Reinforced Concrete Design

Concrete Properties

Modulus of Elasticity

For concrete weighing from 1,500 to 2500 kg/m3

Ec  w 0.043 fc '
1.5
c
fc’ = 28 day compressive strength in MPa
Wc = unit weight of concrete in kg/m3

For Normal weight concrete

Ec  4700 fc '
fc’ = 28 day compressive strength in MPa
Wc = unit weight of concrete in kg/m3
Reinforcing Bars
GRADES AND STRENGTH OF REINFORCING BARS
(Non Prestressed)

GRADE Min.Yeild Min.Yeild Min Min

ASTM Strength Strength Tensile Tensile
SPECS (ksi) (MPa) Strength Strength
(ksi) (MPa)
A615 40 40 276 70 483
60 60 414 90 620
A616 50 50 345 80 552
60 60 414 90 620
A617 40 40 276 70 483
60 60 414 90 620
A615 60 60 414 80 552
Modulus of Elasticity of steel shall be taken as 200,000 MPa
 CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT
( NON PRESTRESSED) Minimum
CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE Cover,mm
a) Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth 75
b) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm bars through 36 mm bars 50
16 mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller 40
c) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joist
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Beams,columns
Primary reinforcement ,ties,stirrups,spirals 40
Shells,folded plates members:
20 mm bars and larger 20
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller 15
 PRECAST IN PLACE CONCRETE Minimum
( manufactured under plant Conditions) Cover,mm
a) Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall Panels
32 mm bar and smaller 20
Other members
20 mm bars through 32 mm bars 40
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller 30

b) Concrete not exposed to earth or weather or

in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, joist
32 mm bar and smaller 15
Beams,columns
Primary reinforcement
ties,stirrups,spirals 10
Shells,folded plates members:
20 mm bars and larger 15
16 mm bars,W31or D31 wire,or smaller 10
 ULTIMATE STRENGTH
DESIGN(USD)
Required Strength ( Load Factors)

1.Required strength U to resist dead load D and live load L

shall at least be equal to : U =1.4D +1.7L

2. If resistance to structural effects of specified wind load

W, are included in the design,the following combinations of D,L and W
shall be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U
a) U =0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
Where load combination shall include full value and zero
value of L to determine the most severe condition, and
b) U = 0.9D +1.3L
For any combination of D, L and W required strength U
shall not be less than c) U =1.4D +1.7L
 3. If resistance to structural effects of specified earthquake load E, are
included in the design,the following combinations of D,L and E shall
be investigated to determine the greatest required strength U
a) U =1.32D + 1.1(f1)L + 1.1E
Where load combination shall include full value and zero value of
L to determine the most severe condition, and
b) U = 0.99D +1.1E
For any combination of D, L and E required strength U shall not be less
than
c) U =1.4D +1.7L
4. If resistance to earth pressure H, are included in the design,the
following combinations of D,L and H shall be investigated to
determine the greatest required strength U
a) U =1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
Where D or L reduces the effect of H
b) U = 0.9D +1.7H
For any combination of D, L and E required strength U shall not be less
than
c) U =1.4D +1.7L
5. If resistance to loadings due to weight and pressure offluids
with well defined densities and controllable height F are
included in the design, such loading shall have a factor of 1.4
and be added to all loading combinations that include live load.

6. If resistance to impact effects are taken into account in

design,such effect shall be included with live load L.

7. Where structural effects T of differential settlement, creep,

shrinkage,expansion of creep compensating concrete or
temperature change maybe significant in design, required
strength U shall be a least equal to
a) U =0.75(1.4D + 1.7L + 1.4T)
but required strength U shall not be less than
b) U =1.4D +1.7L
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ф
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR Ф shall be as follows:
1. Flexure, without axial load 0.90
2. Shear and Torsion 0.85
3. Bearing on concrete except on
Post tension anchorage zone 0.70
4. Post tension anchorage zone 0.85
5. Axial tension and axial tension with flexure 0.90
6. Axial load and axial load with flexure
Both axial load and moment shall be multiplied by Ф
7. Axial compression and axial compression with flexure
a) Members with spiral reinforcement 0.75
b) Other reinforced members 0.70
except that for low values of axial compression Ф shall be
permitted to increase in accordance with the following:
For members in which fy does not exceed 415 MPa with symmetric
reinforcement,and with ( h –d’-d)/h not less than 0.7, Ф shall be permitted to
increase linearly to 0.9, as ФPn decreases from 0.10fc’Ag to zero.
For other reinforced members, Ф shall be permitted to increase linearly to 0.9, as
ФPn decreases from 0.10fc’Ag or ФPb whichever is smaller to zero.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR FLEXURE (BEAMS)

 Basic Assumptions
 1. Strain in concrete and the reinforcement shall be assumed
directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis ,except,
for deep flexural members with overall depth-to-clear span ratio
greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple span a non
linear distribution of strain shall be considered.
 2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber
shall be 0.003
 3. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for grade
of reinforcement used shall be taken Es times steel strain. For
strain greater than corresponding to fy, stress in the reinforcement
shall be considered independent of strain and equal to fy.
 4. Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and
flexural calculations.
 5. Relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and
concrete strain shall be assumed to be
rectangular.trapezoidal,parabolic or any other assumed shape that
result in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of
comprehensive tests.

 6. Requirements of 5 may be considered satisfied by an equivalent

rectangular stress distribution defined by the following:
Concrete stress distribution of 0.85fc’ shall be assumed uniformly
distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded by the
edges of the cross section and a straight line located parallel to the
neutral axis at a distance “a” from the fiber of maximum compressive
strain.
Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be
measured in a direction perpendicular to the neutral axis.
 Compression Zone
(stress in concrete) (maximum usable strain of concrete)
0.85fc’ 0.003
a
c
NA

a  1c
εs (strain of steel)

7. Factor β1 shall be taken as follows:

β1 = 0.85 if fc’≤ 30 MPa
β1 = 0.85 - 0.008( fc’- 30) if fc’ > 30 MPa but β1 shall not be less
than 0.65
 SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
 a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm
 c = distance from extreme compression face, mm
 As = area of non prestressed tension reinforcement, mm2
 As’ = area of non prestressed compression reinforcement, mm2
 b = width of compression face of the member, mm
 bw = width of the web, mm
 d = distance from extreme compression face to center of tension
reinforcement, mm
 d’ = distance from extreme compression face to center of
compression reinforcement, mm
 fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
 fy = specified yield strength of non prestressed reinforcement,MPa
 fs = calculated tensile stress in reinforcement at service loads,MPa
 fs’ = calculated compressive stress in reinforcement at service loads,MPa
 Mu = factored moment at section; ultimate moment capacity,design
strength
 Mn = nominal moment capacity
 Ф = strength reduction factor
 pb = reinforcement ratio producing balance strain condition
 p = ratio of non prestressed tension reinforcement = As/bd
 p’ = ratio of non prestressed compression reinforcement = As’/bd
 pmin = minimum required ratio of non prestressed tension
reinforcement
 pmin = 1.4/fy
 Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete,MPa
 Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement,MPa
 bf = flange width of T –beams
 t = flange thickness of T- beams
 Balanced strain condition
This exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement reaches
the strain corresponding to its yield strength fy just as concrete
compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
b
0.85fc’ 0.003
Compression
Zone ab C = 0.85fc’abb
cb
d

T = Asbfy fy
s 
Es
Asb = balance steel area
From the Stress Diagram
∑ Fx = 0
C=T
0.85fc’abb = Asbfy EQ.1
 divide both sides of EQ.1 by bdfy
0.85 fc ' ab Asb

df y bd
Asb 0.85 fc ' ab
Let pb  then pb  EQ. 2
bd df y
From the strain diagram
cb 0.003 fy
 s 
d 0.003   s 200000
ab ab 600 1
cb   EQ. 3
1 d 600  fy

0.85 fc ' 1 600

Substituting EQ 3 in EQ 2
pb 
(600  f y ) f y
Maximum permissible tensile steel ratio
pmax = 0.75pb
This limitation is to ensure that the steel reinforcement
will yield first to ensure ductile failure.
Minimum permissible tensile steel ratio
pmin = 1.4/fy

The provision for minimum amount of reinforcement applies to

beams which for architectural and other reasons are much larger in
cross section as required by strength consideration. With very small
amount of tensile reinforcement, the computed moment strength as
a reinforced concrete member is smaller than that of the
corresponding plain concrete section computed from its modulus of
rupture. Failure in this case is quite sudden.
Overreinforced beam
A design in which the steel reinforcement is more than that required for
balanced strain condition. If the beam is overeinforced, the steel will not
yield before failure. As the load is increased, deflections are not
noticeable although the compression concrete is highly stressed, and
failure occurs suddenly without warning to the user of the structure.

