Transportation Engineering

Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the application of technology and scientific

principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of
transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical,
and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport)[citation needed]. It is a sub-
discipline of civil engineering.[1] The importance of transportation engineering within the civil
engineering profession can be judged by the number of divisions in ASCE (American Society of Civil
Engineers) that are directly related to transportation. There are six such divisions (Aerospace; Air
Transportation; Highway; Pipeline; Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean; and Urban Transportation)
representing one-third of the total 18 technical divisions within the ASCE (1987).[2]
The planning aspects of transportation engineering relate to elements of urban planning, and involve
technical forecasting decisions and political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually
involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation (how many
trips for what purpose), trip distribution (destination choice, where is the traveler going), mode
choice (what modeis being taken), and route assignment (which streets or routes are being used).
More sophisticated forecasting can include other aspects of traveler decisions, including auto
ownership, trip chaining (the decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of
residential or business location (known as land use forecasting). Passenger trips are the focus of
transportation engineering because they often represent the peak of demand on any transportation
system.
A review of descriptions of the scope of various committees indicates that while facility planning and
design continue to be the core of the transportation engineering field, such areas as operations
planning, logistics, network analysis, financing, and policy analysis are also important to civil
engineers, particularly to those working in highway and urban transportation. The National Council of
Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) list online the safety protocols, geometric design
requirements, and signal timing.
Transportation engineering, as practiced by civil engineers, primarily involves planning, design,
construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway,
railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation.[1] The design aspects of transportation
engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the
facility has), determining the materials and thickness used in pavement designing the geometry
(vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway (or track).
Before any planning occurs the Engineer must take what is known as an inventory of the area or if it
is appropriate, the previous system in place. This inventory or database must include information on
(1)population, (2)land use, (3)economic activity, (4)transportation facilities and services, (5)travel
patterns and volumes, (6)laws and ordinances, (7)regional financial resources, (8)community values
and expectations. These inventories help the engineer create business models to complete accurate
forecasts of the future conditions of the systemReview.
Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the road
or track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling. Newer technologies
involve intelligent transportation systems, including advanced traveler information systems (such
as variable message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle
infrastructure integration. Human factors are an aspect of transportation engineering, particularly
concerning driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.
Highway engineering[edit]
Main article: Highway engineering
Engineers in this specialization:

 Handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other vehicular
facilities as well as their related bicycle and pedestrian realms.
 Estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for the project.
 Analyze locations of high traffic volumes and high collisions for safety and capacity.
 Use civil engineering principles to improve the transportation system.
 Utilizes the three design controls which are the drivers, the vehicles, and the roadways
themselves.

Railroad engineering[edit]
Main article: Railway systems engineering
Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit
systems that use a fixed guideway (such as light rail or even monorails). Typical tasks would include
determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, station location and design, and construction
cost estimating. Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train dispatching
which focuses on train movement control.
Railway engineers also work to build a cleaner and safer transportation network by reinvesting and
revitalizing the rail system to meet future demands. In the United States, railway engineers work with
elected officials in Washington, D.C. on rail transportation issues to make sure that the rail system
meets the country's transportation needs.[3]

Port and harbor engineering[edit]

Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals,
and other maritime facilities. This is not to be confused with marine engineering.

Airport engineering[edit]
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Airport engineers design and construct airports. Airport engineers must account for the impacts and
demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the analysis of
predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border
and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear
zones in the entire port.

See also[edit]
 All-four
 Bicycle transportation engineering
 Heuristic routing
 Individual mobility
 Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
 Interplanetary Transport Network
 Pavement engineering
 Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
 Space syntax (pedestrian and vehicular analysis using similar
techniques to standard transportation engineering)
 Transportation forecasting
 Transportation planning
 Utility cycling
Transportation Engineering
Description | Recommended courses

Description
Transportation has always played an essential role in the development of society, originally
with regard to trade routes and harbours, but more recently with regard to land - and air-
based systems as well. It is the transportation engineer's responsibility to plan, design, bui ld,
operate and maintain these systems of transport, in such a way as to provide for the safe,
efficient and convenient movement of people and goods.

