Adaptive Image Processing: A Computational Intelligence Perspective

ADAPTIVE
IMAGE
PROCESSING A Computational
Intelligence Perspective
©2002 CRC Press LLC

IMAGE PROCESSING SERIES
Series Editor: Phillip A. Laplante, Pennsylvania Institute of Technology
Published Titles
Image and Video Compression for Multimedia Engineering
Yun Q. Shi and Huiyang Sun
Multimedia Image and Video Processing

Ling Guan, S.Y. Kung, and Jan Larsen
Shape Analysis and Classification: Theory and Practice

Luciano da Fontoura Costa and Roberto Marcondes Cesar Jr.
Adaptive Image Processing: A Computational Intelligence Perspective

Stuart William Perry, Hau-San Wong, and Ling Guan
Forthcoming Titles
Software Engineering for Image Processing Systems
Phillip A. Laplante
Digital Data-Hiding and Watermarking with Applications
Rajarathnam Chandramouli

ADAPTIVE
IMAGE
PROCESSING A Computational
Intelligence Perspective
Stuart William Perry
Hau-San Wong
Ling Guan
CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Perry, Stuart William.

Adaptive image processing : a computational intelligence perspective / Stuart William
Perry, Hau-San Wong, Ling Guan.
p. cm. -- (Image processing series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-0283-8 (alk. paper)
1. Image processing. 2. Computational intelligence. I. Wong, Hau-San. II. Guan, Ling.
III. Title. IV. Series.
TA1637 .P46 2001

006.6--dc21 2001052637
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International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0283-8
Library of Congress Card Number 2001052637
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
In this book, we consider the application of computational intelligence techniques

to the problem of adaptive image processing. In adaptive image processing, it is
usually required to identify each image pixel with a particular feature type (eg.,
smooth regions, edges, textures, etc.) for separate processing, which constitutes
a segmentation problem. We will then establish image models to describe the
desired appearance of the respective feature types or, in other words, to char-
acterize each feature type. Finally, we modify the pixel values in such a way
that the appearance of the processed features conforms more closely with that
specified by the feature models, where the degree of discrepancy is usually mea-
sured in terms of a cost function. In other words, we are searching for a set of
parameters which minimize this function, i.e., an optimization problem.
To satisfy the above requirements, we consider the application of computa-
tional intelligence (CI) techniques to this class of problems. Here we will adopt
a specific definition of CI, which includes neural network techniques (NN), fuzzy
set theory (FS) and evolutionary computation (EC). A distinguishing charac-
teristic of these algorithms is that they are either biologically inspired, as in
the cases of NN and EC, or are attempts to mimic how human beings perceive
everyday concepts, as in FS.
The choice of these algorithms is due to the direct correspondence between
some of the above requirements with the particular capabilities of specific CI ap-
proaches. For example, segmentation can be performed by using NN. In addition,
for the purpose of optimization, we can embed the image model parameters as
adjustable network weights to be optimized through the network’s dynamic ac-
tion. In contrast, the main role of fuzzy set theory is to address the requirement
of characterization, i.e., the specification of human visual preferences, which are
usually expressed in fuzzy languages, in the form of multiple fuzzy sets over the
domain of pixel value configurations, and the role of EC is mainly in addressing
difficult optimization problems.
In this book, we have illustrated the essential aspects of the adaptive im-
age processing problem in terms of two applications: adaptive image restora-
tion and the adaptive characterization of edges in feature detection applications.
These two problems are representative of the general adaptive image processing
paradigm in that the three requirements of segmentation, characterization and
optimization are present.
This book consists of eight chapters. The first chapter provides material of an