Underreinforced beam
A design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than that required for
balanced strain condition. If the ultimate load is approached , the steel will
begin to yield although the compression concrete is understressed. As the
load is increased, the steel will continue to elongate, resulting into
appreciable deflections and large visible cracks in the tensile concrete.
Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of
the structure to decrease the load or apply remedial measure.
SPACING LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT

Beams
 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer should
be db( bar diameter) but not less 25 mm.
 Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers,bars in
the upper layer should be directly placed above bars in the bottom
layer with clear distance between layers not less than 25 mm.
Columns
 In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than
1.5db nor 40 mm.
Walls and Slabs
 In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary
reinforcement shall be spaced not farther than three times the slab
or wall thickness nor 450 mm.
 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS
AND ONE WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE
COMPUTED
Member Simply Supported One end continuous Both ends continuous Cantilever

Solid One-Way L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10

Slab
Beams or ribbed L/18.5 L/21 L/8
one way slab L/16

Span Length L in millimeters

Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density concrete
(Wc = 2300 kg/m3) and Grade 60 (415 MPa) reinforcement. For other conditions,
the values shall be modified as follows:
For structural lightweight concrete having unit weights of 1500 -2000 kg/m3 the
values shall be multiplied by ( 1.65 – 0.0005 Wc) but not less than 1.09, where Wc
is the unit mass in kg/m3.
For fy other 415 MPa, the values shall be multiplied by
( 0.4 +fy/700)
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS : BEAMS REINFORCED FOR TENSION

 Case I : Steel yields at failure (pmax ≥ p , fs ≥ fy)

Stress Diagram
b 0.85fc’
Compression
zone a C = 0.85fc’ab

d (d – a/2) Mu
As

T = Asfy

Depth of concrete stress block Ultimate moment capacity

As f y Mu = Ф 0.85fc’ab(d – a/2)
a
0.85 fc ' b Mu = Ф Asfy (d – a/2)
General Procedure for Analysis : Case I
Given: b,d,As,fc’,fy
Required : Mu
1. Check for ductility requirements
p = As/bd 0.85 fc '  1 600
pb 
β1 = 0.85 if fc’≤ 30 MPa (600  f y ) f y
β1 = 0.85 - 0.008( fc’- 30) if fc’ > 30 MPa but β1 shall not
be less than 0.65
pmax = 0.75pb pmin =1.4/fy
pmin ≤ p≤ pmax As f y
2. Solve for the depth of the concrete stress block a 
3. Check for minimum depth if necessary 0.85 fc ' b
4. Determine MU
Mu = Ф 0.85fc’ab(d – a/2) or Mu = Ф Asfy (d – a/2)
Units:
If As is in mm2, fc’ and fy in MPa, a,b and d in mm then Mu is in
N.mm. Dividing this by 106 changes N.mm to kN.m
5. Solve for any other requirement if there are any.
Problems
 CE Board May 1981
 A rectangular beam with b =250 mm and d =460 mm is reinforced for
tension only with 3 – 25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported on
a span of 6 m and carries a uniform dead load of 12 kN/m. Calculate
the uniform live load the beam can carry. Concrete weighs 23 kN/m3
and steel covering is 60 mm. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy =276 MPa. Also
check for minimum depth requirement.
 Solution

3 (25) 2
As   1472 .62 mm2
4
A 1472 .62
p s   0.013
bd 250 (460 )
1.4 1.4
pmin    0.005
fy 276
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85(20.7)0.85(600 )
pb    0.03711
600  f y  f y (600  276 )276
 pmax  0.75 pb  0.75(0.03711)  0.0278  p Steel yields at failure

As f y 1472 .62(276 )
a   92.4mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(20.7)250
92.4
0.9(1472 .62)276 (460  )
a 2  151 .37 kN .m
M u  As f y (d  ) 
2 (10) 6

Wu L2
Mu  Wu  1.4WD  1.7WL
8
Wu (6) 2
151 .37 
8
Wu  33.64 kN / m
 460 Weight of the beam
WB=bDWc

60
WB  0.25(0.52)23  3kN / m
Total dead load
250 WD  12  3  15kN / m
33.64  1.4(15)  1.7WL
WL  7.42kN / m
Minimum required depth

L fy 6000 276
d min  (0.4  ) (0.4  )  297 .85mm  520 mm
16 700 16 700
CE Board May 1985
A 350 mm x 500 mm rectangular beam is reinforced for tension only with 5 of
28 mm diameter bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam
carries a uniform dead load of 4.5 kN/m ( including its own weight), a uniform
live load of 3 kN/m, and a concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in the
figure.
fc’ =34.5MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Determine the following :
a) Ultimate moment capacity in kN.m
b) the maximum value of P in kN

Figure

2P P

2m 2m 2m
 5 (28) 2
350 As   3078 .76 mm2
4
As 3078 .76
446
p   0.0197
bd 350(446)
1.4
As p min   0.00338
414
1  0.85  0.008( fc'30)
1  0.85  0.008(34.5  30)  0.814
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85(34.5)0.814 (600 )
pb    0.03412
600  f y  f y (600  414 ) 414

pmax  0.75 pb  0.75(0.03412 )  0.0256  p Steel yields at failure

 As f y 3078 .76(414 )
a   124 .18mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(34.5)350
124 .18
0.9(3078 .76)414 (446  )
a 2
M u  As f y (d  )  6
 440 .4kN .m
2 (10)
2P P

2m 2m 2m
w  1.4wD  1.7 wL  1.4(4.5)  1.7(3)  11.4kN / m
1.4(2 P)  2.8P
1 .4 P
 2.8P 1.4P

11.4 kN/m
M B 0
A R(4)  2.8P(2)  1.4 P(2)  11.4(6)1  0
B R  0.7 P  17.1
2m 2m 2m

Maximum Positive Moment

M u  R(2)  11.4(2)1
M u  (0.7 P  17.1)2  11.4(2)
440 .4  1.4 P  17.1(2)  11.4(2)
440 .4  11.4(2)  17.1(2)
P  306 .43kN
1.4
Maximum Negative Moment

M u  1.4 P(2)  11.4(2)1

M u  2.8 P  22.8
440 .4  2.8 P  22.8
440 .4  22.8
P  149 .14 kN
2.8

Use P =149.14 kN
Case II : Steel does not yield at failure ( pmax < p , fs < fy )
General Procedure for Analysis : Case II
Given: b,d,As,fc’,fy
Required : Mu
1. Check for ductility requirements
p = As/bd
β1 = 0.85 if fc’≤ 30 MPa
β1 = 0.85 - 0.008( fc’- 30) if fc’ > 30 MPa but β1 shall not
be less than 0.65
0.85 fc ' 1 600
pb 
(600  f y ) f y
 pmax = 0.75pb
p > pmax

2. Using the stress and strain diagram solve for fs and a.

Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
b
0.85fc’ 0.003
C=0.85fc’ab
c
d d-a/2 Mu NA
d-c
As
T =Asfs εs

From the stress Diagram :

∑F =0 C=T 0.85fc’ab = Asfs EQ 1
 From the strain diagram
:
s d c
 EQ 2
0.003 c
fs
s 
200000
substitute a in EQ 2, combine with EQ1 to solve for fs and a
c
1
3. Determine Mu
Mu = Ф 0.85fc’ab(d – a/2)
Mu = Ф Asfs (d – a/2)

Problem:
A rectangular beam has b =300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 6 of 32 mm,
fc’ =27.6 MPa,fy =414 MPa. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
 6 (32) 2
300 As   4825 .49 mm2
4
As 4825 .49
500
p   0.032
bd 300 (500 )
1.4
As p min   0.00338
414

0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 27.6)0.85(600 )

pb    0.02850
600  f y  f y (600  414 )414
pmax  0.75 pb  0.75(0.02850 )  0.0214  p Tension Steel
does not yield at failure
∑F =0 C=T 0.85fc’ab = Asfs
0.85(27.6)300 a  4825 .49 f s
f s  1.46a  EQ.1
 fs
s 
s d c 200000
 a
0.003 c c
1
a
500 
fs 1

200000 (0.003) a
1
a
500 
fs 0.85

600 a
0.85
500 (0.85)  a
fs 0.85

600 a
0.85
425  a
f s  600 ( )  EQ.2
a
EQ.1  EQ.2
600
1.46a  (425  a)
a
1.46a 2  255000  600 a
a  410 .96a  174657 .53  0
2

 410 .96  (410 .76)  4(174657 .53)

2
a  260 .22mm
2
600 (425  260 .22)
fs   379 .94 MPa  414 MPa
260 .22
260.22
0.9(4825 .49)379.94(500  )
a 2
M u  As f s (d  ) 
2 (10) 6
M u  610.34kN .m
Plate #1 : Beams Reinforced for tension

1. A simply supported beam 6 m long is 350 mm wide has an effective

depth of 500 mm. It supports a uniform dead load of 12 kN/m and
a concentrated live load applied at the midspan. If it is reinforced
with 6 of 22 mm diameter bars, fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa, concrete
weighs 23 kN/m3, determine the maximum value of this concentrated load .
Use concrete cover of 70 mm.

