Android Sensors PDF

App Development for Smart
Devices
CS 495/595 - Fall 2012
Lec #5: Android Sensors
Tamer Nadeem Dept. of Computer Science
Page 2
Objective
• Working in Background
• Sensor Manager • Sensor Types
• Examples
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
Page 3
What is a Sensor
• A converter that measures a physical quantity
and converts it into a signal which can be read
by an observer or by an instrument ...
• Sensors have been used in cellphones since
they were invented ...
• Microphone, number keys
• Instead of carrying around 10 separate devices,
now you just need 1
Page 4
Android Sensors
• MIC
• Camera
• Temperature
• Location (GPS or Network)
• Orientation
• Accelerometer
• Proximity
• Pressure
• Light
Page 5
Android.hardware Package
Support for Hardware classes with some
interfaces
• Camera: used to set image capture settings, start/stop
preview, snap pictures, and retrieve frames for encoding
for video.
• Camera.CameraInfo: Information about a camera
• Camera.Parameters: Camera service settings.
• Camera.Size: Image size (width and height dimensions).
• GeomagneticField: Estimate magnetic field at a given
point on Earth and compute the magnetic declination from
true north.
• Sensor: Class representing a sensor.
• SensorEvent: Represents a Sensor event and holds
information such as sensor's type, time-stamp, accuracy
and sensor's data.
• SensorManager: SensorManager lets you access the
device's sensors.
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/packa
ge-summary.html
Page 6
Android Software Stack

Sensor Manager

Types of Sensors
• Not every device has every kind of sensor
• Constants from Sensor class
• Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
• hardware
• acceleration force in m/s2
• x, y, z axis
• includes gravity
Page 7 Fall 2013
CS 495/595 - App Development 7
for Smart Devices
Accelerometer Sensor
• Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of
velocity.
• Accelerometers measure how quickly the
speed of the device is changing in a given
direction.
• Detect movement and corresponding speed’s
rate of change.
• Accelerometers do not measure velocity
• How does it work?
• The “proof mass” shown above is allowed to move in a
plane.
• The attached fingers form a capacitor with the two plates
around it.
• The rate of change of the capacitance is measured and
translated into an acceleration
Page 8
Types of Sensors
•
Sensor.TYPE_AMBIENT_TEMPERATURE
• hardware
• "room" temperature in degrees Celsius
• no such sensor on dev phones
• Sensor.TYPE_GRAVITY
• software or hardware
• just gravity
• if phone at rest same as TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
Page 9 Fall 2013
for Smart Devices
Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_GYROSCOPE
• hardware
• measure device's rate of rotation in radians / second
around 3 axis
• Sensor.TYPE_LIGHT
• hardware
• light level in lx,
• lux is SI measure illuminance in luminous flux per unit
area
Fall Page 10 2013
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices
Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION
• software or hardware
• measure acceleration force applied to device in three
axes excluding the force of gravity
• Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETC_FIELD
• hardware
• ambient geomagnetic field in all three axes
• uT micro Teslas
Page 11 Fall 2013
for Smart Devices
Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION
[deprecated]
• software
• measure of degrees of rotation a device makes around all
three axes
• Sensor.TYPE_PRESSURE
• hardware
• ambient air pressure in hPa or mbar
• force per unit area
• 1 Pascal = 1 Newton per square meter
• hecto Pascals (100 Pascals)
• milli bar - 1 mbar = 1hecto Pascal
Page 12 Fall 2013
for Smart Devices
Orientation Sensor
• Orientation Sensor is a combination of the
magnetic field Sensors, which function as an
electronic compass, and accelerometers, which
determine the pitch and roll.
• Two alternatives for determining the device
orientation.
• Query the orientation Sensor directly
• Derive the orientation using the accelerometers and
magnetic field Sensors.
• x-axis (azimuth) 0/360 degrees is north, 90
east, 180 south, and 270 west
• y-axis (pitch) 0 flat on its back, -90 standing
upright.
• z-axis (roll) 0 flat on its back, -90 is the screen
facing left
Page 13
Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_PROXIMITY
• hardware
• proximity of an object in cm relative to the view screen
of a device
• most just binary (see range, resolution)
• typically used to determine if handset is being held to
person's ear during a call
• Sensor.TYPE_RELATIVE_HUMIDITY
• ambient humidity in percent ( 0 to 100)
Page 14 Fall 2013
for Smart Devices
Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR
• hardware or software
• orientation of device, three elements of the device's
rotation vector
• Sensor.TYPE_TEMPERATURE
• hardware
• temperature of the device in degrees Celsius
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Sensor
.html
Page 15 Fall 2013
for Smart Devices
Availability of Sensors
Page 16 Fall 2013
for Smart Devices
Page 17
Async Callbacks
• Android’s sensors are controlled by external
services and only send events when they choose to
• An app must register a callback to be notified of
a sensor event
• Each sensor has a related XXXListener interface
that your callback must implement
• E.g. LocationListener
SensorManager Your App
Register Callback
Sensor Event
Sensor Event
Sensor Event
Page 18
Android Software Stack