Increasing environmental

concerns have revived an interest in the development and management of public

transportation systems. Professional activities can range from road and transit design and
operation at the urban scale, to railroad, seaway and airport location, construction and
operation at the regional and national scale. Transportation engineering in North America
focuses on automobile infrastructures, although it also encompasses sea, air and rail systems.
Automobile infrastructures can be split into the traditional area of highway design and
planning, and the rapidly growing area of traffic control systems. The transportation engineer
faces the challenge of developing both network links and major terminals to satisfy
transportation demands, with due regard for the resultant land-use, environmental and other
impacts of these facilities.

Employment opportunities are available both in the public sector (e.g., federal and provincial
government transportation ministries, regional and municipal roads, traffic and transit
agencies) and the private sector (e.g., engineering consultants, trucking, railroad and airline
companies, vehicle manufacturing). The undergraduate core and technical complementary
program provide for a solid grounding in transportation engineering sufficient for related
professional employment.

Recommended courses
In order to achieve a specialization in the area of Transportation Engineering at the
undergraduate level, the following courses are:
 Strongly recommended:

CIVE 440 Traffic Engineering&Simulation 3 Credits

 Recommended:

CIVE 433 Urban Planning 3 Credits

CIVE 446 Construction Engineering 3 Credits

CIVE 540 Urban Transportation Planning 3 Credits

CIVE 560 Transportation Safety & Design 3 Credits

CIVE 561 Urban Activity,Air Pol,&Health 3 Credits

What is a Transportation
Engineer?

A Transportation Engineer is an engineer that designs or improves transportation systems to

allow for safe and efficient traffic flow on roadways, airplanes, trains, ships, buses, and more.

What Does a Transportation Engineer

Do?
Transport Engineers focus on designing new transportation systems and infrastructures,
including highways, airports, trains, bridges, etc. They do this by analyzing data, identifying
problems, and solving them with innovative solutions. Solving these complex problems typically
requires the collection and evaluation of systems, traffic flow, accidents, costs, and other
statistics. Transport Engineers may also be required to collaborate with other parties on certain
projects, including utility companies and government departments.

Where Does a Transport Engineer

Work?
Most Transport Engineers spend the majority of their workday in an office environment. They
must be proficient in using various pieces of office equipment, including email, telephone, and
various computer software programs. However, a Transportation Engineer may sometimes be
required to visit construction sites to evaluate and oversee the progress of work. When working
on site, they must be able to endure adverse weather conditions and noisy machinery.
Transportation Engineers work full-time schedules, though many work overtime if they are
involved in directing or overseeing projects.

What Kind of Societies and Professional

Organizations Do Transportation
Engineers Have?
Transport Engineers can browse through these organizations and websites for valuable resources:

 Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) is an international professional organization that

brings Transportation Engineers together for the sake of dialogue, policy development, and
the general exchange of information. Aside from numerous meetings and industry-specific
resources, ITE also offers an employment center that can help prospective Transport
Engineers find a job.
 AASHTO is a non-profit group that represents all of the highway and transportation
departments in the United States. This resource can be extremely helpful for keeping up on
the latest transportation news and developments in the United Stated.
 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Though this professional organization more
generally applies to civil engineers, they can also provide very useful information for
Transport Engineers as well. ASCE encourages communication between civil engineers from
different disciplines and also hosts professional events around the world. They are also a
fantastic resource for continuing education and accessing industry-specific publications.
Transportation Engineer: Job Description, Duties and
Requirements
Becoming a transportation engineer requires a significant amount of formal education. Learn about the
training, job duties and degree requirements to see if this the right career for you.

Show Me Schools

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Transportation engineers require a bachelor's degree in a related field. Master's degree programs are available
and may be required for certain jobs or for career advancement. The job growth outlook for civil engineers is
about as fast as average.