2. A rectangular beam reinforced for tension has b = 300 mm, d = 480 mm

The beam is reinforced with 7 of 25 mm bars with fc’ = 21 MPa, fy =415 MPa.
If the beam is a cantilever beam 3 m long and supports a uniform dead load
of 15 kN/m( including its own weight) applied along its entire length, calculate
the maximum value of the concentrated live load that can be applied at the
free end.

3. A reinforced concrete beam rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective

depth of 450 mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming fc’ = 27 MPa.
fy = 350 MPa, determine the required steel area that would produce balance
strain condition.
Solution to #1

 (22) 2 pb 
0.85(20.7)0.85(600 )
 0.02137
As  6  2280 .8mm2
4 (600  414 )414
As 2280 .8 Tension steel
p   0.013 pmax  0.75 pb  0.016  p Yields at failure
bd 350 (500 )
1 .4 1 .4 As f y 2280 .8( 414 )
pmin    0.00338  p a   153 .28
f y 414 0.85 fc ' b 0.85( 20.7)350

153 .28
0.9(2280 .8)414 (500  )
a
M u  As f y (d  )  6
2  359 .78kN .m
2 (10)

Weight of the beam Total Dead

WB  23(0.35)(0.57 )  4.59 kN / m WD  12  4.59  16.59 kN / m

 WD L2 PL L
M u  1.4M D  1.7 M L  1.4  1.7
8 4
(16.59)(6) 2 PL (6)
359 .78  1.4  1. 7 PL  100 .1kN
8 4

Solution to #2

 (25) 2 pb 
0.85(21)0.85(600 )
 0.02161
As  7  3436 .1mm2
4 (600  415)415
A 3436 .1 Tension steel does
p s   0.024 pmax  0.75 pb  0.0162  p Not Yield at failure
bd 300 (480 )

0.85fc’ab = Asfs 0.85(21)300a=3436.1fs fs =1.56a EQ.1

 fs
s d c s 
 200000
0.003 c a
c
d
a 1
fs 1
 ( 1d  a )
(200000 )0.003 a fs  600
1 a
[(0.85)( 480 )  a ] 244800  600 a
fs  600 fs  EQ 2
a a

EQ. 1 = EQ.2

244800  600 a
1.56 a  1.56a 2  244800  600 a
a

a  156,923  384.6a
2 a 2  384.6a  156,923  0
a 2  384.6a  156,923  0

 384 .6  (384 .6) 2  4(156923 )

a  248 .04mm
2

244800  600 (248 .04)

fs   386 .94 MPa  f y
248 .04

a
M u  As f s (d  )
2
248 .04
0.9(3436 .1)386 .94(480  )
a
M u  As f s (d  )  2  425 .97 kN .m
2 (10) 6
 PL
3m

15 kN/m

WD L2
M u  1.4M D  1.7 M L  1.4  1.7 PL L
2
15(3) 2
425 .97  1.4  1.7 PL 3
2

PL  65kN
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS: BEAMS REINFORCED FOR TENSION &
COMPRESSION ( DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS )

Criteria for adding compression reinforcement : p > 0.75pb

b STRESS DIAGRAMS STRAIN DIAGRAM

0.85fc’ 0.003
As’ d’ a As’ d’
C1=0.85fc’ab C2=As’fs’ c εs’
c-d’
d
Mu d-a/2 d-d’ Mu2
Mu1
d-c
As As2
As1
T1=As1fy T2=As2fy εs

Compression is resisted by concrete Compression is resisted by As’

Compression reinforcement is provided to ensure ductile failure ( tension steel must
yield) thus the stress in tension steel must always be equal to fy. On the other hand
the stress in compression steel may be equal to or less than fy. This stress must
always be checked.

Maximum permissible tensile steel area – NSCP states that for members with
compression reinforcement, the portion of pb equalized by compression reinforcement
need not be multiplied by the 0.75 factor thus
,
f
As max  0.75 pb bd  As' s
fy
Stress in compression steel

From the strain diagram

 s' c  d'

0.003 c
'
f a
also  s'  s
and c
200000 1
600 ( a   1 )
d '

then f s' 
a
Other double reinforced beam formulas ( derived from stress diagrams)

Mu = Mu1 +Mu2
As = As1 + As2
C1 = T1
0.85fc’ab =As1fy
C2 = T2
As2 fy = As’fs’ if fs’ = fy As2 =As’

Mu1 =ФO.85fc’ab(d-a/2) Mu1 = ФAs1fy(d-a/2)

Mu2 =ФAs2fy(d-d’) Mu2 =ФAs’fs’(d-d’)

If fs’=fy
Mu2 =ФAs’fy(d-d’)
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS :DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Case 1 :Compression and Tension steel yields at failure
Given :b,d,d’,As,As’,fc’,fy
Req’d :Mu
1. Assume that compression steel yields at failure
fs’ = fy As’ = As2 As1 = As - As’
As1 f y
2. Solve for a a
0.85 fc ' b
600 ( a   d
1 )
'
3. Solve for fs’ s
f '

a
4. If fs’ ≥ fy
Mu1 = ФAs1fy(d-a/2)
Mu2 =ФAs’fy (d-d’)
Mu = Mu1 +Mu2
5. Check for yielding of tension steel
As max  0.75 pbbd  As' ≥ As
Problem#1:
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam
shown in figure. fc’= 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.

350 mm
2 of 28 mm
60 mm

600 mm

4 of 36 mm

Case 2 : Compression steel does not yield at failure

tension steel yields at failure
Given :b,d,d’,As,As’,fc’,fy
Req’d :Mu
 1. Assume that compression steel yields at failure
fs’ = fy As’ = As2 As1 = As - As2
2. Solve for a a  As1 f y
0.85 fc ' b
3. Solve for fs’ 600 ( a   d '
)
fs 
' 1

a
4. If fs’< fy
From the stress diagrams
∑F = 0 C1 + C2 = T1 + T2
0.85fc’ab + As’fs’ = As1fy + As2fy As1fy + As2fy = Asfy
0.85fc’ab + As’fs’ = Asfy EQ.A
600 (a   1 d ' )
fs 
' EQ.B
a
5.Using EQ. A and EQ. B solve for a and fs’
 6. Solve for Mu
Mu1 = Ф0.85fc’ab(d-a/2)
Mu2 =ФAs’fs’(d-d’)
Mu = Mu1 +Mu2
7. Check for yielding of tension steel
As max  0.75 pbbd  As' ≥ As
Problem#2:
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of
the beam shown in figure. fc’= 27.5 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.

350 mm
As’ = 775mm2 63 mm

600 mm

As =3625 mm2
Problem#1:
Determine the permissible ultimate moment capacity of the beam
shown in figure. fc’= 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.

350 mm
2 of 28 mm Solution to Problem #1
60 mm

600 mm
 (36) 2
As  4  4071 .5mm2
4 of 36 mm 4
 (28) 2
As '  2  1231 .5mm2
4
Assume that compression steel yields at failure

As1  As  As '  4071 .5  1231 .5  2840 mm2

 As1 f y 2840 (345)
a   159 .1mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(20.7)350

600(a  1d ' ) 600(159.1  [0.85(60)])

f 
s
'
  407.67 MPa  f y
a 159.1

Compression steel yields at failure

159 .1
2840 (345)(600  )
a
Mu1  As1 f y ( d  )  0.9 6
2  458 .94 kN .m
2 10
1231 .5(345)(600  60 )
Mu2  As ' f y (d  d ' )  0.9 6
 206 .48kN .m
10

Mu  Mu1  Mu 2  458 .94  206 .48  665 .42 kN .m

Solution to #2

As1  As  As '  3625  775  2850 mm2

As1 f y 2850 (345)
a   120 .18mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(27.5)350

