Layers of OSI Model: Basics of Computer Networking
Layers of OSI Model: Basics of Computer Networking
Layers of OSI Model: Basics of Computer Networking
The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is
responsible for the actual physical connection between the devices. The
physical layer contains information in the form of bits. It is responsible for
the actual physical connection between the devices. When receiving data,
this layer will get the signal received and convert it into 0s and 1s and send
them to the Data Link layer, which will put the frame back together.
The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of the
message. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error free from one node to another, over the physical layer. When a packet
arrives in a network, it is the responsibility of DLL to transmit it to the Host
using its MAC address.
Data Link Layer is divided into two sub layers :
1. Logical Link Control (LLC)
2. Media Access Control (MAC)
The packet received from Network layer is further divided into frames
depending on the frame size of NIC(Network Interface Card). DLL also
encapsulates Sender and Receiver’s MAC address in the header.
The Receiver’s MAC address is obtained by placing an ARP(Address
Resolution Protocol) request onto the wire asking “Who has that IP
address?” and the destination host will reply with its MAC address.
Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other
located in different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e.
selection of the shortest path to transmit the packet, from the number of
routes available. The sender & receiver’s IP address are placed in the
header by network layer.
The functions of the Network layer are :
1. Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is
suitable from source to destination. This function of network layer is
known as routing.
2. Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on internetwork
uniquely, network layer defines an addressing scheme. The sender &
receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by network layer. Such
an address distinguishes each device uniquely and universally.
* Segment in Network layer is referred as Packet.
SCENARIO:
Let’s consider a scenario where a user wants to send a message through
some Messenger application running in his browser. The “Messenger” here
acts as the application layer which provides the user with an interface to
create the data. This message or so-called Data is compressed, encrypted
(if any secure data) and converted into bits (0’s and 1’s) so that it can be
transmitted.
Presentation layer is also called the Translation layer.The data from the
application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required
format to transmit over the network.
The functions of the presentation layer are :
1. Translation : For example, ASCII to EBCDIC.
2. Encryption/ Decryption : Data encryption translates the data into
another form or code. The encrypted data is known as the cipher text
and the decrypted data is known as plain text. A key value is used for
encrypting as well as decrypting data.
3. Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be transmitted
on the network.
At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find
Application layer which is implemented by the network applications. These
applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over the
network. This layer also serves as a window for the application services to
access the network and for displaying the received information to the user.
Ex: Application – Browsers, Skype Messenger etc.
**Application Layer is also called as Desktop Layer.
END
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