the following frequency distribution:
Marks 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60
Number of students 8 5 10 6 6 6
Also find the median from the graph and verify that by using the formula.

CHAPTER – 15
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY
The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event A, written as P(A), is
defined as
Number of outcomes favourable to A
P(A) =
Number of all possible outcomes of the experiment
COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS AND PROBABILITY

We denote the event 'not E' by E . This is called the complement event of event E.
So, P(E) + P(not E) = 1
i.e., P(E) + P( E ) = 1, which gives us P( E ) = 1 – P(E).

The probability of an event which is impossible to occur is 0. Such an event is called an
impossible event.

The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event is called a sure
event or a certain event.

The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1

An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the probabilities of
all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
DECK OF CARDS AND PROBABILITY
A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13 cards each. They
are black spades (♠) red hearts (♥), red diamonds (♦) and black clubs (♣).
The cards in each suit are Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2. Kings, Queens and
Jacks are called face cards.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers on the top of
the dice is (i) 9 (ii) 10
Solution:
Here, total number of outcomes, n(s) = 36
(i) Let A be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 9 then we have
n(A) = 4 i.e. (3, 6), (4, 5), (5, 4), (6, 3)
n( A)
Therefore, Probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 9, P( A) 
n( S )
4 1
 P( A)  
36 9
(ii) Let B be the event of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 10 then we have
n(B) = 3 i.e. (4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)
n( B )
Therefore, Probability of getting the sum of the numbers on the top of the dice is 10, P( B) 
n( S )
3 1
 P( B)  
36 12
One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) red
colour ace card (ii) a face card or a spade card (iii) a black face card
Solution:
Here, total number of outcomes, n(s) = 52
(i) Let A be the event of getting red colour ace card and we know that the number of red ace card is
2 then we have, n(A) = 2
n( A)
Therefore, Probability of getting red colour ace card, P( A) 
n( S )
2 1
 P( A)  
52 26
(ii) Let B be the event of getting a face card or a spade card and we know that there are 12 face
cards, 13 spade cards and 3 face cards are spade then we have, n(B) = 12 + 13 – 3 = 22
n( B )
Therefore, Probability of getting a face card or a spade card, P( B) 
n( S )
22 11
 P( B)  
52 26
(ii) Let B be the event of getting a black face card and we know that there are 6 face cards are black
then we have, n(C) = 6
n(C )
Therefore, Probability of getting a black face card, P(C ) 
n( S )
6 3
 P(C )  
52 26

1. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the product of the numbers on the top of
the dice is (i) 6 (ii) 12 (iii) 7
2. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability that (i) 5 will not come up either time? (ii) 5 will
come up at least once?
3. A lot consists of 144 ball pens of which 20 are defective and the others are good. Nuri will buy a
pen if it is good, but will not buy if it is defective. The shopkeeper draws one pen at random and
gives it to her. What is the probability that (i) She will buy it ? (ii) She will not buy it ?

4. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting (i) a
king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade (vi) the
queen of diamonds
5. Five cards—the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random. (i) What is the probability that the card is the
queen? (ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
6. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look at a
pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot.
Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
7. A piggy bank contains hundred 50p coins, fifty Re 1 coins, twenty Rs 2 coins and ten Rs 5 coins.
If it is equally likely that one of the coins will fall out when the bank is turned upside down, what
is the probability that the coin (i) will be a 50 p coin ? (ii) will not be a Rs 5 coin?
8. A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of
the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be (i) red ? (ii) white ?
(iii) not green?
9. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot. What is
the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is drawn at
random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective ?
10. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random from
the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square number (iii)
a number divisible by 5.
11. A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects and 4 have major
defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only accept the shirts which are good, but Sujatha, another trader,
will only reject the shirts which have major defects. One shirt is drawn at random from the
carton. What is the probability that (i) it is acceptable to Jimmy? (ii) it is acceptable to Sujatha?
12. Two customers are visiting a particular shop in the same week (Monday to Saturday). Each is
equally likely to visit the shop on any day as on another day. What is the probability that both
will visit the shop on (i) the same day? (ii) consecutive days? (iii) different days?
13. A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability of drawing a blue ball is double
that of a red ball, determine the number of blue balls in the bag.
14. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn at random from the box,
what is the probability that it will be a black ball? If 6 more black balls are put in the box, the
probability of drawing a black ball is now double of what it was before. Find x.
15. A jar contains 24 marbles, some are green and others are blue. If a marble is drawn at random
2
from the jar, the probability that it is green is . Find the number of blue marbles in the jar.
3

CHAPTER – 3
PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
ALGEBRAIC INTERPRETATION OF PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO
VARIABLES
The pair of linear equations represented by these lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
a b
1. If 1  1 then the pair of linear equations has exactly one solution.
a2 b2
a b c
2. If 1  1  1 then the pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions.
a2 b2 c2
a b c
3. If 1  1  1 then the pair of linear equations has no solution.
a2 b2 c2
S. No. Pair of lines Compare Graphical Algebraic

the ratios representation interpretation
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 Intersecting Unique solution (Exactly
1 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0  lines one solution)
a2 b2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 Coincident Infinitely many solutions
2 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0   lines
a2 b2 c2
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 a1 b1 c1 Parallel lines No solution
3 a2x + b2y + c2 = 0  
a2 b2 c2
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
a1 b1 c1
1. On comparing the ratios   , find out whether the lines representing the following pairs
a2 b2 c2
of linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident:
(i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 and 7x + 6y – 9 = 0 (ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0 and 18x + 6y + 24 = 0
(iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0 and 2x – y + 9 = 0.
a b c
2. On comparing the ratios 1  1  1 , find out whether the following pair of linear equations are
a2 b2 c2
consistent, or inconsistent.
(i) 3x + 2y = 5 ; 2x – 3y = 7 (ii) 2x – 3y = 8 ; 4x – 6y = 9
(iii) 5x – 3y = 11 ; – 10x + 6y = –22
3. Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations:
x + 2y – 8 = 0
2x + 4y = 16
4. Write whether the following pair of linear equations is consistent or not.
x + y = 14, x – y = 4
5. Given the linear equation 3x + 4y – 8 = 0, write another linear equation in two variables such
that the geometrical representation of the pair so formed is parallel lines.
6. Find the value of k so that the following system of equations has no solution:
3x – y – 5 = 0, 6x – 2y + k = 0
7. Find the value of k so that the following system of equation has infinite solutions:
3x – y – 5 = 0, 6x – 2y + k = 0
8. For which values of p, does the pair of equations given below has unique solution?
4x + py + 8 = 0 and 2x + 2y + 2 = 0