600 (a  1d ' ) 600 (120 .18  [0.85(63)])

f 
s
'
  332 .65 MPa  f y
a 120 .18

Compression steel does not yields at failure

∑Fx =0 0.85fc’ab + As’fs’ = Asfy

0.85(27.5)350a + 775fs’ = 3625(345)
10.56a +fs’ = 1613.7
fs’ =1613.7 – 10.56 a EQ.1
 600 ( a   d
1 )
'
600 (a  [0.85(63)]) f s'  334 .7 MPa  f y
f s'  
a a
a
600 (a  53.55) Mu1  As1 f y (d  )
fs 
'
 EQ.2 2
a 121 .12
0.9(2850 )345)(600  )
Mu1  2
EQ.1  EQ.2 10 6
600 (a  53.55) Mu1  477 .36kN .m
1613 .7  10.56 a 
a Mu2  As ' fs ' (d  d ' )
1613 .7a  10.56a 2  600a  32130 0.9(775)334 .7(600  63)
Mu2 
10 6
10.56a 2  1013 .7a  32130  0 Mu2  125.36kN .m
a 2  96a  3042 .6  0 M u  Mu1  Mu2  602.72kN .m
96  (96) 2  4(3042 .6) pb 
0.85( 27.5)334 .7(600 )
 0.0365
a  121 .12mm (600  345)345
2
' fs '
600 (121 .12  53.55) As max  0 . 75 p b bd  A s  6500 . 6 mm 2

fs 
'
fy
121 .12
 T – BEAMS
Reinforced concrete floor systems, roof ,decks etc. are almost always
monolithic. Forms are built for beam soffits and sides and for the underside of
the slabs, and the entire construction is poured at once. Beam reinforcement and
stirrups extend up into the slab thus part of the slab will act with the upper part of
the beam to resist longitudinal compression. The resulting shape of the beam is
in the form of a T rather than rectangular. Figure below shows the stress and
strain diagrams of a T- beam.
Stress Diagrams Strain
bf
(bf –bw) Diagram
0.85fc’ bw
0.85fc’ 0.003
t Cf =0.85fc’(bf-bw) t
a Cw=0.85fc’abw c
d
Mu d-t/2 Muf d-a/2 Muw
As Asf Asw
Tf =Asffy Tw =Aswfy
εs
Compression is resisted by the Compression is resisted by the
bw overhanging flange Web
Where
bf = flange width bw = width of the web t = thickness of the slab
For yielding of tension steel
pw max  0.75( pb  p f )  pw
Where
0.85 fc '  1 600 As Asf
pb  pw  pf 
(600  f y ) f y bw d bw d
Code requirements of T- beams
1. In T-beam construction, the flange and the web shall be built
integrally or effectively bonded together
2. The width of the flange effective as a T- beam shall not exceed ¼ of
the span , and the effective overhanging flange on each side of the
web shall not exceed :
a) eight times the slab thickness
b) ½ the clear spacing to the next web
3. For beams with slab on one side only, the effective overhanging
flange shall not exceed :
a) 1/12 the span length of the beam
b) 6 times the slab thickness
c) ½ the clear distance to the next web
 bf’ bf

bw’ S3 bw S2 bw S1
For interior beam:
bf is the smallest of
1. bf = L/4
2. bf = bw + 16t
3. bf = S1 /2 + S2 /2 + bw
For End beams:
bf’ is the smallest of
4. bf’ = L/12 + bw’
5. bf’ = bw’ + 6t
6. bf’ = S3/2 + bw’
For Symmetrical interior beam (S1 =S2 = S3)
bf is the smallest of
7. bf = L/4
8. bf = bw + 16t
9. bf = center to center spacing of beams
T- BEAMS FORMULAS

 From the stress diagrams M u  M uf  M uw As  Asf  Asw

C f T f C w  Tw
Asf f y  0.85 fc' (b f  bw )t 0.85 fc ' abw  Asw fy
0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t Asw fy
a
Asf  0.85 fc ' bw
fy
t a
M uf   0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t (d  ) M uw   0.85 fc' abw (d  )
2 2
t a
M uf  Asf fy (d  ) M uw  Asw f y (d  )
2 2
The compression block of a T- beam can fall either within the flange
only or partly in the web. If it falls within the flange, the rectangular
beam formulas apply, if it falls partly on the web the beam should be
considered as a T- beam .
z NA bf
t z
NA

As As

Criterion for selection of analysis:

0.85fc’bfz = Asfy
As f y
z
0.85 fc ' b f
if z < t wide rectangular beam
if z > t T-beam
Flexural analysis of T- beams ( z > t)

 Given: bw,t,As,d,center to center spacing of beams

(assuming symmetrical interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: MU
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1
2. Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam
As f y
z
0.85 fc ' b f
 z>t 0.85 fc' (b f  bw )t
3. Solve for Asf Asf 
fy
4. Check for yielding of tension steel

pw 
As 0.85 fc ' 1 600
pb 
bw d (600  f y ) f y
Asf
pf  pw max  0.75( pb  p f )  pw
bwd

5. Solve for Muf

t
M uf   0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t (d  )
2
t
M uf  Asf fy (d  )
2
6. Solve for Asw Asw  As  Asf
7. Solve for a As f y
a
0.85 fc ' bw
8. Solve for Muw a
M uw   0.85 fc' abw (d  )
2
a
M uw  Asw f y (d  )
2
9. Solve for Mu
M u  M uf  M uw
Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam spaced at 2.0 m on centers has a
span of 3.0 m with a slab thickness of 100 mm. The effective depth
is 750 mm and the width of the web is 350 mm. The beam is
reinforced with steel of area 5200 mm2. If fc’ = 20.7 MPa and
fy= 345 MPa, calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
Solution
Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4 = 3000/4 = 750 mm
bf = bw + 16t = 350+16(100) = 1950 mm
bf = center to center spacing of beams = 2000 mm
Use bf = 750 mm
Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam
As f y 5200 (345)
z   135.94mm  100 mm
0.85 fc' b f 0.85(20.7)(750)
Analyze as T - beam
 0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t 0.85(20.7)(750  350 )100
Asf    2040 mm2
fy 345

As 5200
pw    0.0198
bw d 350 (750 )
Asf
2040
pf    0.0078
b w d 350 (750 )
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 20.7)0.85(600 )
pb    0.0275
(600  f y ) f y (600  345)345
pw max  0.75( pb  p f )
pw max  0.75(0.0275  0.0078 )  0.02649  pw
tension steel yields at failure
 100
0.9(2040 )345(750  )
t
M uf  Asf fy (d  )  2
2 10 6
M uf  443.39kN .m

Asw  As  Asf  5200  2040  3160 mm2

Asw f y 3160 (345)
a   177 .03mm  100 mm
0.85 fc ' bw 0.85(20.7)350
177 .03
0.9(3160 )345(750  )
a
M uw  Asw f y (d  )  6
2  649 .03kN .m
2 10
M u  M uf  M uw  443.39  649.03  1092.42kN .m
Flexural analysis of T- beams ( z < t)
Given: bw,t,As,d,center to center spacing of beams(assuming
symmetrical interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: MU
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1

2. Determine if it is to be analyzed as T- beam

As f y
z
0.85 fc ' b f
z<t
z=a
3. Solve for MU
z
M u  As f y (d  )
2
4. Check for yielding of tension steel

As 0.85 fc ' 1 600

p pb 
bd (600  f y ) f y
p max  0.75 pb  p
Problem :
A reinforced concrete T- beam has an effective flange width of
1500 mm span, slab thickness of 100 mm, effective depth of 600
mm and the width of the web is 250 mm. The beam is reinforced
with steel of area 4500 mm2. If fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy= 345 MPa,
calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
 solution

As f y 4500 (345)
z   58.8mm  100 mm
0.85 fc' b f 0.85(20.7)(1500 )
Analyze as wide rectangular beam
58.8
0.9(4500 )345(600  )
z 2  797 .3kN .m
M u  As f y (d  )  6
2 10
As 4500
p   0.005
bd 1500 (600 )
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 20.7)0.85(600 )
pb    0.0275
(600  f y ) f y (600  345)345

p max  0.75 pb  0.0206  p

tension steel yields at failure
Plate #2 Doubly Reinforced beams

1. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective

depth to bottom bars of 450 mm. The beam is reinforced with six
32 mm bars and two 28 mm top bars located 65 mm from the top
of the beam. If fc’=34.5 MPa, fy =345 MPa, calculate the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.

2. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in figure.

fc’=34.5 MPa, fy = 415 MPa.
400 mm
As’ = 1850mm2 80 mm

700 mm

As =4820 mm2
Non- Rectangular Beams
To deal with these beams, the code requirements and principles
of rectangular beams are applied. Stress and strain diagrams plays
an important role in establishing the formulas that will analyze these
beams.