introductory nature to describe the basic concepts and current state of the art in
the field of computational intelligence for image restoration and edge detection.
Chapter 2 gives a mathematical description of the restoration problem from
the neural network perspective, and describes current algorithms based on this
method. Chapter 3 extends the algorithm presented in Chapter 2 to implement
adaptive constraint restoration methods for both spatially invariant and spatially
variant degradations. Chapter 4 utilizes a perceptually motivated image error
measure to introduce novel restoration algorithms. Chapter 5 examines how
model-based neural networks can be used to solve image restoration problems.
Chapter 6 examines image restoration algorithms making use of the principles
of evolutionary computation. Chapter 7 examines the difficult concept of image
restoration when insufficient knowledge of the degrading function is available.
Finally, Chapter 8 examines the subject of edge detection and characterization
using model-based neural networks.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to our colleagues in the Signal and Multimedia Processing Lab in
the University of Sydney, especially Matthew Kyan and Kim Hui Yap, for their
contributions and helpful comments during the preparation of this book. Our
special thanks to Prof. Terry Caelli for the many stimulating exchanges which
eventually led to the work in Chapter 8. We would also like to thank Nora
Konopka of CRC Press for her advice and assistance. Finally, we are grateful to
our families for their patience and support while we worked on the book.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 The Importance of Vision
1.2 Adaptive Image Processing
1.3 The Three Main Image Feature Classes
1.4 Difficulties in Adaptive Image Processing System Design
1.5 Computational Intelligence Techniques
1.6 Scope of the Book
1.6.1 Image Restoration
1.6.2 Edge Characterization and Detection
1.7 Contributions of the Current Work
1.7.1 Application of Neural Networks for Image
Restoration
1.7.2 Application of Neural Networks to Edge
Characterization
1.7.3 Application of Fuzzy Set Theory to Adaptive
Regularization
1.7.4 Application of Evolutionary Programming to
Adaptive Regularization and Blind Deconvolution
1.8 Overview of This Book
2 Fundamentals of Neural Network Image Restoration

2.1 Image Distortions
2.2 Image Restoration
2.2.1 Degradation Measure
2.2.2 Neural Network Restoration
2.3 Neural Network Restoration Algorithms in the Literature
2.4 An Improved Algorith
2.5 Analysis
2.6 Implementation Considerations
2.7 A Numerical Study of the Algorithms
2.7.1 Setup
2.7.2 Efficiency
2.7.3 An Application Example
2.8 Summary

3 Spatially Adaptive Image Restoration
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dealing with Spatially Variant Distortion
3.3 Adaptive Constraint Extension of the Penalty Function Model
3.3.1 Motivation
3.3.2 The Gradient-Based Method
3.3.3 Local Statistics Analysis
3.4 Correcting Spatially Variant Distortion Using Adaptive Constraints
3.5 Semi-Blind Restoration Using Adaptive Constraints
3.7 More Numerical Examples
3.7.1 Efficiency
3.7.2 An Application Example
3.8 Adaptive Constraint Extension of the Lagrange Model
3.8.1 Problem Formulation
3.8.2 Problem Solution
3.8.3 Conditions for KKT Theory to Hold
3.8.4 Discussion
3.9 Summary
4 Perceptually Motivated Image Restoration

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Motivation
4.3 A LVMSE-Based Cost Function
4.3.1 The Extended Algorithm for the LVMSE-Modified Cost
Function
4.3.2 Analysis
4.4 A Log LVMSE-Based Cost Function
4.4.1 The Extended Algorithm for the Log LVR-Modified Cost
Function
4.4.2 Analysis
4.6 Numerical Examples
4.6.1 Color Image Restoration
4.6.2 Grayscale Image Restoration
4.6.3 LSMSE of Different Algorithms
4.6.4 Robustness Evaluation
4.7 Summary
5 Model-Based Adaptive Image Restoration

5.1 Model-Based Neural Network
5.1.1 Weight-Parameterized Model-Based Neuron
5.2 Hierarchical Neural Network Architecture
5.3 Model-Based Neural Network with Hierarchical Architecture
5.4 HMBNN for Adaptive Image Processing
5.5 The Hopfield Neural Network Model for Image Restoration

