Contents of

Basic
Behavioural
Based Safety
Table of Contents
What is Behavior-Based Safety (BBS)
Aims and Benefits of BBSO
Behavior Laws
ABC behavior model
Behavior Rules
Observable & Underlying Behavior
Intervention Strategy
BBS Observation Check lists
Behavior- Based Safety Process
Case Study 1 and 2
Video Exercise
WHAT EXACTLY IS
BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY (BBS)?

Basically, BBS is an established method of

using positive reinforcement to change unsafe
individual behaviors and reinforce safe
behaviors
 Why do we take risk?
The chances of getting hurt are too low to
prevent us from taking risk
This low probability of injury allows behavior
to drift towards behavior that
Gets the job done more quickly
Requires less effort
Provides greater comfortable

It’s human nature!!!

 What is a Behaviour Based Safety
Observation?
A behaviour based safety observation (BBSO) is a safety
observation related to the behaviour of a colleague or
contractor where the observation:-

is related to safe or unsafe behaviour (not unsafe

conditions or facilities)

provides immediate feedback to the colleague or

contractor

is documented
What are the aims and benefits of BBSO?
The aims of BBSOs are:-
to Intervene to reinforce safe behaviour or change unsafe behaviour or
conditions
to Modify behaviours such that safe behaviours are re-enforced, and at-
risk behaviours are eliminated
to recognizing both safe and at-risk behaviour
not fault finding – it is a way to take care of others

The benefits of BBSOs include:

the focus of attention and recognition on both safe and at-risk behaviours
the “permission” to provide feedback and learn from one another
the opportunity to enable all colleagues to make a contribution toward
safety
fostering of open communication about safety issues
a constant reminder of workplace safety
lower incident rates at Infineum locations where BBSO participation is
high
Typical Bird’s Safety Triangle
Serious Injury 1

Injury
3

Damage
30

Near-Misses 300 - 600

Undersired Behavior ?

Technical, Organizational, Protective measures,e.g. :

TOP Less Than
Behavior Analyses & management, Ergonomics,
Adequate Procedures, Organization of work, , Motivation, Skills
Behavior Based Safety
Operating
Environment Facilities (Pumps,
and Culture control systems, panels,
valves,
cranes, etc.)

Management People
Systems (Human
(Procedures, risk characteristics
assessment, incident and behavior)
investigation
training, etc.)
INCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL
B
A
R VULNERABLE
HAZARD OBJECT
R
I
E
R

ENERGY CONTROLS TO PROTECT

• MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (WHAT ?)
• PEOPLE • PEOPLE
• PRACTICES / PROCEDURES (HOW ?)
• THINGS • PROPERTY
• FACILITIES & TOOLS (HMI )
• HEALTH EFFECTS • ENVIRONMENT
• PEOPLE & THINGS (ACTORS !)
WHAT IS BEHAVIOR
There are numerous definitions for “behavior”
For use in Behavioral Based Safety, we define behavior
as:

“The Way People Act”

Observable, surfacing in the work place
Underlying, recognizable from prior work processes,
(e.g. work planning, preparation, design) 11
Natural Laws of Behavior
If the SAFE way is the EASY way, then we will behave
SAFELY - behavior has advantages and becomes habit

If the SAFE way is DIFFICULT or uncomfortable, then

we will be tempted to behave UNSAFELY - behavior has
disadvantages - unsafe becomes habit

If we really understand the consequence of our actions it

will lead to SAFE behavior
 YOU CAN SEE BEHAVIOR !
Our values, attitudes towards safety results
in:
BEHAVIOR

Behavior is what people actually:

DO

What people actually do is what we:

OBSERVE

13
 Three Natural Behavior Laws
Behaviors with advantages will be naturally reinforced and
become a habit
– Behavior has positive consequences

Behaviors with disadvantages will be given up

– Behavior has negative consequences

Behaviors are influenced by expected outcomes

– Behavior consequences need to be clear and important
 Behavior Laws
If a certain work method is the easiest way of doing the
work, then it will become a habit
The behavior results in positive consequences for the
individual. If the easiest way is the safest way we are
likely to see safe habits !
If it is difficult to achieve something with a certain
behavior the behavior will be given up
The behavior has negative consequences for the
individual
The potential/expected consequences will direct behavior
The effect depends on certainty, timing and severity
Observable & Underlying Behavior
Observable Behavior is associated with people doing
physical activities in the plant, control rooms and offices
etc.
Underlying Behavior is related to conditions and work
processes that may be “root Causes” of observable
behavior e.g.
-how well facilities or systems are designed for people’s
use
-clarity of management’s expectations to follow
procedures
-the effectiveness of the risk assessments in
understanding and managing hazards/risks
16
 Observable & Underlying Behavior
Issue O bservable Behavior U nderlying
Behavior/ root cause
Undesired: Operators are not
flushing the lines thoroughly
to remove material which There is no procedure or
Lines plug regularly leading cause plugging guidance issued on how to
to incidents while the lines flush lines thoroughly, or
are being unplugged Desired: Operators flush there are no means provided
lines thoroughly to remove to do flush lines thoroughly.
materials which cause
plugging
ABC Model
Why People Do What They Do