Problem

Compute the ultimate moment capacity

375 mm
Of the beam shown in figure. Assume
fc’=21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa
3 of 16 mm
75 mm

375 mm
 Stress diagram Strain Diagram
0.003

a c
Ac C=0.85fc’Ac
375 mm
x
375 - 2a/3 375 - c
3 of 16 mm
75 mm T=Asfy
s

375 mm

Solution
3 (16) 2
As   603 .2mm2
4
Assume that steel yields at failure( subject to checking)
C=T 0.85fc’Ac=Asfy 0.85(21)Ac =603.2(345) Ac =11,658.48 mm2
 By similar triangles

x 375
 x  0.833a  EQ.1
a 450
1 1 a  167.3mm
Ac  ax 11658 .48  a(0.833a)
2 2
a 167 .3
c   196 .82 mm
1 0.85
From the strain diagram

s 375  c fs
 s 
0.003 c 200000
fs 375  196 .82

(200000 )0.003 196 .82
f s  543.18MPa  f y tension steel yields at failure
[2]167 .3
0.9(603 .2)345(375  )
2a 3
M u  Asf fy (375  )   49.34kN .m
3 10 6
Problem

Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in

figure. Assume fc’=20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa

400 mm

3 of 16 mm
75 mm

400 mm
 Stress diagram Strain Diagram
0.003

a c
Ac C=0.85fc’Ac
400 mm
x
400 - 2a/3 400 - c
3 of 16 mm
75 mm T=Asfy
s

400 mm

Solution
3 (16) 2
As   603 .2mm2
4
Assume that steel yields at failure( subject to checking)
C=T 0.85fc’Ac=Asfy 0.85(20.7)Ac =603.2(345) Ac =11,829.8 mm2
 By similar triangles

x 400
 x  0.842 a  EQ.1
a 475
1 1 a  167.63mm
Ac  ax 11829 .8  a(0.842 a)
2 2
a 167.63
c   197.21mm
1 0.85
From the strain diagram

s 375  c fs
 s 
0.003 c 200000
fs 400  197 .21

(200000 )0.003 197 .21
f s  616.98MPa  f y tension steel yields at failure
[2]167 .63
0.9(603 .2)345(400  )
2a 3
M u  Asf fy (400  )   53.98kN .m
3 10 6
Beam Deflections
Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive
analysis,immediate deflection shall be computed with the
modulus of elasticity of concrete and with an effective moment
of inertia as follows, but not greater than Ig .

 M cr 
3
 M  3


I e    I g  1   
cr
 I cr
 Ma    M a  
Where fr I g f r  0.7
M cr  fc '
yt fc’ in MPa
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete
Ma = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal
axis, neglecting reinforcement.
Icr = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross cross section , neglecting
reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension
TRANSFORMED SECTION
b b
n = modular ratio
x
Es
d n
d-x Ec
As nAs

To Locate nuetral axis:

Moment of area of Moment of area of
concrete about NA = steel about NA
x2
b  nAs (d  x)
2
 To determine Icr
bx3
I cr   nAs (d  x) 2
3
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section
neglecting reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension.

Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,

additional long term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of
flexural members shall be determined by multiplying the immediate
deflection caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor



1  50 p '
where p’ shall be the value of reinforcement ratio for non prestress
compression reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans,
and at support for cantilever. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent
factor ξ for sustained load to be equal to
 5 years or more ………………………….. 2
12 months ………………………….. 1.4
6 months ………………………….. 1.2
3 months ………………………….. 1.0

Problem:
A concrete beam 6 m long is 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep and
carries a dead load of 9 kN/m and live load of 12 kN/m. The beam
is reinforced for tension only with four 25 mm bars with an effective
depth to tension bars of 530 mm. fc’ = 20.7 MPa , fy = 345 MPa ,
fr = 2.832 MPa, Ec = 20,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa.
Covering of bars is 70 mm.
a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to dead load
and live load.
b) Calculate the deflection due to the same loads after five years
assuming that 30% of the live load is sustained.
 Gross moment of inertia

bh3 300 (600 )3

Ig    5400 x10 6 mm4
12 12

fr I g 2.832 (5400 )10 6

M cr    50.97 x10 6 N .mm
yt 300
M cr  50.97 kN .m
Transformed section

b=300 b
Es 200000
x n   10
Ec 20000
d=530
530-x 4 ( 25) 2
As   1963 .2mm2
As nAs 4
x2
b  nAs (d  x)
2
 x2 x2
b  nAs (d  x) 300  10(1963 .5)(530  x)
2 2
x 2  69377  130.9 x x 2  130.9 x  69377  0

 130 .9  (130 .9) 2  4(69377 )

x  205 .96mm
2
bx3 300 (205 .96) 3
I cr   nAs (d  x) 
2
 10(1963 .5)(530  205 .96) 2
3 3

I cr  2,935.38 x106 mm4

WT L2 (12  9)(6) 2
a) Ma    94.5kN .m
8 8
Effective moment of inertia

 M cr   M 
3 3

 
Ie    I g  1  cr
  I cr
 Ma    M a  
 50.97 
3
  50.97  
3

Ie   5400 x10  1  
6
  2935 . 38 x10 6

 94.5    94.5  
I e  3,322.1x106 mm4

a) Instantaneous deflection

5WT L4 5(21)(6000 ) 4
  6
 3.44mm
384 Ec I e 384(20000 )3322 .1(10)
a) Long term deflection

Since only 30% l of the live load is sustained

WT  12  0.3(9)  14.7kN / m
5WT L4 5(14.7)(6000 ) 4
 '  6
 2.41mm
384 Ec I e 384 (20000 )3322 .1(10)
 2
  2
1  50 p ' 1  50(0)

Long term deflection

 L     '  3.44  2(2.41)  8.26 mm

 Design for Flexure : Beams Reinforced for tension

Derivation of designing formulas

Stress Diagram Strain Diagram
b
0.85fc’ 0.003
Compression
Zone a C = 0.85fc’ab
c
d
d-a/2 Mu

T = Asfy fy
s 
Es

a
M u  As f y ( d  )  EQ.1 a
As f y
 EQ.2
2 0.85 fc ' b
 EQ.2 in EQ.1

As f y
M u  As f y ( d  )
2[0.85 fc ' b]

As f y As f y d
Mu   bd ( d  )
bd 2[0.85 fc ' b]d

As As fy
Mu   bdf y ( d  d)
bd bd 2[(0.85 fc ' ]

As fy
Let p and m
bd 0.85 fc '
 pm
M u  pbdfy (d  d)
2
pm
M u  bd pf y (1 
2
)
2
pm
Let Ru  pf y (1  ) Coeffecient of resistance
2

M u  bd Ru 2
For proportioning of section

pm
Ru  pf y (1  )
2
p 2m
Ru  pf y 1  fy
2
 p 2m 2
{Ru  pf y 1  f y}
2 mfy
2 2p
Ru   p2
mf y m

2p 2
p 
2
 Ru  0
m mf y

2 2 2 2 Ru
 ( ) 4
m m mf y
p
2
 2 2 2 2mRu 2 2 2 2mRu
 ( ) 4 2  ( ) [1  ]
m m m fy m m fy
p p
2 2

2 2 2mRu 2 2mRu
 1 [1  1  ]
m m fy m fy
p p
2 2

1 2mRu
p  (1  1  ) Actual tensile steel ratio
m fy
NSCP COEFFECIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS

NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate moments
and shear are permitted for design of continuous beams and one way slabs
provided that :
There are two or more spans

Spans are approximately equal,with the large of two adjacent spans not greater
than the shorter by more than 20 %

Loads are uniformly distributed

Unit live load does not exceed three times the unit dead load

The members are prismatic

Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained WULn2/11
Discontinuous end integral with support WULn2/14
Interior spans W ULn2/16
Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support
Two spans W ULn2/9
More than two spans WULn2/10

Negative moment at other faces of interior supports WULn2/11

Negative moment at face of all supports for

Slabs with span not exceeding 3 m; and beams
where ratio of column stiffness to beam stiffness
exceeds eight at each end of the span WULn2/12

Negative moment at interior face of exterior supports

for members built integrally with supports
Where support is a spandrel beam WULn2/24
Where support is a column WULn2/16

Shear in end members at face of first interior support 1.15WULn/2

Shear at face of all other supports WULn/2

Where Ln = the clear span for positive moment or shear and average of
adjacent clear spans for negative moments.
 column column

L1 L2

Shear
1.15 wL2
wL1
2
2
2 1.15 wLn wL22
wL 1
2 11
14
Moment

 wL12
 wL2n
16 L1  L2
9 Ln 
2
Shear and moment for continuous beams or slab with two spans
discontinuous edge integral with support,discontinous end unrestrained
 column column column
L1 L2 L3
Spandrel beam
Shear

wL1 wL3
2 2
2
1.15 wLn 1.15 wLn wL3
wL12 wL22
2 2 14
14 16
Moment

 wL12  wL2n  wL23

 wL 2
n
16 10 24
10
L  L2 L  L3
Ln  1 Ln  2
2 2
Shear and moment for continuous beams or slab with more than
two spans and discontinuous end integral with support
 column column
L1 L2 L3

Shear

wL1 wL3
2 2
2
1.15 wLn 1.15 wLn wL3
wL12 wL22
2 2 11
11 16
Moment

 wL2  wL2n
n
10 10
L  L2 L  L3
Ln  1 Ln  2
2 2
Shear and moment for continuous beams or slab with more than
two spans and discontinuous end unrestrained
 Case 1 : Design for balanced strain condition with given dimensions
Given : b,d, fc’ and fy
Required : Steel area that would produce balance strain condition
General Procedure:
1. Solve for pb
0.85 fc ' 1 600
pb 
(600  f y ) f y