9. Determine k for which the system of equations has infinite solutions:
4x + y = 3 and 8x + 2y = 5k
10. Find whether the lines representing the following pair of linear equations intersect at a point, are
parallel or coincident:
2x – 3y + 6 = 0; 4x – 5y + 2 = 0
11. Find the value of k for which the system 3x + ky = 7, 2x – 5y = 1 will have infinitely many
solutions.
12. For what value of k, the system of equations 2x – ky + 3 = 0, 4x + 6y – 5 = 0 is consistent?
13. For what value of k, the system of equations kx – 3y + 6 = 0, 4x – 6y + 15 = 0 represents parallel
lines?
14. For what value of p, the pair of linear equations 5x + 7y = 10, 2x + 3y = p has a unique solution.
15. Find the value of m for which the pair of linear equations has infinitely many solutions.
2x + 3y – 7 = 0 and (m – 1)x + (m + 1)y = (3m – 1)
16. For what value of p will the following pair of linear equations have infinitely many solutions?
(p – 3)x + 3y = p; px + py = 12
17. For what value of k will the system of linear equations has infinite number of solutions?
kx + 4y = k – 4, 16x + ky = k
18. Find the values of a and b for which the following system of linear equations has infinite number
of solutions:
2x – 3y = 7, (a + b) x – (a + b – 3) y = 4a + b
19. For what value of k will the equations x + 2y + 7 = 0, 2x + ky + 14 = 0 represent coincident
lines?
20. For what value of k, the following system of equations 2x + ky = 1, 3x – 5y = 7 has (i) a unique
solution (ii) no solution
GRAPHICAL METHOD OF SOLUTION OF A PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two lines.
1. If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique solution of the two equations. In
this case, the pair of equations is consistent.
2. If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions — each point on the line being a
solution. In this case, the pair of equations is dependent (consistent).

3. If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this case, the pair of
equations is inconsistent.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Solve the equation graphically: x + 3y = 6 and

2x – 3y = 12.
Solution: Given that
6 x
x  3y  6  3y  6  x  y 
3
x 0 3 6
y 2 1 0
2 x  12
and 2 x  3 y  12  3 y  2 x  12  y 
3
x 0 3 6
y -4 -2 0
Now plot the points and join the points to form
the lines AB and PQ as shown in graph
Since point B(6, 0) common to both the lines AB
and PQ. Therefore, the solution of the pair of
linear equations is x = 6 and y = 0
1. Determine by drawing graphs, whether the following pair of linear equations has a unique
solution or not: 3x + 4y = 12; y = 2
2. Determine by drawing graphs, whether the following pair of linear equations has a unique
solution or not: 2x – 5 = 0, y + 4 = 0.
3. Draw the graphs of the equations 4x – y – 8 = 0 and 2x – 3y + 6 = 0.
Also, determine the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines and x-axis.
4. Solve the following system of linear equations graphically:3x – 2y – 1 = 0; 2x – 3y + 6 = 0.
Shade the region bounded by the lines and x-axis.
5. Solve graphically: x + 4y = 10, y – 2 = 0
6. Solve graphically: 2x – 3y = 6, x – 6 = 0
7. Solve the following system of equations graphically: 3x – 5y + 1 = 0, 2x – y + 3 = 0.
Also find the points where the lines represented by the given equations intersect the x-axis.
8. Solve the following system of equations graphically: x – 5y = 6, 2x – 10y = 10
Also find the points where the lines represented by the given equations intersect the x-axis.
9. Solve the following pair of linear equations graphically: x + 3y = 6; 2x – 3y = 12
Also find the area of the triangle formed by the lines representing the given equations with y-
axis.

CHAPTER – 4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
FACTORISATION METHODS TO FIND THE SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by factorisation
Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Find two numbers  and  such that sum of  and  is equal to b and product of  and  is
equal to ac.
Write the middle term bx as  x   x and factorise it by splitting the middle term and let factors
are (x + p) and (x + q) i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0  (x + p)(x + q) = 0
Now equate reach factor to zero and find the values of x.
These values of x are the required roots/solutions of the given quadratic equation.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Solve the quadratic equation by using factorization method: x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
Solution: x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
 x2 + 4x – 2x – 8 = 0  x(x + 4) – 2(x + 4) = 0
 (x + 4)(x – 2) = 0  x + 4 = 0, x – 2 = 0  x = – 4, 2

1. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 + 7x – 18 = 0
2. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 + 5x – 6 = 0
3. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: y2 – 4y + 3 = 0
4. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 – 21x + 108 = 0
5. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 – 11x – 80 = 0
6. Solve the quadratic equation using factorization method: x2 – x – 156 = 0
1 1 1 1
7. Solve the following for x :    .
ab x a b x
1 1 1 1
8. Solve the following for x :   
2a  b  2 x 2a b 2 x
NATURE OF ROOTS
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 by quadratic formula are given by
b  b 2  4ac b  D
x 
2a 2a
2
where D = b  4ac is called discriminant. The nature of roots depends upon the value of
discriminant D. There are three cases –
Case – I
When D > 0 i.e. b 2  4ac > 0, then the quadratic equation has two distinct roots.
b  D b  D
i.e. x  and
2a 2a
Case – II
When D = 0, then the quadratic equation has two equal real roots.
b b
i.e. x  and
2a 2a
Case – III
When D < 0 then there is no real roots exist.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 4x + 3 = 0, and hence find the nature of
its roots.
Solution : The given equation is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a = 2, b = – 4 and c = 3.
Therefore, the discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac = (– 4)2 – (4 × 2 × 3) = 16 – 24 = – 8 < 0
So, the given equation has no real roots.