Essential Information
Transportation engineers focus on the design, construction and maintenance of transport systems. Most entry-
level positions in the field will require a bachelor's degree in engineering, while advancement in the field may
require a master's degree in the more specific discipline of transportation engineering.
The major focus of transportation engineers includes main thoroughfares and highways due to their overt use.
Highway engineering, infrastructure design and the materials that make up local and national highways
comprise important aspects of a transportation engineer's job. Though roads often require the most attention of
engineers in this field, they may also work on railways, airports, seaports and canals.

Required Education Bachelor's degree in engineering

Other Requirements Some states may require licensure

Projected Job Growth (2014-2024)* 8% (all civil engineers)

Median Salary (2016)** $63,566

Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; **Payscale.com

Duties of a Transportation Engineer

Transportation engineers have various duties based on specific job levels. Engineers must be able to evaluate
plans and proposals drafted by other engineers and make changes if necessary. Other common duties include
analysis of schematics and engineering data, offering recommendations for traffic and driving policies,
designing transit means and analyzing the effects of transit on urban areas. In addition, transportation engineers
may oversee plans with contractors and calculate the overall costs for a project.
 What is transport engineering?
Transport engineers plan, design and operate the large public and private infrastructure systems that
connect our physical world.

We need a broad range of continually evolving, large-scale transport infrastructure, including road,
rail, air and water. Transport engineers quantify and optimise our mobility infrastructure networks to
meet travel and freight demands, while ensuring safety, equity and sustainability, at minimal levels of
congestion and cost.

Transport engineering has always been one of the essential civil engineering disciplines, impacting
roadways, bridges, transit stations, airports and sea ports etc. Transport engineering has now
developed into a multidisciplinary field spanning economics, politics, sociology and psychology, in
addition to its core mathematical, engineering and computational principles.

Transport planning

Transport planning involves developing mathematical techniques for:

 forecasting travel demand and planning to accommodate growth in demand

 determining improvements to the transport infrastructure
 reducing emissions
 reducing energy use.

Computational transport planning uses mathematical methods to predict, represent and quantify:

 the evolution of land use in cities

 travel attributes such as trip purpose
 travel decisions, including mode choice.

Planning models then examine the feasibility of projects and policies through cost-benefit and
scenario analysis.

Transport design

Transport engineers face multi-faceted design decisions when they are designing optimised
transport infrastructure networks. These might relate to:

 the physical expansion of transport facilities, such as lane width or the number of lanes, for a
roadway
 the materials and thickness used in pavements
 the geometry of a facility, such as a roadway, rail line or airport
 road pricing schemes
 deploying information-based technology.

In all design decisions, multiple performance measures, cost metrics and safety criteria must be
considered and weighed.

Transport operations
 Transport operations, whether for road, rail, port or air traffic, are designed to minimise travel delays,
improve safety, reduce emissions and enhance reliability, as well as taking other considerations into
account.

Transport operation decisions involve:

 optimising traffic signals

 setting specific tolls
 designing traffic signs and markings.

With the development of new Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), transport engineers use tools
including advanced traveller information systems (such as variable message signs), advanced traffic
control systems (such as ramp meters) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications to optimise the
performance of the transport system.
Transportation Engineering covers the full spectrum of activities pertaining to the analysis, planning,
design, construction, operation, and management of integrated transportation systems. The program
combines a long tradition of innovation in highway and traffic engineering with cutting-edge research
(urban planning, intelligent transportation systems, PHEVs) and academic effort in the rapidly evolving
transportation-systems engineering profession.
 Transportation in the Philippines is relatively underdeveloped, partly due to the country's
mountainous areas and scattered islands, and partly as a result of the government's persistent
underinvestment in the nation's infrastructure. In recent years, however, the Philippine
government has been pushing to improve the transportation system in the country through various
infrastructure projects.[1]
Jeepneys are the most popular mode of public transportation in the Philippines, they have also
become a ubiquitous symbol of the Philippine culture.[2] Another popular mode of public
transportation in the country is the motorized tricycle; they are especially common in rural
areas.[3] Trains are also becoming a popular mode of public transportation in the country especially in
the bustling metropolis of Manila. The Philippines has three main railway networks: the Manila Light
Rail Transit System composed of the LRT-1 and LRT-2 and Manila Metro Rail Transit System
composed of the MRT-3 which only serves Metro Manila and the Philippine National Railways which
also serves the metropolis and some parts of Luzon. There are also steam engines found in Visayas
which operate sugar mills such as Central Azucarera. Taxis and buses are also important modes of
public transport in urban areas.
The Philippines has 12 international airports, and has more than 20 major and minor domestic
airports serving the country.[4] The Ninoy Aquino International Airport is the main international
gateway to the Philippines.