Antecedents Behavior Consequences

anything that what we do, what happens to us

prompts people how we act, during and after the the
to act in a what we behavior
given manner accomplish (payoff/punishment)

Consequences for current or past behavior have the strongest

influence on our future behavior
18/40
BEHAVIOR & ANALYSIS PROCESS
Fourth by understanding behavior strategies

I II
Increase Positive Remove Disadvantages
Reinforcement of of Safe behaviors III
Safe Behaviors Influence Risk
Perception

IV
Cancel Advantages
of
Unsafe Behavior
I Reinforcing or creating positive consequences for desired behavior
II Removing negative consequences of desired behavior
III Clarifying and influencing perception of potential consequences 19
IV Creating negative consequences for undesired / unsafe behavior
 • Behavior Strategies?

1 2
Make it Make it easier 3
rewarding Remove the Negative Make it clear
Create more Positive Consequences for the Make sure people
Consequences for people
• desired Behavior understand the potential
to behave safely consequences of their
behavior

4
Rules / Barriers
Make Undesired
Behavior difficult or
unattractive
Workplace Observation Objectives
Creating / Maintaining a safe Workplace through positive
dialogue between observers & the observed
Positive dialogue will only be established if we communicate
openly and at same level:
Recognition of safe behavior
Reciprocal openness and trust (confidence, candor, honesty)
Cooperative learning
Shared identification of hazards and safe(r) work methods

Application of the 4 intervention strategies

• Dialogue makes it possible to direct behavior
Data gathering
• Findings are input into BBS Analysis

21

1
3
 Observation Principles
How often should we do observations ?
Often, but aim for quality not for quantity
When ?
Always, also during shift
How long does a good quality observation take ?
Approximately 20 - 30minutes
 What BSSO is NOT…
Audit
“To Do” list for Maintenance
Check in the box exercise
Disciplinary

23 23
Dealing with Unsafe Behavior
Explain behavior observed
Discuss why it is unsafe
Ask for suggestions
Share your ideas
Reach agreement on steps to be taken
Express confidence that the job can be performed safely
Ask for commitment to work safely
Follow-up and give positive feedback when behavior is
corrected
24 24
Feedback what you saw and agree on
actions from the Observation
Provide feedback immediately, and discuss follow-up at
the workplace e.g.
Recognize / re-enforce safe behavior
Discuss how to make safe behavior easier
Influence risk perception if needed
Correct unsafe behavior
Summarize dialogue and agreed follow-ups that you will
write on the form.

Feedback to the Shift Leader on how things looked in the

field.
Doing the Observation

The Observation
Explain what you are there for,
Findings and conclusions are to improve safety
Tell Observee(s) that they are the job specialists
Both parties are expected to learn from the observation

Give positive feedback on any good things you saw

as you approached

Encourage and allow the observee(s) to talk

Observation “don’ts”

not introduce yourself, or inform people on the

purpose of your visit

say nothing and just fill in your checklist

involve only your partner in discussions about the observees
just ask for observee’s name and Company name and leave
try to prove you know everything better and tell people this
not listen to what the observee has to say
not bother about your own safety and PPE
assume/assign blame, and create threatening
atmosphere
EXAMPLE OF BEHAVIOR
Write down and discuss:

What would be safe behavior :

......................................................

What would be unsafe behavior :

......................................................

What are the circumstances

behind
the behavior (underlying
behavior) :
......................................................
EXAMPLE OF BEHAVIOR
Write down and discuss:

What would be safe behavior :

......................................................

What would be unsafe behavior :

......................................................

What are the circumstances

behind
the behavior (underlying
behavior) :
......................................................
EXAMPLE OF BEHAVIOR
Write down and discuss:

What would be safe behavior :

......................................................

What would be unsafe behavior :

......................................................

What are the circumstances

behind
the behavior (underlying
behavior) :
......................................................
EXAMPLE OF BEHAVIOR
Write down and discuss:

What would be safe behavior :

......................................................
.....

What would be unsafe behavior :

......................................................
.....

What are the circumstances

behind
the behavior (underlying
34
behavior) :
EXAMPLE OF BEHAVIOR
Write down and discuss:

What would be safe behavior :

......................................................

What would be unsafe behavior :

......................................................

What are the circumstances

behind
the behavior (underlying
behavior) :
......................................................
WHAT IS THE SAFE BEHAVIOR
Identify the safe behavior :
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
What are the circumstances
behind
the behavior (underlying
behavior) :
......................................................
36
Office
Field Video Exercise

Look at 2 Video Clips and write down

the following:
The Safe Behavior,
The Unsafe Behavior
The possible Underlying Causes
THANK YOU