1. Find the discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 3 3 x2 + 10x + 3 = 0.
2. Find discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 4x2 – 2x2 + 3 = 0.
3. Find discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 0.
4. Find discriminant and the nature of the roots of quadratic equation: 5x2 + 5x + 6 = 0.
5. Write the nature of roots of quadratic equation 4x2 + 4 3 x + 3 = 0.
6. Write the nature of roots of the quadratic equation 9x2 – 6x – 2 = 0.
7. Write the nature of roots of quadratic equation : 4x2 + 6x + 3 = 0
8. The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 are real and unequal. What is value of D?
9. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has equal roots, what is the value of c?
QUADRATIC FORMULA METHOD

Steps to find the solution of given quadratic equation by quadratic formula method:
Firstly, write the given quadratic equation in standard form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Write the values of a, b and c by comparing the given equation with standard form.
Find discriminant D = b2 – 4ac. If value of D is negative, then is no real solution i.e. solution
does not exist. If value of D  0, then solution exists follow the next step.
b  D
Put the value of a, b and D in quadratic formula x  and get the required
2a
roots/solutions.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 + x – 6 = 0
Solution: Here, a = 1, b = 1, c = –6
 D = b2 – 4ac = 1 – 4(1)( –6) = 1 + 24 = 25 > 0
b  D 1  25 1  5 1  5 1  5 6 4
Now, x    x or x or  x  3 or 2
2a 2(1) 2 2 2 2 2
1. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 – 7x + 18 = 0
2. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
3. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: y2 + 4y + 3 = 0
4. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 + 11x – 80 = 0
5. Solve the quadratic equation by using quadratic formula: x2 + x – 156 = 0
6. Solve for x by using quadratic formula : 9x2 – 9(a + b)x + (2a2 + 5ab + 2b2) = 0.
WORD PROBLEMS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
A motor boat whose speed is 18 km/h in still water takes 1 hr. more to go 24 km upstream than
to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of stream.
Solution: Let the speed of the stream be x km/h.
Therefore, the speed of the boat upstream = (18 – x) km/h and the speed of the boat
downstream = (18 + x) km/h.

distance 24
The time taken to go upstream = 
speed 18  x
24
Similarly, the time taken to go downstream =
18  x
24 24
According to the question,  1
18  x 18  x
 24(18 + x) – 24(18 – x) = (18 – x) (18 + x)
 x2 + 48x – 324 = 0
 (x – 6)(x + 54) = 0 (using factorisation)
 x = 6, –54
Since x is the speed of the stream, it cannot be negative. So, we ignore the root x = – 54. Therefore,
x = 6 gives the speed of the stream as 6 km/h.

1. In a class test, the sum of the marks obtained by P in Mathematics and Science is 28. Had he got
3 more marks in maths and 4 marks less in science, the product of marks obtained in the two
subjects would have been 180. Find the marks obtained in the two subjects separately.
2. A peacock is sitting on the top of a pillar which is 9 m high. From a point 27 m away from the
bottom of the pillar, a snake is coming to its hole at the base of the pillar. Seeing the snake the
peacock pounces on it. If their speeds are equal at what distance from the hole is the snake
caught?
3. Some students planned a picnic. The total budget for food was Rs. 2,000. But 5 students failed to
attend the picnic and thus the cost of food for each member increased by Rs. 20. How many
students attended the picnic and how much did each student pay for the food?
4. In a flight of 2800 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. Its average speed is
reduced by 100 km/h and time increased by 30 minutes. Find the original duration of the flight.
5. A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B together
can finish it in 4 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work.
6. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have
taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
3
7. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10 hours
8
less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can
separately fill the tank.
8. Two water taps together can fill a tank is 6 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 9 hours less
than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap can separately fill
the tank.
9. A takes 10 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B together
can finish the work in 12 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work.
10. A man bought a certain number of toys for 180, he kept one for his own use and sold the rest for
one rupee each more than he gave for them, besides getting his own toy for nothing he made a
profit of 10. Find the number of toys.
11. Nine times the side of one square exceeds a perimeter of a second square by one metre and six
times the area of the second square exceeds twenty nine times the area of the first by one square
metre. Find the side of each square.
12. One-fourth of a herd of camels was seen in a forest. Twice the square root of the herd had gone
to mountains and the remaining 15 camels were seen on the bank of a river. Find the total
number of camels.
13. One pipe can fill a cistern in (x + 2) hours and the other pipe can fill the same cistern in (x + 7)
hours. If both the pipes, when opened together take 6 hours to fill the empty cistern, find the
value of x.

CHAPTER – 6
TRIANGLES
IMPORTANT 1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. In ΔABC, D and E are points on sides AB and AC respectively such that DE || BC and AD : DB
= 3 : 1. If EA = 6.6 cm then find AC.
2. In the fig., P and Q are points on the sides AB and AC respectively of ΔABC such that AP = 3.5
cm, PB = 7 cm, AQ = 3 cm and QC = 6 cm. I f PQ = 4.5 cm, find BC.
3. The perimeter of two similar triangles ABC and LMN are 60 cm and 48 cm respectively. If LM
= 8 cm, then what is the length of AB ?
4. In fig.  M =  N = 46°, express x in terms of a, b and c, where a, b and c are lengths of LM,
MN and NK respectively.
5. In figure, DE || BC in ΔABC such that BC = 8 cm, AB = 6 cm and DA = 1.5 cm. Find DE.
ar (APQ )
6. In the fig., PQ || BC and AP : PB = 1 : 2. Find
ar (ABC )