2. Solve for Asb Asb = pbbd

Problem:
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300 mm wide has an effective
depth of 460 mm and is reinforced for tension only. If fc’=20 MPa,
fy = 300 MPa, determine the balance steel area in mm2.
Solution
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 20)0.85(600 )
pb    0.032
(600  f y ) f y (600  300 )300
Asb = pbbd=0.032(300)460 = 4416 mm2
Case 2 : Design of cross section and reinforcement from given loads
and type of beam dimensions
Given : fc’ , fy, Loads, type of beam, Wc
Required : cross section dimension ,size and number of steel bars
General Procedure:
1.Assume the weight of the beam ( DL) as 20 to 25% of (DL + LL). add
this to the given dead load.
2.By any available method, determine designing moment Mu.
3.Assume a value of steel ratio p ( 0.3pb to 0.6pb but not less than pmin).
This will provide enough allowance for the rounding off of values of
number of bars to be used.
4.Solve for the following design constants :
fy pm
m Ru  pf y (1  )
0.85 fc ' 2
Mu
5. Solve for bd2 bd 
2

Ru
6. Try a ratio of d/b ( from d= b to d = 2b ) , then solve for b
and d. Alternatively b may be assumed until a reasonable value of d is
attained. Provide concrete cover to get total thickness. Check for
minimum depth if required.

7. Compute actual weight ( W = bDWc) and compare with assume

Weight. 1 2mRu
8. Solve for actual p p  m (1  1  f )
y
9.Solve for As: As = pbd
10.Solve for the number of bars by dividing As by the area of one bar
to be used. Round off this number to the next integer.
Problems :
Design a rectangular beam for a 6 m simple span to support a uniform
dead load of 15 kN/m and uniform live load of 24 kN/m applied along it’s
entire length. fc’=20 MPa, fy = 350 MPa,Wc=23.5 kN/m3.

Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to support a

service dead load moment of 85 kN.m ( including its weight) and service
live load moment of 102 kN.m. Use p =0.6pb, d/b = 1.75 , fc’=28 MPa,
fy = 276 MPa.
 Problems :
Design a rectangular beam for a 6 m simple span to support a uniform
dead load of 15 kN/m and uniform live load of 24 kN/m applied along it’s
entire length. fc’=20 MPa, fy = 350 MPa,Wc=23.5 kN/m3
wB  0.20(24  15)  7.8
WD  15  7.8  22.8kN / m
2 2
22.8(6) 24(6)
M u  1 .4  1.7  327 .4kN .m
8 8
0.85(20)0.85(600 )
p  0.4 pb  0.4  0.0104
(600  350 )350
fy 350
m   20.59
0.85 fc ' 0.85(20)
pm 0.0104 (20.59)
Ru  pf y (1  )  0.0104 (350 )[1  ]  3.25
2 2
 Mu
bd  2

Ru
Mu 327 .24(10) 6
d   570 mm
Ru b 0.9(3.25)350
Trial section 350 mm x 570mm effective depth, total depth 650 mm

Actual weight

wB  0.35(0.65)23.5  5.35kN / m  7.8kN / m

6
Mu 327 .24(10)
Ru    3.2
bd 2
0.9(350 )(570 ) 2
 1 2mRu
p  (1  1  )
m fy
1 2( 20.59)(3.2)
p (1  1  )  0.102
20.59 350
As  pbd  0.0102 (350 )570  2035 mm2
try 20 mmbars
2035
N 2
7
( 20)

4
 Plate # 3 Design of beams reinforced for tension

Problems :
Design a rectangular beam for a 5 m simple span to support a uniform
dead load of 12 kN/m and uniform live load of 20 kN/m applied along it’s
entire length. fc’=20 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,Wc=23.5 kN/m3.

Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to support a

service dead load moment of 65 kN.m ( including its weight) and service
live load moment of 80 kN.m. Use p =0.45pb, d/b = 1.5 , fc’=20 MPa,
fy = 300 MPa.

A reinforced concrete T- beam spaced at 3.0 m on centers has a

span of 4.0 m with a slab thickness of 75 mm. The effective depth
is 750 mm and the width of the web is 300 mm. The beam is
reinforced with steel of area 4200 mm2. If fc’ = 20.7 MPa and
fy= 345 MPa, calculate the ultimate moment capacity.
Case 3 : Design of reinforcement of a beam with given moment and
cross sectional dimension
Given : b,d, Mu ,fc’ , fy,
Required : Number of steel bars
General Procedure :
1. Solve for Ru and m
Mu fy
Ru  m
bd 2 0.85 fc '

2. Solve for p

1 2mRu
p (1  1 )
m fy
3. Check for yielding of tension steel and pmin if required.
4. Solve for As : As = pbd
Problem :
Determine the required tension steel area for a rectangular beam with
b =250 mm, d =330mm, fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. The beam is
required to support a factored moment of 110 kN.m.

Solution
Note :
6
Mu 110 (10) If p > 0.006 no need to
Ru    4.49 check for pmin
bd 2
0.90(250 )(330 ) 2
p < 0.02 no need to
check for pmax
fy 414
m   23.53
0.85 fc ' 0.85(20.7) As = pbd
As = 0.01276(250)330
1 2mRu As = 1052.7 mm2
p (1  1 )
m fy
1 2( 23 .53) 4.49
p (1  1 )  0.01276
23.53 414
DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAM
In the design of continuous beam, the cross section is determined
by the maximum moment obtained by any structural analysis
method or by its equivalent NSCP coefficients.
The reinforcements are designed from the moment obtained at the
different sections of maximum positive and negative moments.

Problem:
Figure shows a continuous beam of three spans with the left and right
ends discontinuous and integral with the support . Design the section
and reinforcements at critical sections using the given service uniform
loading. Given dead loads includes the weight of the beam. fc’= 28
MPa, fy =350 MPa . Use NSCP coefficients to determine the moments.
 DL = 12 kN/m DL = 15 kN/m DL = 20 kN/m
LL =16 kN/m LL = 18 kN/m LL = 24 kN/m

4m 5m 6m

A B C D E F G

Factored loads
W1 = 1.4(12)+1.7(16)= 44 W2=1.4(15)+1.7(18)= 51.6 W3 = 1.4(20)+1.7(24)=68.8

Design moments by NSCP coeffecients

 w1 L12  44(4) 2
MA    44 kN .m
16 16
w1 L12 44(4) 2
MB    50.28kN .m
14 14
 45 2
 51.6( )
 w2 L2n1 2
MC    104 .49kN .m
10 10

w2 L22 51.6(5) 2
MD    80.63kN .m
16 16
65 2
 68.8( )
 w3 L2n 2 2
ME    208 .12 kN .m
10 10

w3 L23 68.8(6) 2
MF    176 .91kN .m
14 14

 w3 L23  68.8(6) 2
MG    157 .9kN .m
16 16
Proportioning of uniform beam size
Note: use the biggest computed design Moment Mu =208.12 kN.m

0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 28)0.85(600 )

pb    0.0365
(600  f y ) f y (600  350 )350

p  0.5 pb  (0.5)0.0365  0.01825

fy 350
m   14.71
0.85 fc ' 0.85(28)
pm
Ru  pf y (1  )
2
0.01825 (14.71)
Ru  0.01825 (350 )(1  )  5.53MPa
2
 Try b = 250 mm

Mu 208.12(10) 6
d   410 mm
Ru b 0.9(5.53)( 250)
1 .4 1 .4
pmin    0.004
fy 350

Section A M u  44kN .m

Mu 44(10) 6
Ru    1.16
bd 2
0.9( 250 )( 410 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(1.16)14.71
p  (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.0034
m fy 14.71 350
 Use p = 0.004

As  pbd  0.004(250)410  410mm2

Try 20 mm bars

410 ( 4)
N   2 pcs Top bars
 (20) 2

Section B M u  50.28kN .m

Mu 50.28(10) 6
Ru    1.32
bd 2
0.9(250 )( 410 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(1.32)14.71
p (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.0034
m fy 14.71 350
 Use p = 0.004

As  pbd  0.004(250)410  410mm2

Try 20 mm bars

410 (4)
N  2 pcs bottom bars
 (20) 2

Section C M u  104.49kN .m

Mu 104 .49(10) 6
Ru    2.74
bd 2
0.9(250 )( 410 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(2.74)14.71
p (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.00834
m fy 14.71 350
 As  pbd  0.00834 (250)410  854.86mm2
Try 20 mm bars