Sensor Manager

Page 19
Sensing & Sensor Manager

• Device specific
• ServiceManager provides access to Sensor
Manager Service
• Use
Context.getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE) for
access
String service_name = Context.SENSOR_SERVICE;
SensorManager sensorManager = (SensorManager)
getSystemService(service_name)
• Note that you should disable any sensors you don’t

need, especially when activity paused.
• System will not disable automatically when screen turns
off
• Battery will drain quickly otherwise.
Page 20
SensorManager’s Methods
• Sensor getDefaultSensor(int type) Use this
method to get the default sensor for a given type
• List<Sensor> getSensorList(int type) Use this
method to get the list of available sensors of a
certain type
• boolean
registerListener(SensorEventListener
listener, Sensor sensor, int rate) Registers a
SensorEventListener for the given sensor.
• void
unregisterListener(SensorEventListener
listener, Sensor sensor) Unregisters a listener
for the sensors with which it is registered.
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/SensorM
anager.html
Page 21
Sensor’s Methods
• public float getMaximumRange () -
maximum range of the sensor in the sensor's
unit.
• public int getMinDelay () - the minimum
delay allowed between two events in
microsecond or zero if this sensor only
returns a value when the data it's measuring
changes.
• public String getName () - name string of
the sensor.
• public float getPower () - the power in mA
used by this sensor while in use.
• public float getResolution () - resolution of
the sensor in the sensor's unit.
Page 22
getPower() Methods
• The device’s battery has a 1500 mA
• Under normal use, the battery lasts
10hours.
• If we use orientation, rotation vector, &
magnetic field sensors
• How long would it last now?
Page 23
Checking for Sensors

Sensor defaultGyroscope = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor
(Sensor.TYPE_GYROSCOPE); //(Returns null if none)
//Or, get a list of all sensors of a type: List<Sensor>
pressureSensors =
sensorManager.getSensorList(Sensor.TYPE_PRESSURE);
//Or, get a list of all sensors of a type: List<Sensor> allSensors =
sensorManager.getSensorList(Sensor.TYPE_ALL);
Page 24
Listening for Sensors

final SensorEventListener mySensorEventListener = new
SensorEventListener() {
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent sensorEvent) {
// TODO Monitor Sensor changes. }
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {
// TODO React to a change in Sensor accuracy. } }
• Accuracy:
– SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_LOW –
SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_MEDIUM
– SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_HIGH –
SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_UNRELIA
BL
SensorEvent
• SensorEvent parameter in the
onSensorChanged method includes four
properties used to describe a Sensor event:
• sensor: The sensor that triggered the event.
• accuracy: The accuracy of the Sensor when the event
occurred.
• values: A float array that contains the new value(s)
detected.
• timestamp: The time in nanosecond at which the event
occurred.
Page 25
Page 26
Sensor Values
Page 27
Register
// Usually in onResume Sensor sensor =
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_PROXIMITY);
sensorManager.registerListener(mySensorEventListener, sensor,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
// Usually in onPause
sensorManager.unregisterListener(mySensorEventListener);
• Update Rate:
– SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_FASTEST –
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME –
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL –
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_UI
Accelerometer, Compass, &
Orientation
• Allow you to:
< Determine the current device orientation < Monitor and
track changes in orientation < Know which direction the
user is facing < Monitor acceleration—changes in
movement rate—in any direction
• Open possibilities for your applications:
➤Use these with a map, camera, and location-based
services to create augmented reality interfaces. ➤Create
user interface that adjust dynamically to suit device
orientation. ➤Monitor rapid acceleration to detect if a
device is dropped or thrown. ➤Measure movement or
vibration (e.g., locking application). ➤User interface
controls that use physical gestures and movement.
Page 28
Page 29
Listener for Changes (Accel)

public void setupSensorListener() {
SensorManager sm =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
int sensorType = Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER;
sm.registerListener(mySensorEventListener,
sm.getDefaultSensor(sensorType),
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); }
if (sensorEvent.sensor.getType() ==
Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER) {
float xAxis_lateralA = sensorEvent.values[0]; float yAxis_longitudinalA
= sensorEvent.values[1]; float zAxis_verticalA = sensorEvent.values[2];
// TODO apply the acceleration changes to your application. } } };
Page 30
Accelerometer Data
Collecting Sensor Data
How we have collected the data
Walking Experiment
●
We use the sensors (Accelerometer+Gyroscope)

reading to count the stride.
Page 32 CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices
Fall 2013
Gyroscope Reading
Detected Stride
Walking Experiment
●
We use the orientation and magnetic field

sensor to detect the turns.
●
We limit each turn to fixed angles(i.e.