7. A vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the ground. At the same time a tower casts
the shadow 40 m long on the ground. Determine the height of the tower.
8. If ΔABC and ΔDEF are similar triangles such that  A = 57° and  E = 83°. Find C.
9. If the areas of two similar triangles are in ratio 25 : 64, write the ratio of their corresponding
sides.
10. In figure, S and T are points on the sides PQ and PR, respectively of ΔPQR, such that PT = 2 cm,
TR = 4 cm and ST is parallel to QR. Find the ratio of the areas of ΔPST and ΔPQR.
11. In the fig., PQ = 24 cm, QR = 26 cm,  PAR = 90°, PA = 6 cm and AR = 8 cm. Find  QPR.
12. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 30 cm and 40 cm. Find the side of the rhombus.
13. In the given figure, DE || BC. Find AD.
14. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 25 cm and 15 cm respectively. If one side of first
triangle is 9 cm., what is the corresponding side of the other triangle ?

CHAPTER – 7
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
DISTANCE FORMULA
The distance between any two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is given by
AB  ( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2
or AB  (difference of abscissae)2  (difference of ordinates)2
Distance of a point from origin

The distance of a point P(x, y) from origin O is given by OP = x2  y 2
Problems based on geometrical figure

To show that a given figure is a
 Parallelogram – prove that the opposite sides are equal
 Rectangle – prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
 Parallelogram but not rectangle – prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are
not equal.
 Rhombus – prove that the four sides are equal
 Square – prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
 Rhombus but not square – prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are not equal.
 Isosceles triangle – prove any two sides are equal.
 Equilateral triangle – prove that all three sides are equal.
 Right triangle – prove that sides of triangle satisfies Pythagoras theorem.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Show that the points (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) and (– 4, 4) are the vertices of a square.
Solution : Let A(1, 7), B(4, 2), C(–1, –1) and D(– 4, 4) be the given points.
AB  (1  4) 2  (7  2)2  9  25  34
BC  (4  1)2  (2  1) 2  25  9  34
CD  (1  4)2  (1  4) 2  9  25  34
DA  (1  4)2  (7  4)2  25  9  34
AC  (1  1) 2  (7  1)2  4  64  68
BD  (4  4)2  (2  4)2  64  4  68
Since, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD, all the four sides of the quadrilateral ABCD are equal
and its diagonals AC and BD are also equal. Therefore, ABCD is a square.
Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(6, 5) and B(– 4, 3).
Solution : We know that a point on the y-axis is of the form (0, y). So, let the point P(0, y) be
equidistant from A and B. Then AP2 = BP2
 (6 – 0)2 + (5 – y)2 = (– 4 – 0)2 + (3 – y)2
 36 + 25 + y2 – 10y = 16 + 9 + y2 – 6y  4y = 36  y = 9
So, the required point is (0, 9).

1. Show that the points A(1, 2), B(5, 4), C(3, 8) and D(–1, 6) are vertices of a square.
2. Show that the points A(5, 6), B(1, 5), C(2, 1) and D(6, 2) are vertices of a square.
3. Show that the points A(1, –3), B(13, 9), C(10, 12) and D(–2, 0) are vertices of a rectangle.
4. Show that the points A(1, 0), B(5, 3), C(2, 7) and D(–2, 4) are vertices of a rhombus.
5. Prove that the points A(–2, –1), B(1, 0), C(4, 3) and D(1, 2) are vertices of a parallelogram.
6. Find the point on x-axis which is equidistant from (7, 6) and (–3, 4).
7. Find the point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (2, –5) and (–2, 9).
8. Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(5, 2) and B(– 4, 3).
9. Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(5, – 2) and B(– 3, 2).
10. Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P(2, – 3) and Q(10, y) is 10 units.
11. Find the value of a , if the distance between the points A (–3, –14) and B (a, –5) is 9 units.
12. If the point A (2, – 4) is equidistant from P (3, 8) and Q (–10, y), find the values of y. Also find
distance PQ.
Section formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which divides the line segment joining the points A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2), internally, in the ratio m1 : m2 are
 m1 x2  m2 x1 m1 y2  m2 y1 
 , 
 m1  m2 m1  m2 
Mid-point formula
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points
 x  x y  y2 
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), are  1 2 , 1 
 2 2 
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining the points (4, – 3) and
(8, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1 internally.
Solution : Let P(x, y) be the required point.
m x  m1 x2 m y  m1 y2
Using the section formula, x  2 1 ,y 2 1 we get
m1  m2 m1  m2
3(8)  1(4) 3(5)  1(3)
x  7, y  3
3 1 3 1
Therefore, (7, 3) is the required point.
In what ratio does the point (– 4, 6) divide the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and
B(3, – 8)?
Solution : Let (– 4, 6) divide AB internally in the ratio k : 1.
m x  m1 x2 m y  m1 y2
Using the section formula, x  2 1 ,y 2 1 we get
m1  m2 m1  m2
k (8)  1(10)
y 6
k 1
 8k  10  6k  6  8k  6k  6  10
4 2
 14k  4  k  
14 7
Therefore, the point (– 4, 6) divides the line segment joining the points A(– 6, 10) and B(3, – 8) in
the ratio 2 : 7.

1. Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (–1, 7) and (4, –3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
2. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment joining (4, –1) and (–2, –3).
3. Find the coordinates of the points of trisection (i.e., points dividing in three equal parts) of the
line segment joining the points A(2, – 2) and B(– 7, 4).
4. Find the ratio in which the y-axis divides the line segment joining the points (5, – 6) and (–1, –
4). Also find the point of intersection.
5. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (– 3, 10) and (6, – 8) is divided by (–
1, 6).
6. Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(1, – 5) and B(– 4, 5) is divided by the x-axis.
Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
7. Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment joining A(– 2, 2) and B(2, 8)
into four equal parts.
8. If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a parallelogram, taken in
order, find the value of p.
9. If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, find x and y.
10. In what ratio does the x–axis divide the line segment joining the points (– 4, – 6) and (–1, 7)?
Find the coordinates of the point of division.
11. If P (9a – 2, –b) divides line segment joining A (3a + 1, –3) and B (8a, 5) in the ratio 3 : 1, find
the values of a and b.
12. If (a, b) is the mid-point of the line segment joining the points A (10, –6) and B (k, 4) and a – 2b
= 18, find the value of k and the distance AB.
13. The centre of a circle is (2a, a – 7). Find the values of a if the circle passes through the point (11,
–9) and has diameter 10 2 units.
14. The line segment joining the points A (3, 2) and B (5,1) is divided at the point P in the ratio 1:2
and it lies on the line 3x – 18y + k = 0. Find the value of k.
15. Find the coordinates of the point R on the line segment joining the points P (–1, 3) and Q (2, 5)
3
such that PR = PQ.
5
16. Find the values of k if the points A (k + 1, 2k), B (3k, 2k + 3) and C (5k – 1, 5k) are collinear.
17. Find the ratio in which the line 2x + 3y – 5 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points (8, –9)
and (2, 1). Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
18. The mid-points D, E, F of the sides of a triangle ABC are (3, 4), (8, 9) and (6, 7). Find the
coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.
Area of a Triangle
If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are the vertices of a  ABC, then the area of  ABC is given by
1
Area of ABC  [ x1 ( y2  y3 )  x2 ( y3  y1 )  x3 ( y1  y2 )]
2
Trick to remember the formula
The formula of area of a triangle can be learn with the help of following arrow diagram:
x1 y1
x2 y2
1
ABC =
2 x3 y3
x1 y1

Find the sum of products of numbers at the ends of the lines pointing downwards and then subtract
the sum of products of numbers at the ends of the line pointing upwards, multiply the difference by
1 1
. i.e. Area of ABC  [( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y1 )  ( x1 y3  x3 y2  x2 y1 ]
2 2
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are (1, –1), (– 4, 6) and (–3, –5).
Solution: Here, A(1, –1), B(– 4, 6) and C (–3, –5).
Using the formula
x1 y1
x2 y2
ABC = 1
2 x3 y3
x1 y1
we get
1 -1
-4 6
ABC = 1
2 -3 -5
1 -1
1 1 1 1
∆ABC = [(6 + 20 + 3) – (–5 – 18 + 4)] = [29 – (–19)] = (29 + 19) = x 48 = 24 sq. units
2 2 2 2
So, the area of the triangle is 24 square units.

1. Find the area of a triangle formed by the points A(5, 2), B(4, 7) and C (7, – 4).
2. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points P(–1.5, 3), Q(6, –2) and R(–3, 4).
3. Find the value of k if the points A(2, 3), B(4, k) and C(6, –3) are collinear.
4. If A(–5, 7), B(– 4, –5), C(–1, –6) and D(4, 5) are the vertices of a quadrilateral, find the area of
the quadrilateral ABCD.
5. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are : (i) (2, 3), (–1, 0), (2, – 4) (ii) (–5, –1), (3, –5),
(5, 2)
6. In each of the following find the value of ‘k’, for which the points are collinear. (i) (7, –2), (5, 1),
(3, k) (ii) (8, 1), (k, – 4), (2, –5)
7. Find the area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the triangle whose
vertices are (0, –1), (2, 1) and (0, 3). Find the ratio of this area to the area of the given triangle.
8. Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices, taken in order, are (– 4, – 2), (– 3, – 5), (3, – 2)
and (2, 3).
9. Find the value of m if the points (5, 1), (–2, –3) and (8, 2m ) are collinear.
10. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (–8, 4), (–6, 6) and (–3, 9).
11. A (6, 1), B (8, 2) and C (9, 4) are three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD. If E is the midpoint of
DC, find the area of Δ ADE.
12. The points A (2, 9), B (a, 5) and C (5, 5) are the vertices of a triangle ABC right angled at B.
Find the values of a and hence the area of ΔABC.
13. If the points A (1, –2), B (2, 3) C (a, 2) and D (– 4, –3) form a parallelogram, find the value of a
and height of the parallelogram taking AB as base.

CHAPTER – 8 & 9
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometric Ratios (T - Ratios) of an acute angle of a right triangle
In XOY-plane, let a revolving line OP starting from OX, trace out XOP=From P (x, y)draw PM
 to OX.
In right angled triangle OMP. OM = x (Adjacent side); PM = y (opposite side); OP = r (hypotenuse).
Opposite Side y Adjacent Side x Opposite Side y

sin    , cos    , tan   
Hypotenuse r Hypotenuse r Adjacent Side x
Hypotenuse r Hypotenuse r Adjacent Side x
cos ec   , sec    , cot   
Opposite Side y Adjacent Side x Opposite Side y
Reciprocal Relations
1 1 1
cos ec  , sec   and cot  
sin  cos  tan 
Quotient Relations
sin  cos 
tan   and cot  
cos  sin 
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
4
If tan A  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
3
BC 4
Solution: Given that, In right Δ ABC, tan A  
AB 3
Therefore, if BC = 4k, then AB = 3k, where k is a positive number.
Now, by using the Pythagoras Theorem, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (4k)2 + (3k)2 = 25k2
So, AC = 5k
Now, we can write all the trigonometric ratios using their definitions.
BC 4k 4 AB 3k 3
sin A    , cos A   
AC 5k 5 AC 5k 5
1 3
and cot A   ,
tan A 4
1 5
cos ecA   ,
sin A 4

1 5
sec A  
cos A 3
5
1. If sin θ  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
13
7
2. If cos θ  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
25
15
3. If tanθ  , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
8
4. If cot θ  2 , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
5. If cosec θ  10 , find the value of all T– ratios of θ .
6. In Δ OPQ, right-angled at P, OP = 7 cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm. Determine the values of sin Q and
cos Q.
7. In Δ PQR, right-angled at Q, PR + QR = 25 cm and PQ = 5 cm. Determine the values of sin P,
cos P and tan P.
Trigonometric ratios for angle of measure.

