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SCIENCE
EARTH AND BEYOND

CLASS: 8

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8, 9 & 10TH STD(STATE), 10TH ICSE AND
II PU (SCIENCE & COMMERCE)

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Next to Indian Oil Petrol Bunk,
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Manjunatha Nagar, Bangalore-10
Design by: Nithyananda Prabhu
KAIZEN COACHING CENTER #689(643/C) Above Venkateshwara Hardware, Next to Indian Oil Petrol Bunk,
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Contact : 96322 96243 / 81236 27200 1
 KAIZEN COACHING CENTER®
ADMISSIONS STILL OPEN FOR 8TH and 9th STD. FOR THE ‘II TERM’
TO BOOK YOUR SEAT FOR THE 10TH STD. FOR THE YEAR 2018-19, CALL 9632296243

CHAPTER-23
EARTH AND BEYOND

Introduction:
Universe includes all the stars, the sun, the planets and their moons, meteorites, comets, the empty
space between them. The branch of science that deals with the study of celestial object is called
astronomy.

+IMPORTANT .POINTS+

1. The sphere above us where object appear to be fixed is called the celestial sphere.
2. The objects in the celestial sphere is called the celestial objects.
3. Two models of planetary system
i. Geocentric system  given by Ptolemy In this model ·earth is considered as centre of the
universe and all other celestial objects moving around the earth.
ii. Heliocentric system  given by Copernicus In this model the sun is at the centre of the
'universe and all other celestial objects including the earth are moving around the sun.
4. Components of the-solar system
i. Sun which is the center of the solar system
ii. Eight planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus; and Neptune
iii. Asteroid belt between the orbits .of Mars and Jupiter.
iv. Satellites of the planets
v. Comets
vi. Artificial satellites and space crafts
vii. Dwarf planets like Pluto.
5. Group of stars arranged in a particular pattern are called Constellations.
6. There are 88 constellations.
7. The movement of the sun, the planets and the moon appear to follow a path from east to west. This
apparent path is called zodiac belt.
8. The twelve constellations located in this path are called zodiacal constellations.

TEXIUAL EXERCISES

I. Four alternatives are given to each of the following incomplete statements. Choose the right
answer.
1. The constellation that helps to locate north star is
(a) Cassiopia (b) Orion (c) Taurus (d) Leo

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2. The second biggest planet of the solar system has.

(a) lowest density (b) density equal to water (c) highest density (d) density equal to earth.
3. The poles of this planet face the sun for longer periods of time than any other planet.
(a) Mars (b) Uranus (c) Jupiter (d) Saturn
4. Polar ice caps of the planet Mars are due to
(a) Solidified water (b) solidified carbon dioxide
(c) volcanoes erupted near the poles (d) cover of dust particles that reflect light
5. Heat waves are trapped to maximum extent in the planet.
(a) Mercury (b) Venus (c) Earth (d) Neptune
Ans. 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4.(b). 5. (b)

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Radio signals are emitted by the planet ____________.
2. The colour of the planet Mars is ____________.
3. A winter season constellation is ____________.
4. Asteroids are mainly found between the orbits of ____________.
5. Ultraviolet rays from the sun can be filtered by earth's atmospheric layer called __________.
1. Jupiter 2. Red 3. Orion 4. Mars and Jupiter 5. Stratosphere (ozone layer)

III. Match the following:

A B
1. Highly tilted planet (a) Earth
2. Satellite of Jupiter (b)Titan
3. Constellation (c) Halley
4. Third planet from the sun (d) Io
(e)Uranus
(f) Ursa major
(g) Sirius
1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (f) 4. (a)

IV. Answer the following :

1. Which planet in called morning or evening star?
Venus.
2. Which planet was removed from the list of 9 planets in 2006?
Pluto.
3. Express the following in km.
(a) 10 light minutes (b) 10 light days (c) Light year
a) 10 light minutes: Distance travelled = v x t Velocity of light = 300000km
10 light minutes = 10 x 60 x 30000 km
b) 10 light days 10 x 24 x 60 x 60 x300000 km
c) Light year 10 x 365 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 300000 km
4. Name the following.
(a) Most fascinating planet, with set of ring system as viewed from a telescope
(b) Nearest planet to earth.
(c) Nearest planet to the sun
(d) Biggest planet of the solar system
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(a) Saturn, (b)Venus (c) Mercury (d)Jupiter