0,45,90,135,180,225,270 degree) for simplicity.
Page 33 CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices
Fall 2013
Orientation sensor reading

Turn/ change of angle
Stride
Page 34
Listener for Changes

(Orientation)
public void setupSensorListener() {
SensorManager sm =
int sensorType = Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION;
sm.registerListener(mySensorEventListener,
sm.getDefaultSensor(sensorType),
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); }
if (sensorEvent.sensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION) {
float headingAngle = sensorEvent.values[0]; float pitchAngle =
sensorEvent.values[1]; float rollAngle = sensorEvent.values[2];
// TODO apply the orientation changes to your application. } } };
Page 35
Controlling Vibration
• Vibration is an excellent way to provide haptic
user feedback.
• Applications needs the VIBRATE permission
in application manifest:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.VIBRATE"/>
• Example:
String vibratorService = Context.VIBRATOR_SERVICE; Vibrator
vibrator = (Vibrator)getSystemService(vibratorService);
long[] pattern = {1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000 };
vibrator.vibrate(pattern, 0); // Execute vibration pattern.
vibrator.vibrate(1000); // Vibrate for 1 second.
Page 36
Questions?
To DO
• Example 1 (in slides)
• Assignment #3: Assignment Tracker App
v2.0
Page 37
Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation
Data
• Create an activity with accelerometer and orientation data.
package com.exercise.AndroidSensorList;
import android.app.ListActivity; import android.content.Context; import
android.hardware.Sensor; import android.hardware.SensorManager; import
android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
public class SensorTest extends Activity implements SensorEventListener {
SensorManager sensorManager = null;
//for accelerometer values TextView outputX; TextView outputY; TextView
outputZ;
//for orientation values TextView outputX2; TextView outputY2; TextView
outputZ2;
Page 38
Page 39

Data
@Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); sensorManager = (SensorManager)
getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE); setContentView(R.layout.main);
//just some textviews, for data output outputX = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView01); outputY = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView02); outputZ = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView03);
outputX2 = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.TextView04); outputY2 = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView05); outputZ2 = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView06); }
Page 40

Data
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume(); sensorManager.registerListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER),
sensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); sensorManager.registerListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION),
sensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); }
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop(); sensorManager.unregisterListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER));
sensorManager.unregisterListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION)); }
Page 41