00, 300,450, 600 and 900 in tabular form.
A 00 300 450 600 900

1 1 3
sinA 0 1
2 2 2
3 1 1
cosA 1 0
2 2 2
1
tanA 0 1 3 Not defined
3
2
cosecA Not defined 2 2 1
3
2
secA 1 2 2 Not defined
3
1
cotA Not defined 3 1 0
3
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
3
If cos (A – B) = and sin (A + B) = 1, then find the value of A and B.
2
3
Solution: Given that cos( A  B)   cos 300
2
 A  B  300 ………………. (1)
and sin( A  B)  1  sin 900
 A  B  900 …………………… (2)

Solving equations (1) and (2), we get A = 600 and B = 300.

Evaluate each of the following:
1. sin 600 cos 300  cos 600 sin 300
2. cos 600 cos 300  sin 600 sin 300
3. cos 450 cos 300  sin 450 sin 300
4. sin 600 sin 450  cos 600 cos 450
5. (sin 2 300  4 cot 2 450  sec 2 600 )(cos ec 2 450 sec 2 300 )
1 1
6. If sin (A – B) = and cos(A + B) = , then find the value of A and B.
2 2
1
7. If tan (A – B) = and tan (A + B) = 3 , then find the value of A and B.
3
Trigonometric ratios of Complementary angles.

sin (90 – ) = cos  cos (90 – ) = sin 
tan (90 – ) = cot  cot (90 – ) = tan 
sec (90 – ) = cosec  cosec (90 – ) = sec .
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
If sin 3A = cos (A – 26°), where 3A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
Solution: Given that sin 3A = cos (A – 26°). (1)
Since sin 3A = cos (90° – 3A), we can write (1) as
cos (90° – 3A) = cos (A – 26°)
Since 90° – 3A and A – 26° are both acute angles, therefore comparing both sides we get,
90° – 3A = A – 26° which gives A = 29°

1. Express cot 85° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
2. Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and 45°.
3. If tan 2A = cot (A – 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
4. If tan A = cot B, prove that A + B = 90°.
5. If sec 4A = cosec (A – 20°), where 4A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
6. If A, B and C are interior angles of a triangle ABC, then show that
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is said to be a trigonometric identity if it is
satisfied for all values of for which the given trigonometric ratios are defined.
Identity (1) : sin2+ cos2= 1
 sin2= 1 – cos2and cos2= 1 – sin2.
Identity (2) : sec2= 1 + tan2
 sec2– tan2= 1 and tan2= sec2– 1.
Identity (3) : cosec2= 1 + cot2
 cosec2– cot2= 1 and cot2= cosec2– 1.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
cos A  sin A  1
Prove that:  cos ecA  cot A
cos A  sin A  1

cos A  sin A  1
Solution: LHS =
cos A  sin A  1
(Dividing Numerator and Denominator by sinA, we get)
cos A sin A 1
 
cot A  1  cos ecA  cos A 1 
 sin A sin A sin A   cot A  , cos ecA 
cos A sin A
 
1 cot A  1  cos ecA sin A sin A 
sin A sin A sin A
cot A  cos ecA  1 cot A  cos ecA  (cos ec 2 A  cot 2 A)
  [ cos ec 2 A  cot 2 A  1]
cot A  1  cos ecA cot A  1  cos ecA
cot A  cos ecA  (cos ecA  cot A)(cos ecA  cot A)

cot A  1  cos ecA
(cos ecA  cot A)(1  cos ecA  cot A)
  cos ecA  cot A  RHS
cot A  1  cos ecA

Prove the following identities:
1. sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A) = 1.
cot A  cos A cos ecA  1
2. 
cot A  cos A cos ecA  1
sin   cos   1 1
3. 
sin   cos   1 sec   tan 
1  cos 
4. (cos ec  cot  ) 2 
1  cos 
cos A 1  sin A
5.   2sec A
1  sin A cos A
tan  cot 
6.   1  sec  cos ec
1  cot  1  tan 
1  sec A sin 2 A
7. 
sec A 1  cos A
1  sin A
8.  sec A  tan A
1  sin A
sin   2sin 3 
9.  tan 
2cos3   cos 
10. (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
1
11. (cos ecA  sin A)(sec A  cos A) 
tan A  cot A
2 2
 1  tan A   1  tan A 
12.  2    tan 2 A
 1  cot A   1  cot A 
ANGLE OF ELEVATION
In the below figure, the line AC drawn from the eye of the student to the top of the minar is called
the line of sight. The student is looking at the top of the minar. The angle BAC, so formed by the line
of sight with the horizontal, is called the angle of elevation of the top of the minar from the eye of
the student. Thus, the line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the
object viewed by the observer.

The angle of elevation of the point viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
horizontal when the point being viewed is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our
head to look at the object
ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
In the below figure, the girl sitting on the balcony is looking down at a flower pot placed on a stair of
the temple. In this case, the line of sight is below the horizontal level. The angle so formed by the
line of sight with the horizontal is called the angle of depression. Thus, the angle of depression of a
point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the
point is below the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at the point being
viewed
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The angles of depression of the top and the bottom of an 8 m tall building from the top of a
multi-storeyed building are 30° and 45°, respectively. Find the height of the multi-storeyed
building and the distance between the two buildings.
Solution : Let PC = h m be the height of multistoryed building and AB denotes the 8 m tall building.
BD = AC = x m, PC = h = PD + DC = PD + AB = PD + 8 m
So, PD = h – 8 m
Now,  QPB =  PBD = 30°
Similarly,  QPA =  PAC = 45°.
PD 1 h8
In right Δ PBD, tan 300   
BD 3 x
 x  (h  8) 3 m ………………. (1)