Contents
[hide]

 1Land transportation
o 1.1Roads
o 1.2Highways
o 1.3Expressways
o 1.4Railways
 2Water transportation
o 2.1Waterways
o 2.2River ferries
o 2.3Ferry services
o 2.4Ports and harbors
 3Air transportation
o 3.1Airports
o 3.2Airlines
 4Automobiles
o 4.1The AUV
o 4.2Car companies
o 4.3Discontinued makes
o 4.4Imported vehicles (Gray market)
 5Jeepneys
 6Issues
o 6.1Traffic congestion
 7See also
 8References

Land transportation[edit]
Roads[edit]
The Philippines has 199,950 kilometers (124,240 mi) of roads, of which 39,590 kilometers
(24,600 mi) are paved. As of 2004, the total length of the non-toll road network was reported to be
202,860 km, with the following breakdown according to type:

 National roads - 15%

 Provincial roads - 13%
 City and municipal roads - 12%
 Barangay roads - 60%
In 1940, there were 22,970 kilometres (14,270 mi) of road in the entire country, half of which was in
central and southern Luzon.[5] The roads served 50,000 vehicles.[5]
Road classification is based primarily on administrative responsibilities (with the exception of
barangays), i.e., which level of government built and funded the roads. Most of the barangay roads
are unpaved village-access roads built in the past by the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH), but responsibility for maintaining these roads have now been devolved to
the Local Government Units (LGUs). Farm-to-market roads fall under this category, and a few are
financed by the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Department of Agriculture. However,
despite having a large road network built over the country, large parts of the road network continue
to be in poor condition and only 20 percent of the total road network is paved.[6]

Highways[edit]
Main article: Philippine highway network

EDSA

Highways in the Philippines include national roads that can be classified into three types: the
national primary, national secondary and national tertiary roads.
The Pan-Philippine Highway is a 3,517 km (2,185 mi) network of roads, bridges, and ferry services
that connect the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao, serving as the Philippines' principal
transport backbone. The northern terminus of the highway is in Laoag, and the southern terminus is
at Zamboanga City.
The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) is one of the most known highways of the Philippines,
the highway serves the National Capital Region of the Philippines, it also serves as an important
highway in the metropolis. The avenue passes through 6 of the 17 settlements in the region, namely,
the cities of Caloocan, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati and Pasay. EDSA is the
longest highway in the metropolis and handles an average of 2.34 million vehicles.[7] Commonwealth
Avenue is also an important highway in the metropolis, it serves the Quezon City area and has a
length of 12.4 km (7.7 mi).
Expressways[edit]
Main article: Philippine expressway network