Data
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
synchronized (this) {
switch (event.sensor.getType()){
case Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER:
outputX.setText("x:"+Float.toString(event.values[0]));
outputY.setText("y:"+Float.toString(event.values[1]));
outputZ.setText("z:"+Float.toString(event.values[2])); break; case
Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION:
outputX2.setText("x:"+Float.toString(event.values[0]));
outputY2.setText("y:"+Float.toString(event.values[1]));
outputZ2.setText("z:"+Float.toString(event.values[2])); break; } } }
@Override
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {} }
Example 2. Creating a G-Forceometer
• Create a simple device to measure g-force using the
accelerometers to determine the current force being exerted on
the device.
• Forceometer Activity & Layout (main.xml)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical“ android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"> <TextView android:id="@+id/acceleration“
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="fill_parent“ android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textStyle="bold“ android:textSize="32sp" android:text="CENTER“
android:editable="false" android:singleLine="true“ android:layout_margin="10px"
/> <TextView android:id="@+id/maxAcceleration“ android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="fill_parent“ android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textStyle="bold“ android:textSize="40sp" android:text="CENTER“
android:editable="false" android:singleLine="true“ android:layout_margin="10px"
/> </LinearLayout>
Page 42
• Within Forceometer Activity class, create instance variables
SensorManager sensorManager; TextView accelerationTextView; TextView
maxAccelerationTextView; float currentAcceleration = 0; float maxAcceleration =
0;
• Within Forceometer Activity class, create a new
SensorEventListener implementation
private final SensorEventListener sensorEventListener = new
double calibration = SensorManager.STANDARD_GRAVITY; public void
onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { } public void
onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
double x = event.values[0]; double y = event.values[1]; double z = event.values[2];
double a = Math.round(Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2) +
Math.pow(z, 2))); currentAcceleration = Math.abs((float)(a-calibration)); if
(currentAcceleration > maxAcceleration)
maxAcceleration = currentAcceleration; } };
Page 43
• Update the onCreate method to register your new Listener for
accelerometer updates using the SensorManager.
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main);
accelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.acceleration);
maxAccelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.maxAcceleration);
sensorManager =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE); Sensor
accelerometer =
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);
sensorManager.registerListener(sensorEventListener, accelerometer,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_FASTEST); }
Page 44
• Create a new updateGUI method that synchronizes with the
GUI thread based on a Timer before updating the Text Views
private void updateGUI() {
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
String currentG = currentAcceleration/SensorManager.STANDARD_GRAVITY +
"Gs"; accelerationTextView.setText(currentG); accelerationTextView.invalidate();
String maxG = maxAcceleration/SensorManager.STANDARD_GRAVITY +
"Gs"; maxAccelerationTextView.setText(maxG);
maxAccelerationTextView.invalidate(); } }); };
Page 45
• Update the onCreate method to start a timer that’s used to
update the GUI every 100ms:
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main);
accelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.acceleration);
maxAccelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.maxAcceleration);
sensorManager =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE); Sensor
accelerometer =
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);
sensorManager.registerListener(sensorEventListener, accelerometer,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_FASTEST);
Timer updateTimer = new Timer("gForceUpdate");
updateTimer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new TimerTask() {
public void run() {
updateGUI(); } }, 0, 100); }
Page 46
Page 47
Example 3. Compass App

package com.example.android.apis.graphics;
import android.content.Context; import android.graphics.*; import
android.hardware.Sensor; import android.hardware.SensorEvent; import
android.hardware.SensorEventListener; import android.hardware.SensorManager;
import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Config; import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
public class Compass extends GraphicsActivity {
private static final String TAG = "Compass";
private SensorManager mSensorManager; private Sensor mSensor; private
SampleView mView; private float[] mValues;
Page 48

private final SensorEventListener mListener = new SensorEventListener() {
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG,
"sensorChanged (" + event.values[0] + ", " +
event.values[1] + ", " + event.values[2] + ")");
mValues = event.values; if (mView != null) {
mView.invalidate(); } }
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { } };
@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle icicle) {
super.onCreate(icicle); mSensorManager =
mSensor = mSensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION);
mView = new SampleView(this); setContentView(mView); }
Page 49

@Override protected void onResume() {
if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onResume"); super.onResume();
mSensorManager.registerListener(mListener, mSensor,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); }
@Override protected void onStop() {
if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onStop");
mSensorManager.unregisterListener(mListener); super.onStop(); }
private class SampleView extends View {
private Paint mPaint = new Paint(); private Path mPath = new Path(); private
boolean mAnimate;
public SampleView(Context context) {
super(context);
Page 50

// Construct a wedge-shaped path mPath.moveTo(0, -50); mPath.lineTo(-20, 60);
mPath.lineTo(0, 50); mPath.lineTo(20, 60); mPath.close(); }
@Override protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
Paint paint = mPaint;
canvas.drawColor(Color.WHITE);
paint.setAntiAlias(true); paint.setColor(Color.BLACK);
paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.FILL);
int w = canvas.getWidth(); int h = canvas.getHeight(); int cx = w / 2; int cy = h / 2;
Page 51

canvas.translate(cx, cy); if (mValues != null) {
canvas.rotate(-mValues[0]); } canvas.drawPath(mPath, mPaint); }
@Override protected void onAttachedToWindow() {
mAnimate = true; if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onAttachedToWindow.
mAnimate=" + mAnimate);
super.onAttachedToWindow(); }
@Override protected void onDetachedFromWindow() {
mAnimate = false; if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onDetachedFromWindow.
mAnimate=" + mAnimate);
super.onDetachedFromWindow(); } } }

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App Development for Smart

Android Software Stack

CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013

Android Software Stack

CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013

Sensing & Sensor Manager

• Note that you should disable any sensors you don’t

Checking for Sensors

Listening for Sensors

Listener for Changes (Accel)

We use the sensors (Accelerometer+Gyroscope)

We use the orientation and magnetic field

We limit each turn to fixed angles(i.e.

Orientation sensor reading

Listener for Changes

Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation

Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation

Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation

Example 3. Compass App

Example 3. Compass App

Example 3. Compass App

Example 3. Compass App

Example 3. Compass App

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