PC h
Also, In right Δ PAC, tan 450  1
AC x
 x  h m ………………….. (2)
From equations (1) and (2), we get h  (h  8) 3
 h  h 3 8 3  h 3 h  8 3
8 3
 h( 3  1)  8 3  h 
3 1
8 3 3  1 8 3( 3  1)
h  
3 1 3 1 3 1
8(3  3)
h  4(3  3)m
2
Hence, the height of the multi-storeyed building is 4(3  3)m and the distance between the two
buildings is also 4(3  3)m .
From a point on a bridge across a river, the angles of depression of the banks on opposite sides
of the river are 30° and 45°, respectively. If the bridge is at a height of 3 m from the banks,
find the width of the river.
Solution: Let A and B represent points on the bank on opposite sides of the river, so that AB is the
width of the river. P is a point on the bridge at a height of 3 m, i.e., DP = 3 m.
Now, AB = AD + DB
PD 1 3
In right Δ APD, tan 300   
AD 3 AD
 AD  3 3 m
PD 3
Also, in right Δ PBD, tan 450  1
BD BD
 BD  3 m
Now, AB = BD + AD = 3  3 3  3(1  3) m
Therefore, the width of the river is 3(1  3) m

1. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground, which is 30 m away
from the foot of the tower, is 30°. Find the height of the tower.
2. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite is
temporarily tied to a point on the ground. The inclination of the string with the ground is 60°.
Find the length of the string, assuming that there is no slack in the string.
3. A 1.5 m tall boy is standing at some distance from a 30 m tall building. The angle of elevation
from his eyes to the top of the building increases from 30° to 60° as he walks towards the
building. Find the distance he walked towards the building.
4. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and the top of a transmission
tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the
tower.
5. A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of
elevation of the top of the statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of elevation of the top
of the pedestal is 45°. Find the height of the pedestal.
6. The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is 50 m high,
find the height of the building.

7. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other on either side of the road, which is
80 m wide. From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the poles
are 60° and 30°, respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances of the point from the
poles.
8. A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank directly
opposite the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. From another point 20 m
away from this point on the line joing this point to the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of
the top of the tower is 30° . Find the height of the tower and the width of the canal.
9. From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cable tower is 60° and
the angle of depression of its foot is 45°. Determine the height of the tower.
10. As observed from the top of a 75 m high lighthouse from the sea-level, the angles of depression
of two ships are 30° and 45°. If one ship is exactly behind the other on the same side of the
lighthouse, find the distance between the two ships.
11. A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of 88.2 m
from the ground. The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at any instant is
60°. After some time, the angle of elevation reduces to 30° . Find the distance travelled by the
balloon during the interval.
12. A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower observes a
car at an angle of depression of 30°, which is approaching the foot of the tower with a uniform
speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to be 60°. Find the time taken
by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point.
13. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m from
the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the
height of the tower is 6 m.

CHAPTER – 13
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
COMBINATIONAL FIGURE BASED QUESTIONS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
The decorative block is shown in below left figure made of two solids — a cube and a
hemisphere. The base of the block is a cube with edge 5 cm, and the hemisphere fixed on the
top has a diameter of 4.2 cm. Find the total surface area of the block.
Solution: The total surface area of the cube = 6 × (edge)2 = 6 × 5 × 5 cm2 = 150 cm2.
So, the surface area of the block = TSA of cube – base area of hemisphere + CSA of hemisphere
= 150 – πr2 + 2πr2 = (150 + πr2) cm2
 22 4.2 4.2  2 2 2
 150      cm  150  13.86cm  163.86cm
 7 2 2 

Mayank made a bird-bath for his garden in the shape of a cylinder with a hemispherical
depression at one end. The height of the cylinder is 1.45 m and its radius is 30 cm. Find the
total surface area of the bird-bath.
Solution : Let h be height of the cylinder, and r the common radius of the cylinder and hemisphere.
(See above right sided figure)
Total surface area of the bird-bath = CSA of cylinder + CSA of hemisphere
22 22
= 2πrh + 2πr2 = 2π r (h + r)  2   30(145  30)  2   30 175  33000cm 2  3.3m 2
7 7
A juice seller was serving his customers using glasses as shown in below figure. The inner
diameter of the cylindrical glass was 5 cm, but the bottom of the glass had a hemispherical
raised portion which reduced the capacity of the glass. If the height of a glass was 10 cm, find
the apparent capacity of the glass and its actual capacity. (Use π = 3.14.)
Solution: Here, inner diameter = 5 cm. height, h = 10 cm
5
So, radius, r = cm
2
Apparent capacity of the glass = Volume of cylinder – Volume of hemisphere
2  2  5 5  2 5
=  r 2 h   r 3   r 2  h  r   3.14    10   
3  3  2 2  3 2
25 25 19625
 3.14     163.54cm3
4 3 12
1. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder (see
below left figure). If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of radius 3.5 cm, find the
total surface area of the article.
2. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends
(see above right sided figure). The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the
capsule is 5 mm. Find its surface area.
3. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and diameter of the
cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the top is 2.8 m, find the
area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the canvas of the tent at the
rate of Rs 500 per m2.
4. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the same
height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining solid to
the nearest cm2.
5. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 3.5 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The
total height of the toy is 15.5 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
6. A solid toy is in the form of a hemisphere surmounted by a right circular cone. The height of the
cone is 2 cm and the diameter of the base is 4 cm. Determine the volume of the toy. If a right
circular cylinder circumscribes the toy, find the difference of the volumes of the cylinder and the
toy. (Take π = 3.14)
7. A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately how
much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with two
hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm

8. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm, which is
surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the mass of the pole,
given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8g mass. (Use π = 3.14)
9. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a
hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it
touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the cylinder is
60 cm and its height is 180 cm.
CONVERSION BASED QUESTIONS

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
A cone of height 24 cm and radius of base 6 cm is made up of modelling clay. A child reshapes
it in the form of a sphere. Find the radius of the sphere.
Solution: Here, radius of cone, r = 6 cm, height of cone, h = 24 cm
Let the radius of the sphere be R cm, then we have
Volume of Sphere = Volume of cone
4 3 1 2 3 2 3 r 2 h 6  6  24
  R   r h  4R  r h  R    6  6  6  R  6cm
3 3 4 4
Therefore, the radius of the sphere is 6 cm.