North Luzon Expressway

The Philippines has numerous expressways and most of them are located in the main island of the
country, Luzon. The first expressway systems in the country are the North Luzon
Expressway formerly known as North Diversion Road and the South Luzon Expressway, formerly
known as South Super Highway. Both were built in the 1970s, during the presidency of Ferdinand
Marcos.
The North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) is a 4 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that
connects Metro Manila to the provinces of the Central Luzon region. The expressway begins
in Quezon City at a cloverleaf interchange with EDSA. It then passes through various cities and
municipalities in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. The expressway currently ends at
Mabalacat and merges with the MacArthur Highway, which continues northward into the rest of
Central and Northern Luzon.
The South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) is another important expressway in the country, it serves the
southern part of Luzon. The expressway is a network of two expressways that connects Metro
Manila to the provinces of the CALABARZON region in the southern part of Luzon. It starts at
the Paco District of Manila then passes
through Manila, Makati, Pasay, Parañaque, Taguig and Muntinlupa in Metro Manila; San
Pedro, Biñan City, Carmona in Cavite, the transverses again to Biñan City, Santa Rosa
City, Cabuyao City and Calamba City in the province of Laguna and ends in Santo Tomas,
Batangas.
The Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway is another expressway that serves the region of Central Luzon,
the expressway is linked to the North Luzon Expressway through the Mabalacat Interchange. Its
southern terminus is at the Subic Bay Freeport Zone in Zambales, it passes through the Clark
Freeport Zone and its northern terminus is at Brgy. Amucao in Tarlac City, Tarlac. Construction on
the expressway began in April 2005, and opened to the public three years later.[8]
The Strong Republic Nautical Highway links many of the islands' road networks through a series
of roll-on/roll-off ferries, some rather small covering short distances and some larger vessels that
might travel several hours or more.
The Philippine government and other private sectors are building more plans and proposals to build
new expressways through public–private partnership.[9]

Railways[edit]
Main article: Rail transport in the Philippines
The LRT 2 of the Manila Light Rail Transit System

Rail transportation in the Philippines includes services provided by three rapid transit lines and one
commuter rail line: the Manila Light Rail Transit System (LRT-1 and LRT-2), Manila Metro Rail
Transit System (MRT-3) and the PNR Metro South Commuter Line.
The Manila Light Rail Transit System or the LRTA system, is a rapid transit system serving the Metro
Manila area, it is the first metro system in Southeast Asia.[10] The system served a total 928,000
passengers each day in 2012.[11][12] Its 31 stations along over 31 kilometers (19 mi) of mostly elevated
track form two lines: the original LRT Line 1 (LRT-1), and the more modern LRT Line 2 (LRT-2)
which passes through the cities of Caloocan, Manila, Marikina, Pasay, San Juan and Quezon City.
Apart from the LRTA system, the Manila Metro Rail Transit Systemor the MRTC system also
serves Metro Manila. The system is located along the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), one of
Metro Manila's main thoroughfares. It has 13 stations along its 16.95 km track form a single line
which is the MRT Line 3 (MRT-3) which passes through the cities
of Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasay and Quezon City. Some of the stations of the system have been
retrofitted with escalatorsand elevators for easier access, and ridership has increased. By 2004,
MRT-3 had the highest ridership of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily.[13]
Philippine National Railways (PNR) operates a commuter line that serves a region from Metro
Manila south toward Laguna. PNR, a state-owned railway system of the Philippines, was established
during the Spanish Colonial period. It used to provide services on Luzon, connecting northern and
southern Luzon with Manila. In 1988, the railway line to northern Luzon became disused and later
the services to Bicol were halted although plans to revive the southern line are around as of
2015. Panay Railways is a company that ran rail lines on Panay until 1989 and Cebu until World War
II.
The University of the Philippines Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System is a pre-feasibility
study to determine whether to proceed with the development of an automated guideway transit
(AGT) system within the campus of the University of the Philippines Diliman in Quezon City.

Water transportation[edit]
A pump boat at sunset off of Guimaras.

Waterways[edit]
3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels.

River ferries[edit]
The Pasig River Ferry Service is a river ferry service that serves Metro Manila, it is also the only
water-based transportation that cruised the Pasig River. The entire ferry network had 17 stations
operational and 2 lines. The first line was the Pasig River Line which stretched from Plaza
Mexico in Intramuros, Manila to Nagpayong station in Pasig City. The second line was the Marikina
River Line which served the Guadalupe station in Makati City up to Santa Elena station in Marikina
City.