5. How are satellites different from planets?
Planets revolve around the sun whereas satellites of planets revolve around the respective
planets.
6. Which satellite has active volcanoes?
IO, the satellite of Jupiter has active volcanoes.
7. Give reason for the following
a) A person in England can recognize the pole star easily than a person in Bangalore. As the angle
made from England is such that altitude in more so that it can be recognized easily.
b) Mercury in difficult to observe since sun rises or sets within about two hours of mercury's rising or
setting, it is difficult to observe mercury.
c) A day on Venus is longer than its year as its period of rotation is 243 days and it takes 224 days
to ·go around the sun once, a day on Venus is longer than its year.
d) Greenhouse effect.is prominent on Venus, Atmosphere on Venus in made of carbon dioxide
which blocks long wave length infrared radiations and heat is trapped inside, hence greenhouse
effect in prominent on Venus.

V. State true or false:

1. Saturn has highest density.
2. Venus can be seen over head in the night sky.
3. Aries (Mesha) is zodiacal constellations .
4. Mars contains oxygen in its atmosphere
5. Moon has no atmosphere
6. Titan is the satellite of Jupiter
1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS

Multiple choice questions: ..
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. The star nearest to the earth is
(a) Sirius (b) Aries (c) Sun (d) Orion
2. The large numbers of rocks that lie between orbit of Mars and Jupiter are called,
(a) Asteroids (b) meteorites (c) comets (d) Satellites
3. The planet having greenhouse effect in. .
(a) Saturn (b) Jupiter (c) Venus
4. The celestial bodies with tail are
(a) Asteroids (b) meteors (c) pole star (d) comets
5. Which of the following is not a planet of the sun?
(a) Sirius (b) Mercury (c) Venus (d) Earth

1. (c) 2.(a) 3. (c) 4. (d), 5, (a)

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. The branch of science which deals with the study of the universe in called __________
2. A group of stars that appear to form a familiar pattern is known as __________.
3. Moon is a__________ satellite of the earth .
KAIZEN COACHING CENTER #689(643/C) Above Venkateshwara Hardware, Next to Indian Oil Petrol Bunk,
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Contact : 96322 96243 / 81236 27200 3
 KAIZEN COACHING CENTER®
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4. A heavenly body that revolves around the planets is known as __________ and that revolving
around the sun is called ..........................
5. Venus is hotter than Mercury because of __________ in its atmosphere.
1. Astronomy 2. Constellation 3. Natural 4. Satellite, Planet 5. Carbon dioxide

III. Match the following:

1. Constellation (a) Saturn
2. Planet (b) Orion
3. Star (c) Moon
4. Satellite of the earth (d) Polestar
(e) asteroid
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c)

IV. Answer the following:

1. What is the difference between meteor and meteorite?
Meteoroids which burn out completely due to heat generated by friction with earth's
atmosphere are known as meteors. Meteoroids which overcome the frictional heating
survive the journey through the earth's atmosphere and hit the planet resulting in craters
are known as meteorites. ·
2. What are the components of the solar system?
The components of the solar system are;
i. The sun which is the center of the solar system
ii. Eight planets  mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn Uranus and Neptune
iii. Asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
iv. Satellites of planets
v. Comets
vi. Artificial satellites and space craft.
vii. Dwarf planets like Pluto.

3. Write the diff ere nee between Star and Planet

Star Planet
i. Stars twinkle i. Planet do not twinkle
ii. Stars are self- luminous ii. Planets reflect sun's light
iii. Stars are large but they are far away iii. Planets are not as large as stars but they
from earth are closer to earth

4. Name the zodiacal constellations.

The zodiacal constellations are
(a) Aries (b) Taurus (c) Gemini (d) cancer
(e) Leo (f) Virgo (g) Libra (h) Scorpius
(i) Sagittarius (g) Capricornus (k) Aquarius (l) Pisces

5. Name the comet which can be seen once in 76 years. When was it last seen ?
Halley's Comet. It was last seen is 1986.

KAIZEN COACHING CENTER #689(643/C) Above Venkateshwara Hardware, Next to Indian Oil Petrol Bunk,
Opp. Old Pushpanjali Theatre,8 Main, 4 Cross,3 Stage,Manjunath Nagar Bangalore-10
Contact : 96322 96243 / 81236 27200 4