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    IT 201 Chapter 4 Summarize

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    Sami Noah
    This document summarizes key aspects of threads in operating systems. It discusses thread implementations in Windows and Linux, including thread data structures and flags. It describes how threads allow for increased responsiveness and resource sharing within a process. User-level and kernel-level threads are compared, along with different models for mapping user to kernel threads. Common thread libraries and implicit threading strategies are also summarized. Programming problems on Monte Carlo calculations and the Fibonacci sequence are provided, as well as projects on validating Sudoku puzzles and multithreaded sorting.

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    IT 201 Chapter 4 Summarize

    Uploaded by

    Sami Noah
    71 views2 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of threads in operating systems. It discusses thread implementations in Windows and Linux, including thread data structures and flags. It describes how threads allow for increased responsiveness and resource sharing within a process. User-level and kernel-level threads are compared, along with different models for mapping user to kernel threads. Common thread libraries and implicit threading strategies are also summarized. Programming problems on Monte Carlo calculations and the Fibonacci sequence are provided, as well as projects on validating Sudoku puzzles and multithreaded sorting.

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    report for Operating System

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    IT241

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    This document summarizes key aspects of threads in operating systems. It discusses thread implementations in Windows and Linux, including thread data structures and flags. It describes how threads allow for increased responsiveness and resource sharing within a process. User-level and kernel-level threads are compared, along with different models for mapping user to kernel threads. Common thread libraries and implicit threading strategies are also summarized. Programming problems on Monte Carlo calculations and the Fibonacci sequence are provided, as well as projects on validating Sudoku puzzles and multithreaded sorting.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    71 views2 pages

    IT 201 Chapter 4 Summarize

    Uploaded by

    Sami Noah
    This document summarizes key aspects of threads in operating systems. It discusses thread implementations in Windows and Linux, including thread data structures and flags. It describes how threads allow for increased responsiveness and resource sharing within a process. User-level and kernel-level threads are compared, along with different models for mapping user to kernel threads. Common thread libraries and implicit threading strategies are also summarized. Programming problems on Monte Carlo calculations and the Fibonacci sequence are provided, as well as projects on validating Sudoku puzzles and multithreaded sorting.

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    IT 201 Chapter 4 Summarize

     Operating System Examples:


    - Windows Threads: windows implement the windows API which is the
    primary API for the family of windows OSx. Windows application runs as a
    separate process and each process may contain one or more threads.
    The general complements of threads:
    1- A thread ID uniquely identifying the thread.
    2- A register set representing the status of the processor.
    3- A user stack, employed when the thread is running in user mode and a
    kernel stack, employed when thread is running in kernel mode.
    4- A private storage area used by various run-time libraries and dynamic link
    libraries (DLIs).
    The register set, stacks, and private storage area are known as the context of
    the thread.
    The primary data structures of thread:
    1-ETHREAD: executive thread block.
    2-KTHREAD: kernel thread block.
    3-TEB: thread environment block.
    - Linux Threads:
    Flag Meaning
    CLONE_FS File-system information is shared
    CLONE_VM The same memory space is shared
    CLONE_SIGHAND Signal Handles are shared
    CLONE_FILES The set of open filed is shared

    Summary:
    A thread is a flow of control within a process. A multithreaded process
    contains several flows of control within the same address space. The benefits
    of multithreading include increased responsiveness to the user, resource
    sharing within the process, economy and scalability factors, such as more
    efficient use of multiple processing cores.
    User-level threads are threads that are visible to the programmer and are
    unknown to the kernel. The operating-system kernel supports and manages
    kernel-level threads. In general, user-level threads are faster to create and
    manage than are kernel threads, because no intervention from the kernel is
    required.
    Three different types of models relate user and kernel threads. The many-to-
    one model maps many user threads to a single kernel thread. The one-to-one
    model maps each user thread to a corresponding kernel thread. The many- to-
    many model multiplexes many user threads to a smaller or equal number of
    kernel threads.
    Most modern Oss provide kernel support for threads. These include Windows,
    Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris.
    Thread libraries provide the application programmer with an API for creating
    and managing threads. Three primary thread libraries are in in common use:
    POSIX Pthreads, Windows threads, and Java threads.
    In addition to explicitly creating threads using the API provided by a library,
    we can use implicit threading, in which the creation and management of
    threading is transferred to compilers and run-time libraries. Strategies for
    implicit threading include thread pools, OpenMP, and Grand Central
    Dispatch. Multithreaded programs introduce many challenges for
    programmers, including the semantics of the fork() and exec() system calls,
    Other issues include signal handling , thread cancellation, thread-local storage
    , and scheduler activates.
     Programming Problems:
    - Monte Carlo Technique is interesting way of calculating 𝜋 involves
    randomization:
    𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆
    𝝅 = 𝟒.[ ]
    𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔

    - Fibonacci sequence is the series of numbers 0,1,1,2,3,5,8… Formally , it can


    be expressed as:
    𝒇𝒊𝒃𝟎 = 𝟎
    𝒇𝒊𝒃1 =1
    𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒏 = (𝒇𝒊𝒃 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝒇𝒊𝒃𝒏 − 𝟐)
     Programming Projects:
    - Project 1: Sudoku Solution Validator:
    A Sudoku puzzle uses a 9x9 grid in which each column and row as well as
    each of the nine 3x3 subgrids must contain of the digits 1...9
    - Project 2: Multithreaded Sorting Application:
    - It make the Original list divides two sorting threads one of them is call
    Sorting Thread0 and other one is Sorting Thread1 then make merge as one
    sorted list. Is called Merge Thread.

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