Ferry services[edit]

MV Trisha Kerstin 2 in Zamboanga International Seaport

Because it is an island nation, ferry services are an important means of transportation. A range of
ships are used, from large cargo ships to small pump boats. Some trips last for a day or two on large
overnight ferris such as those operated by 2GO Travel while other trips can last for less than 15
minutes on small, open-air pump boats such as those that cross the Iloilo Strait.
There are numerous shipping companies in the Philippines. Notable companies include 2GO
Travel (the successor to Superferry and Negros Navigation) and Trans-Asia Shipping Lines.[14]

Ports and harbors[edit]

See also: List of ports in the Philippines and Philippine Ports Authority
The busiest port is the Port of Manila, especially the Manila International Cargo Terminal and the
Eva Macapagal Port Terminal, both in the pier area of Manila. Other cities with bustling ports and
piers include Bacolod City, Batangas City, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu City, Davao
City, Butuan, Iligan, Iloilo City, Jolo, Legazpi City, Lucena City, Puerto Princesa, San
Fernando, Subic, Zamboanga City, Cotabato City, General Santos
City, Allen, Ormoc, Ozamiz, Surigao and Tagbilaran. Most of these terminals comprise the Strong
Republic Nautical Highway, a nautical system conceptualized under the term of President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo where land vehicles can use the roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ferries to cross between the
different islands.

Air transportation[edit]
Main article: Air transportation in the Philippines
Airports[edit]
Main article: List of airports in the Philippines

Terminal 3 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Manila, Iloilo, Cebu, Davao, Clark, Subic, Zamboanga and Laoag are the international gateways to
the country, with the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) in Manila as the main and premier
gateway of the country.[15]
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport serves as the premier gateway of the Philippines, it serves
the Metro Manila area and its surrounding regions. It is located in the boundary
of Parañaque and Pasay in the National Capital Region. In 2012, NAIA became the 34th busiest
airport in the world, passenger volume increased to about eight percent to a total of 32.1 million
passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in Asia.[16]
The Clark International Airport is also a major gateway to the country, it will be the future
international gateway for the metropolitan area and it is planned to replace the Ninoy Aquino
International Airport.[17] The airport mostly serves low-cost carriers that avail themselves of the lower
landing fees than those charged at NAIA.
Other important airports in the Philippines are the Mactan-Cebu International Airport in Lapu-Lapu
City, Cebu; the Iloilo International Airportin Cabatuan, Iloilo;the Francisco Bangoy International
Airport in Davao City; the Zamboanga International Airport in Zamboanga City and the General
Santos International Airport in General Santos City.

Airlines[edit]
Philippine Airlines, the flag carrier of the country.

Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the Philippines, it is the first commercial airline
in Asia.[18] Philippine Airlines remains as the country’s biggest airline company, it has the largest
number of international flights to the Philippines as well as domestic flights. The Philippine Airlines
links Manila to 48 cities in 4 continents, and flies regularly to 41 domestic destinations outside
Manila. Philippine Airlines also serves twenty destinations in the Philippines and 32 destinations
which are all located in Southeast Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Oceania and North America.[19]
Cebu Pacific is the low fare leader in the country, it is the country's leading domestic airline. It
links Manila to 21 different domestic destinations in Philippines and to 39 international destinations
with its direct flights. After offering low fares to domestic destinations, Cebu Pacific launched its
international operations on November 2001 and now flies to Bangkok, Busan, Guangzhou, Ho Chi
Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala
Lumpur, Macau, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore and Taipei.[20] The airline currently operates
hubs in Manila, Cebu and Davao.[21]
Other low-cost airlines in the country includes Cebgo, PAL Express, and Philippines AirAsia these
airlines have routes to several tourist destinations in the country at low prices.
Automobiles[edit]
The country's love affair with the automobile started during the 1960s when many Filipinos bought
their first automobiles, but interest dwindled during the period of martial law. After the return of civil
governance, interest in cars rose and during the 1990s, magazines like Automotion started, as did
several television shows about automobiles. In 2002, C!, another automotive magazine, was
introduced, since Automotion closed down. Around 2004, Top Gear Philippines entered the car
magazine market. Automobile exhibits displaying mainstream to custom-built vehicles are common.
The Philippines' automobile industry started during the American Colonial Period from 1898 to 1946,
with the introduction of American-made cars, which have been sold in the Philippines ever since. An
import substitution policy was developed for the 1950s, which led to the prohibition of and then
punishingly high tariffs on the import of fully-built-up cars (CBUs) from 1951 until 1972.[22] During
the 1973 oil crisis, Marcos advised Filipinos to buy smaller, more efficient vehicles with four-
cylinder engines. In the early 1970s, the local Volkswagen assembler attempted to build a native
national car, the "Volkswagen Sakbayan" (short for sasakyangkatutubongbayan), but this did not last
long.[23] In 1972 the government instituted the Progressive Car Manufacturing Program (PCMP), a
system with scheduled increases in local parts content requirement which also allowed program
participants to import a certain proportion of CBU vehicles.[22] The original participants were General
Motors, Ford, PAMCOR (a Chrysler/Mitsubishi joint venture), Delta Motors Corporation (Toyota), and
Nissan Motors Philippines.