854 .86( 4)
N  3 pcs top bars
 (20) 2

Section D M u  80.63kN .m

Mu 80.63(10) 6
Ru    2.11
bd 2
0.9( 250 )( 410 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(2.11)14.71
p  (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.00632
m fy 14.71 350
 As  pbd  0.00632 (250)410  648.06mm2
Try 20 mm bars

648 .06( 4)
N  3 pcs bottom bars
 ( 20) 2

Section E M u  208.12kN .m

Mu 208 .12(10) 6
Ru    5.44
bd 0.9(250 )( 410 )
2 2

1 2mRu 1 2(5.44)14.71
p  (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.018
m fy 14.71 350
 As  pbd  0.018(250)410  1845mm2
Try 20 mm bars

1845 (4)
N  6 pcs Top bars
 (20) 2

Section F M u  176.91kN .m

Mu 176 .91(10) 6
Ru    4.62
bd 2
0.9(250 )( 410 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(4.62)14.71
p  (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.0148
m fy 14.71 350
 As  pbd  0.0148(250)410  1517 mm2
Try 20 mm bars

1517 (4)
N  5 pcs bottom bars
 (20) 2

Section G M u  157.9kN .m

Mu 157 .9(10) 6
Ru    4.12
bd 2
0.9(250 )( 410 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(4.12)14.71
p  (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.013
m fy 14.71 350
 As  pbd  0.013(250)410  1332.5mm2
Try 20 mm bars

1332 .5(4)
N  5 pcs top bars
 (20) 2

Gross moment of inertia using 100 mm covering

bh3 300 (600 )3

Ig    5400 x10 6 mm4
12 12

fr I g 3.1(5400 )10 6
M cr    55.79 x10 6 N .mm
yt 300
Placement of bars

Requirement
2 of 20
3 of 20 6 of 20 5 of 20
2 of 20 3 of 20 5 of 20

A B C D E F G

Layout
2 of 20 3 of 20 3 of 20
1 of 20 1 of 20 3 of 20 3 of 20 2 of 20
2 of 20 2 of 20 2 of 20

A B C D E F G
Section at A and B Section at C Section at D
250 mm 250 mm 250 mm

500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

Section at E Section at F Section at G

250 mm 250 mm 250 mm

500 mm 500 mm 500 mm

Plate # 4: Design of continuous beams

DL = 9 kN/m DL = 12 kN/m DL = 15kN/m

LL =12 kN/m LL = 14 kN/m LL = 18 kN/m

3.6 m 4.0 m 4.5 m

Problem
Design the uniform size and reinforcements at critical section of
the continuous beam shown above. fc’= 20 MPa, fy = 300 MPa.
Given dead loads includes the weight of the beam.
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE :DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS
Given :b,d,d’, Mu ,fc’,fy
Req’d : As, As’
General Procedure
1. Solve for Ru
Mu
Ru 
bd 2
2. Solve for p
1 2mRu
p  (1  1  )
m fy
3. Check if the beam needs compression reinforcement
0.85 fc ' 1 600
pb  pmax  0.75 pb
(600  f y ) f y
if p > pmax then compression reinforcement is necessary
4. Solve for As1 9. Solve for fs’
As1  p maxbd 600 (a  1 d ' )
f 
s
'

a
5. Solve for a
As1 f y Case 1
a If fs’ ≥ fy then fs’ = fy
0.85 fc ' b ( compression steel yields at failure)
6. Solve for Mu1
a Case 2
As'  As 2
M u1  As1 f y (d  ) If fs’ < fy then use fs’
2 ( compression steel does not yield at failure)
7. Solve for Mu2

M u 2  M u  M u1 As 2 f y
A '
s '
8. Solve for As2 f s
10. Solve for As
M u2
As 2 
f y (d  d ' ) As  As1  As 2
 Problem:
Design the reinforcement of a rectangular beam to carry a factored
moment of 272 kN.m. The beam width is 250 mm,effective depth
400mm. Use fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa, d’ =60 mm.

Solution
Mu 272 (10) 6
Ru    7.55
bd 2
0.9( 250 )( 400 ) 2

fy 345
m   19.61
0.85 fc ' 0.85( 20.7)
1 2(19.61)7.55
p (1  1  )  0.0317
19.61 345
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85(20.7)0.85(600 )
pb    0.0275
(600  f y ) f y (600  345)345
pmax  0.75(0.0275)  0.0206
p > pmax compression reinforcement is necessary
 As1  pmaxbd  0.0206 (250)400  2060 mm2
As1 f y 2060 (345)
a   161 .57 mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(20.7)250
161.57
0.9(2060 )345(400  )
a 2
M u1  As1 f y (d  )  6
 204 .18kN .m
2 10
M u 2  M u  M u1  272  204.18  67.82kN .m
Mu2 67.82(10) 6
As 2    642.42mm2
f y (d  d ' ) 0.9(345)(400  60)
Compression
600 (a  1d ' ) 600 (161 .57  [0.85(60)]) Steel yields
f 
s
'
  410 .6MPa at failure
a 161 .57

As'  As 2  642.42mm2 As  As1  As 2  2060  642.42  2702 .42mm2

Plate # 5 :
DESIGN FOR FLEXURE :DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

Design the reinforcement of a rectangular beam to resist a dead load

moment of 200 kN.m(including its own weight) and a live load
moment of 300 kN.m . The beam is limited in size to 350 mm by
600mm overall depth. Steel covering ( from centroid of bars to
outermost fiber is 100 mm for both tension and compression
reinforcement. Use fc’ = 27.5 MPa, fy = 414 MPa
DESIGN FOR BENDING : T-BEAMS (z > t)

Given: bw,t,Mu,d,center to center spacing of beams(assuming symmetrical

interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: As
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1
2. Solve for Asf
0.85 fc' (b f  bw )t
Asf 
fy
3. Solve for Muf
t
M uf  Asf fy (d  )
2
If Mu > Muf then design as T- beam
4. Solve for Muw M uw  M u  M uf
5. Solve for a
a
M uw   0.85 fc ' abw (d  )
2
6. Solve for Asw
0.85 fc ' abw
Asw 
fy
7. Solve for As
As  Asf  Asw
8. Check for yielding of tension steel

pw 
As 0.85 fc ' 1 600
pb 
bw d (600  f y ) f y
Asf
pf  pw max  0.75( pb  p f )  pw
bwd
Design the reinforcement of a T- beam to resist a factored moment of
750 kN.m. Properties of the T- beam are as follows : bf = 550 mm,
bw = 300 mm, d = 600 mm, t = 110 mm, fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.

solution

0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t 0.85(20.7)(550  300 )110

Asf    1402 .5mm2
fy 345
110
0.9(1402 .5)345(600  )
t
M uf  Asf fy (d  )  2  237 .33kN .m
2 10 6
Mu > Muf design as T- beam

M uw  M u  M uf  750  237.33  512.67 kN .m

 a
M uw   0.85 fc ' abw (d  )
2
a
512 .67 (10) 6  (0.9)0.85(20.7)300 a(600  )
a2 2
107915 .8  600 a 
2
a 2  1200 a  215831 .6  0
1200  (1200 ) 2  4(215831 .6)
a  220 .3mm  110 mm
2

0.85 fc ' abw 0.85( 20.7) 220 .3(300 )

Asw    3370 .6mm2
fy 345

As  Asf  Asw  1402 .5  3370 .6  4773 .1mm2

Check for yielding of tension steel

As 4773 .1
pw    0.0265
bw d 300 (600 )
Asf 1402 .5
pf    0.008
b w d 300 (600 )
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85(20.7)0.85(600 )
pb    0.0275
(600  f y ) f y (600  345)345

pw max  0.75( pb  p f )  0.75(0.0275  0.008)  0.0266  pw

Tension steel yields at failure

DESIGN FOR BENDING : T-BEAMS (z < t)

Given: bw,t,Mu,d,center to center spacing of beams(assuming symmetrical

interior beam), L, fc’,fy
Required: As
1. Determine the effective flange width bf
bf = L/4
bf = bw + 16t
bf = center to center spacing of beams
Use the smallest value of bf
Note: if bf is given omit step 1
2. Solve for Asf
0.85 fc' (b f  bw )t
Asf 
fy
3. Solve for Muf
t
M uf  Asf fy (d  )
2

If Mu < Muf then z < t ,design as wide rectangular beam

4. Solve for a
a
M u   0.85 fc ' ab f (d  )
2
0.85 fc ' b f a
5. Solve for As As 
fy
6. Check for yielding of tension steel
As 0.85 fc' 1 600
p pb  pmax  0.75 pb  p
bf d (600  f y ) f y
Problem :
A reinforced concrete T-beam with bf = 810 mm, d = 300 mm,
bw = 200 mm , t = 100 mm, fc’=20.7 MPa, fy = 414 MPa is to be
designed to carry an ultimate moment of 221 kN.m Determine the
required steel area.
solution