1. A copper rod of diameter 1 cm and length 8 cm is drawn into a wire of length 18 m of uniform
thickness. Find the thickness of the wire.
2. A hemispherical tank full of water is emptied by a pipe at the rate of litres per second. How
much time will it take to empty half the tank, if it is 3m in diameter?
3. A well of diameter 3 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of it has been spread evenly all
around it in the shape of a circular ring of width 4 m to form an embankment. Find the height of
the embankment.
4. A container shaped like a right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is full
of ice cream. The ice cream is to be filled into cones of height 12 cm and diameter 6 cm, having
a hemispherical shape on the top. Find the number of such cones which can be filled with ice
cream.
5. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/h. How much area
will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed?
6. A farmer connects a pipe of internal diameter 20 cm from a canal into a cylindrical tank in her
field, which is 10 m in diameter and 2 m deep. If water flows through the pipe at the rate of 3
km/h, in how much time will the tank be filled?
FRUSTUM OF A CONE BASED QUESTIONS
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
A drinking glass is in the shape of a frustum of a cone of height 14 cm. The diameters of its two
circular ends are 4 cm and 2 cm. Find the capacity of the glass.
Solution: Here, height of frustum of cone, h = 14 cm, diameters of its two circular ends are 4 cm and
2 cm
So, radii of its two circular ends are R = 2 cm and r = 1 cm
Now, Capacity of the glass = Volume of a frustum of a cone
h 2 2 22 14 44 44 308
 ( R  r  Rr )   (22  12  2  1)  (4  1  2)   7   102.67cm3
3 7 3 3 3 3
The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 cm and the perimeters (circumference) of its
circular ends are 18 cm and 6 cm. Find the curved surface area of the frustum.
Solution: Here, slant height of a frustum of a cone, l = 4 cm,
Circumference of upper end = 2πr = 6 cm

So, πr = 3 cm
and Circumference of upper end = 2πR = 18 cm
So, πR = 9 cm
Now, curved surface area of the frustum = πl(R + r) = l x (πR + πr)
= 4 x (9 + 3) = 4 x 12 = 48cm2

1. The radii of the ends of a frustum of a cone 45 cm high are 28 cm and 7 cm. Find its volume, the
curved surface area and the total surface area
2. An open metal bucket is in the shape of a frustum of a cone, mounted on a hollow cylindrical
base made of the same metallic sheet. The diameters of the two circular ends of the bucket are 45
cm and 25 cm, the total vertical height of the bucket is 40 cm and that of the cylindrical base is 6
cm. Find the area of the metallic sheet used to make the bucket, where we do not take into
account the handle of the bucket. Also, find the volume of water the bucket can hold.
3. A container, opened from the top and made up of a metal sheet, is in the form of a frustum of a
cone of height 16 cm with radii of its lower and upper ends as 8 cm and 20 cm, respectively.
Find the cost of the milk which can completely fill the container, at the rate of Rs 20 per litre.
Also find the cost of metal sheet used to make the container, if it costs Rs 8 per 100 cm2. (Take π
= 3.14)
4. A metallic right circular cone 20 cm high and whose vertical angle is 60° is cut into two parts at
the middle of its height by a plane parallel to its base. If the frustum so obtained be drawn into a
wire of diameter cm, find the length of the wire.

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MATHEMATICS

MINIMUM LEVEL MATERIAL

LATE SHRI. M. S. MALLAYYA

MARKS COVERED AS PER

*Linear Equation in two variables – Graph Questions, Comparing the ratios of

S. NO. CHAPTER/CONTENT PAGE NO.

1 Real Numbers – Concepts with Important Questions 1–4

2 Polynomials – Concepts with Important Questions 5–6

3 Arithmetic Progression – Concepts with Important Questions 7–9

4 Triangles Theorem – Proof 10 – 14

5 Circles – Concepts with Important Questions 15 – 16

6 Construction – Concepts with Important Questions 17 – 18

7 Areas related to Circles – Concepts with Important Questions 19 – 23

8 Statistics – Concepts with Important Questions 24 – 30

9 Probability – Concepts with Important Questions 31 – 33

10 Linear Equation in two variables – Important Questions 34 – 36

11 Quadratic Equations – Important Questions 37 – 39

12 Triangles – 1 mark Important Questions 40 – 41

13 Coordinate Geometry – Important Questions 42 – 45

14 Trigonometry – Important Questions 46 – 52

15 Surface Areas and Volumes – Important Questions 53 – 56

Questions for practice

EUCLID’S DIVISION ALGORITHM

Questions for practice

The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

PRIME FACTORISATION METHOD TO FIND HCF AND LCM

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 2 -

Questions for practice

Questions for practice

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 3 -

Questions for practice

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 4 -

Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are – 3 and 2.

Questions for practice

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 5 -

Divide 3x2 – x3 – 3x + 5 by x – 1 – x2, and verify the division algorithm.

So, quotient = x – 2, remainder = 3.

Questions for Practice

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 6 -

nth Term of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

Which term of the AP : 3, 9, 15, 21, . . . , is 99?

Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5 and the 7th term is 9.

Questions for practice

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 7 -

nth Term from the end of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

Questions for practice

Sum of First n Terms of an ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION ( AP )

Questions for practice

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 8 -

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 9 -

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 10 -

AREAS OF SIMILAR TRIANGLES THEOREM

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 11 -

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 12 -

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 13 -

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 15 -

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 16 -

Then, Δ A′BC′ is the required triangle.