The AUV[edit]
In the seventies, the first Asian Utility Vehicles (AUV, local versions of the Basic Utility
Vehicle project then in vogue) With full manufacturing and assembly capabilities, each of the five
PCMP participants were spurred to produce vehicles completely from local materials, designed for
local needs. In terms of design, all AUV's body parts were flat stamped (no compound curves)
requiring minimum investment in tooling and simplifying repairs.
The most successful of the AUV's in Thailand were the Toyota Tamaraw and Ford Fiera. From the
chassis cab, Ford and Toyota designed numerous body styles for specif uses for small business'
such as farmers and fishermen. Affordability was a target for all AUV's. To solve this, Ford prepared
project studies for varied uses. They had a financial arrangement with Citibank to give additional
consideration if the applicant would follow the project study. Delta/Toyota also developed a local
SUV mainly for military use, the Delta Mini Cruiser. After the early 1980s financial collapse, three of
the PCMP members withdrew, leaving only Nissan and PAMCOR.[24] In 1987 PCMP was replaced by
the new "Car Development Program" (CDP), with lower local parts requirements. In 1990 a people's
car program was added, followed by a luxury car program. The original PCMP members returned in
the 1990s after the People Power Revolution ousted Marcos in 1986, and eventually no less than
thirteen manufacturers vied for a market limited to around 100,000 cars per year. During the 1997
Asian financial crisis several makers withdrew as sales declined, becoming de facto CBU importers
rather than assemblers. Since 1998 the Philippine automotive manufacturing policy has been in flux,
severely undermined by the preponderance of lightly used cars from Japan and South Korea.[25] A
new program introduced in 202, EO 156, actually undermined any local assembly by lowering the
sales tax on the cheapest microcars, called "Bantam cars" in the Philippines, which are almost
entirely imported from other ASEAN countries or China. Meanwhile, the popular locally assembled
AUVs with high Philippine parts content were hit with considerable sales tax increases due to their
bigger engines and higher up front prices.[26]
Car companies[edit]

[show]Company Market Notable Additional

Headquarters
Name Entry Models Information

Discontinued makes[edit]
Daewoo sold moderately in the country until it was forced to pull out due to the Asian Economic
Crisis, which led to its bankruptcy and acquisition by GM. Today, many of their cars are sold under
the Chevrolet brand.
The Daihatsu Feroza was considered a status symbol during its release in the late 1980s, while the
Hijet was a popular taxicab.
Despite being a bestseller worldwide, the Fiat Uno sold poorly in the country. Some sources say that
Fiat is coming back to bring the Fiat 500 and Fiat Punto, although no news of such nature has been
confirmed.
As of November 2008, Hummers in the Philippines are extremely rare, but are available. The brand
was discontinued by GM in early 2010, following its 2009 bankruptcy.
Opel, along with Ford, were the two most popular non-Japanese car companies in the 1960s and
1970s. However, the company pulled out of the country after Martial Law was imposed by the
Marcos Administration. Opel returned to the Philippines in the mid-1990s with the Astra, Vectra and
Omega, with good sales as a cheap alternative to Japanese cars, but was taken out of the country
by its distributor GM Auto Traders to make way for Chevrolet's then-brand new line up (which
basically replaced all the cars Opel was selling). Opel Vectras and Astras are still a common sight to
see on the roads of Manila, and Tigras popular with enthusiasts.
The Malaysian firm Proton sold only one car in the country before the Asian Economic Crisis forced
them out, the Wira.
The lightweight Smart ForTwo city car was supposed to be ideal for Manila's congested roads, but
failed due to its relatively high price. It did remain slightly popular with companies who used them for
advertising.
In the 1990s, SsangYong became popular for their Musso SUV and the Istana van - both of which
were marketed as Mercedes-Benz vehicles. The brand pulled out of the Philippine market in 2012. In
January 2016, Ssangyong came back into the Philippine Market with their new distributor, Berjaya
Group Malaysia. The debuted in the Philippine Market with 3 models: Tivoli, Korando, and Rodius.[32]