5.6 Adaptive Regularization: An Alternative Formulation
5.6.1 Correspondence with the General HMBNN Architecture
5.7 Regional Training Set Definition
5.8 Determination of the Image Partition
5.9 The Edge-Texture Characterization Measure
5.10 The ETC Fuzzy HMBNN for Adaptive Regularization
5.11 Theory of Fuzzy Sets
5.12 Edge-Texture Fuzzy Model Based on ETC Measure
5.13 Architecture of the Fuzzy HMBNN
5.14 Estimation of the Desired Network Output
5.15 Fuzzy Prediction of Desired Gray Level Value
5.15.1 Definition of the Fuzzy Estimator Membership Function
5.15.2 Fuzzy Inference Procedure for Predicted Gray Level Value
5.15.3 Defuzzification of the Fuzzy Set G
5.15.4 Regularization Parameter Update
5.15.5 Update of the Estimator Fuzzy Set Width Parameters
5.16 Experimental Results
5.17 Summary
6 Adaptive Regularization Using Evolutionary Computation

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Introduction to Evolutionary Computation
6.2.1 Genetic Algorithm
6.2.2 Evolutionary Strategy
6.2.3 Evolutionary Programming
6.3 The ETC-pdf Image Model
6.4 Adaptive Regularization Using Evolutionary Programming
6.4.1 Competition under Approximate Fitness Criterion
6.4.2 Choice of Optimal Regularization Strategy
6.6 Other Evolutionary Approaches for Image Restoration
6.6.1 Hierarchical Cluster Model
6.6.2 Image Segmentation and Cluster Formation
6.6.3 Evolutionary Strategy Optimization
6.7 Summary
7 Blind Image Deconvolution

7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Computational Reinforced Learning
7.1.2 Blur Identification by Recursive Soft Decision
7.2 Computational Reinforced Learning
7.2.1 Formulation of Blind Image Deconvolution
as an Evolutionary Strategy
7.2.2 Knowledge-Based Reinforced Mutation
7.2.3 Perception-Based Image Restoration

7.2.4 Recombination Based on Niche-Space Residency
7.2.5 Performance Evaluation and Selection
7.3 Soft-Decision Method
7.3.1 Recursive Subspace Optimization
7.3.2 Hierarchical Neural Network for Image Restoration
7.3.3 Soft Parametric Blur Estimator
7.3.4 Blur Identification by Conjugate Gradient Optimization
7.3.5 Blur Compensation
7.4 Simulation Examples
7.4.1 Identification of 2D Gaussian Blur
7.4.2 Identification of 2D Gaussian Blur from Degraded Image
with Additive Noise
7.4.3 Identification of 2D Uniform Blur by CRL
7.4.4 Identification of Non-standard Blur by RSD
7.5 Conclusions
8 Edge Detection Using Model-Based Neural Networks

8.1 Introduction
8.2 MBNN Model for Edge Characterization
8.2.1 Input-Parameterized Model-Based Neuron
8.2.2 Determination of Sub-Network Output
8.2.3 Edge Characterization and Detection
8.3 Network Architecture
8.3.1 Characterization of Edge Information
8.3.2 Sub-Network Ur
8.3.3 Neuron Vrs in Sub-Network Ur
8.3.4 Dynamic Tracking Neuron Vd
8.3.5 Binary Edge Configuration
8.4 Training Stage
8.4.1 Determination of pr∗ for Sub-Network Ur∗
8.4.2 Determination of wr∗ s∗ for Neuron Vr∗ s∗
8.4.3 Acquisition of Valid Edge Configurations
8.5 Recognition Stage
8.5.1 Identification of Primary Edge Points
8.5.2 Identification of Secondary Edge Points
8.7 Summary
References

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©2002 CRC Press LLC

Multimedia Image and Video Processing

Shape Analysis and Classification: Theory and Practice