Imported vehicles (Gray market)[edit]

Specialty dealerships across the country import various new vehicles from several countries such as
the U.S. and UAE. In addition, many pre-owned vehicles are imported from Japan or Hong Kong -
countries that use right-hand-drive vehicles on the left side of the road. Because right-hand-drive
vehicles are banned in the country, they are converted to left-hand-drive in conversion bays and
freeport zones in Subic, Santa Ana, and Toledo. These vehicles are seen with plate numbers R for
Subic, B for Cagayan, K for Cagayan De Oro and Y for Cebu. Smuggling of used cars is rampant,
with as many as sixty percent of registrations being of cars not officially imported.[33]
The country made headlines in 2007, when president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ordered the
immediate destruction of 18 luxury vehicles that were illegally smuggled in the country. The cars,
which included four BMWs and a Lincoln Navigator, were crushed by backhoes and other heavy
construction vehicles at a depot in the Freeport Zone.[34]
Limousines[edit]
Limousines are used by the President & Vice-President of the Philippines, as well as wedding
services for wealthy families. Otherwise, they are seldom seen on Philippine roads due to
considerations like cost and road traffic conditions but if used, they are utilized for Bridal events or
limo services. Limousines include the Chrysler 300C, Lincoln Town Car, Mercedes-Benz E-
Class and S-Class, as well as SUV-based limousines such as the Cadillac Escalade and Hummer
H2.

Jeepneys[edit]

A typical jeepney in Legazpi, Albay

See article Jeepney

Jeepneys are the most popular means of public transportation in the Philippines.[2] They were
originally made from US military jeeps left over from World War II[35] and are known for their
flamboyant decoration and crowded seating. They have become a ubiquitous symbol
of Philippine culture.
Original jeepneys were simply refurbished military jeeps by Willys & Ford, modern jeepneys are
now produced by independently owned workshops and factories in the Philippines with surplus
engines and parts coming from Japan. In the central island of Cebu, the bulk of jeepneys are
built from second-hand Japanese trucks, originally intended for cargo. These are
euphemistically known as "surplus" trucks.
There are two classes of jeepney builders in the Philippines.[2] The backyard builders produce 1-
5 vehicles a month, source their die-stamped pieces from one of the larger manufacturers, and
work with used engines and chassis from salvage yards (usually the Isuzu 4BA1, 4BC2, 4BE1
series diesel engines or the Mitsubishi Fuso 4D30 diesel engines). The second type is the large
volume manufacturer. They have two subgroups: the PUJ, or "public utility jeep," and the large
volume metal-stamping companies that supply parts as well as complete vehicles.
The jeepney builders in the past were mostly based in Cebu City and Las Piñas City. The largest
manufacturer of vintage-style army jeepneys is MD Juan. Other makers include Armak Motors
(San Pablo, Laguna), Celestial Motors (San Pablo, Laguna), Hebron Motors, LGS Motors,
Malagueña (Imus City), Mega (Lipa City), Morales Motors (San Mateo, Rizal), and Sarao Motors
(Las Piñas City). Another manufacturer, PBJ Motors, manufactured jeepneys
in Pampanga using techniques derived from Sarao Motors. Armak now sells remanufactured
trucks and vehicles as an adjunct, alongside its jeepneys