0.85 fc ' (b f  bw )t 0.85(20.7)(810  200 )100

Asf    2683 .2mm2
fy 414
100
0.9(2683 .2)414 (300  )
t
M uf  Asf fy (d  )  2  249 .9kN .m
2 10 6

Design as wide rectangular beam

a
M u   0.85 fc ' ab f (d  )
2
 221(10)  0.90.85(20.7)810 a(300  )
6 a
2 2
a
17229 .6  300 a 
2
a  600a  34459 .2  0
2

600  (600) 2  4(34459 .2)

a  64.33mm
2
0.85 fc' b f a 0.85(20.7)(810)64.33
As    2214 .5mm2
fy 414
As 2214 .5 0.85(20.7)0.85600 
p   0.0091 pb   0.0213
b f d 810 (300 ) (600  414 )414

pmax  0.75(0.0213)  0.016  0.0091 Tension steel yields at failure

Plate # 6: Flexural design of T-beams

A reinforced concrete T-beam with d = 550 mm, bw = 300 mm , slab

thickness =100 mm is 4.8 m long and spaced 3 m on centers. The beam
support a service dead load moment of 400 kN.m (including its weight) and
service live load moment of 500 kN.m. If fc’=27.5 MPa, fy = 414 MPa ,
determine the required steel area.

Design the reinforcement of a T- beam to support a uniform service

dead load of 25 kN/m and service live load of 30 kN/m on a simple span
of 8 m . Properties of the T- beam are as follows : bf = 1500 mm,
bw = 250 mm, d = 600 mm, t = 100 mm, fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
 ONE WAY SLAB

Reinforced concrete slab are large flat plates that are supported at its
sides by reinforced concrete beams, walls, column, steel beams or by
the ground. If the slabs are supported on opposite sides only they are
called one way slab since bending will occur on one direction only.
A one way slab is considered as a wide & shallow rectangular beam.
Reinforcing steel is usually spaced uniformly over its width. One way
slabs are analyzed by considering a one meter strip, which is assumed
independent of the adjacent strips.

Maximum spacing of reinforcement

Flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 3 times
the slab thickness nor 450 mm.

Minimum size of flexural reinforcement = 12 mm

Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement

The area of shrinkage reinforcement shall be

where Grade 275 deformed bars are used… 0.002bt

where Grade 415 deformed bars are used… 0.0018bt

where reinforcement with fy > 415 MPa measured

at yield strain of 0.35% are used …. 0.0018(400)bt/fy
Shrinkage reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart than 5
times the slab thickness nor 450 mm.

Minimum size of shrinkage and temperature bars = 10 mm

Design of one way slab
Given: Loads, type of slab, fc’,fy,Wc
Req’d: t, size and spacing of main bars and
temperature bars

General Procedure

1. Determine the minimum slab thickness t using table for minimum

thickness of non prestressed beams and one way slab. This
thickness should be at least 75 mm
2. Compute the weight of the slab ( this is to be added to the given
dead load)
3. Calculate the design moment Mu
4. Compute the effective depth d
d = t – covering – ½ bar diameter ( minimum of 12 mm)

5. Compute design constants

Mu fy 1 2mRu
Ru  m p  (1  1  )
bd 2 0.85 fc ' m fy
 p > pmin
5. Solve for As
As = pbd A1
6. Solve for the spacing of bars S  1000
As
where : A1 = area of 1 bar
Use the smallest of the following
a)S b)3t c) 450 mm

7. Solve for area of temperature bars

At = 0.002bt , At = 0.0018bt, At =0.0018(400)bt/fy
A1
8. Solve for the spacing of temperature bars St  1000
At

where : A1 = area of 1 temperature bar ( minimum of 10mm dia.)

Use the smallest of the following
a) St b) 5t c)450 mm
Problem:
Design a one way slab having a simple span of 3.0 m. The slab is to
carry a uniform dead load of 2.5 KPa and uniform live load of 4.2 kPa.
fc’ = 27.6 MPa , fy = 276 MPa for main bars and temperature bars.
Concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3
Solution
Slab thickness
L fy
t ( 0 .4  )
20 700
3000 276
t (0.4  )  120 mm  75mm
20 700

Weight of Slab (assuming 1 m wide strip)

Ws  23.5(1)0.12  2.82kN / m
Total dead load
WD  2.5  2.82  5.32 kN / m
Factored uniform load
Wu  1.4WD  1.7WL  1.4(5.32)  1.7(4.2)  14.59kN / m

Design Moment
L2 14.59(3) 2
M u  Wu   16.41kN .m
8 8

Effective depth assuming 12 mm bar

1 12
d  t  20    120  20   94 mm
2 2
Mu 14.59(10) 6
Ru    1.8346 MPa
bd 2
0.9(1000 )(94) 2

fy 276
m   11.76
0.85 fc ' 0.85(27.6)
 1 2(11.76)(1.8346 )
p (1  1  )  0.00693
11.76 276
1 .4 1 .4
pmin    0.00507
f y 276

As  pbd  0.00693(1000)94  651.42mm2

Using 12 mm bars
 (12) 2
A1 4 (1000 )  173 .6 say170 mm  3t  360 mm
S 1000 
As 651 .42
Temperature bars
At  0.002bt  0.002(1000 )120  240mm2
Using 10 mm bars
 (10) 2
A1 4 (1000 )  327 say320 mm  5t  600 mm
S t  1000 
At 240
10 mm temp bars @ 320 mm o.c
12 mm main bars @ 170 mm o.c

120 mm
Problem:
Design a 4 m long one way slab with one end discontinuous as shown in
the figure . The slab is to carry a uniform dead load of 3.6 KPa
and uniform live load of 4.0 kPa. fc’ = 20.7 MPa , fy = 415 MPa for
main bars and fy = 276 MPa for temperature bars.
Concrete weighs 22.56 kN/m3.
column column column
4m 4m

C B A

L 4000
t   166 .67 say170 mm
24 24
 Weight of Slab (assuming 1 m wide strip)
Ws  22.56(1)0.17  3.83kN / m
Total dead load
WD  3.6  3.83  7.43kN / m
Factored uniform load
Wu  1.4WD  1.7WL  1.4(7.43)  1.7(4.0)  17.2kN / m
Effective depth assuming 12 mm bar
1 12
d  t  20    170  20   144 mm
2 2
Design Moments
L2 17.2(4) 2 17.2(10) 6
M A  Wu   17.2kN .m Ru  2
 0.92 MPa
16 16 0.9(1000 )(144 )
L2 17.2(4) 2 19.66(10) 6
M B  Wu   19.66 kN .m Ru  2
 1.05 MPa
14 14 0.9(1000 )(144 )
L2 17.2(4) 2 30.58(10) 6
M C  Wu   30.58kN .m Ru  2
 1.635 MPa
9 9 0.9(1000 )(144 )
 fy 415 1 .4 1 . 4
m   23.58 pmin    0.00337
0.85 fc ' 0.85(20.7) f y 415

1 2( 23.58)(0.92)
pA  (1  1  )  0.00228 use0.00337
23.58 415
1 2( 23.58)(1.05)
pB  (1  1  )  0.00261use0.00337
23.58 415
1 2( 23.58)(1.635)
pC  (1  1  )  0.00415
23.58 415

AsA  AsB  pminbd  0.00337 (1000)144  485.28mm2

Using 12 mm bars
 (12) 2
A1 4 (1000 )  233 say 230 mm  450 mm
S 1000 
As 485 .28
AsC  pcbd  0.00415 (1000 )144  597.6mm2
Using 12 mm bars
 (12) 2
A1 4 (1000 )  189 say180 mm  450 mm
S 1000 
As 597 .6

Temperature bars
At  0.002bt  0.002(1000 )170  340mm2
Using 10 mm bars
 (10) 2
A1 4 (1000 )  230 .9 say 230 mm  450 mm
S t  1000 
At 340
 170mm

C B A
12 mm extra bars at 230 mm 0.C

10 mm temperature
bars at 230 mm 0.C

12 mm continuous bent bars at 230 mm 0.C

Plate # 7: Design of one way slab

Design a one way cantilever slab of 2.0 m span . The slab is to

carry a uniform dead load of 2.4 KPa and uniform live load of 3.6 kPa.
fc’ = 27.6 MPa , fy = 415 MPa for main bars and temperature bars.
Concrete weighs 22.56 kN/m3. Draw layout of bars.

Design a 4.5 m long one way slab with one end discontinuous as shown in
the figure . The slab is to carry a uniform dead load of 4.2 KPa
and uniform live load of 4.5 kPa. fc’ = 20.7 MPa , fy = 345 MPa for
main bars and fy = 276 MPa for temperature bars. Concrete weighs
23.5 kN/m3. Draw layout of bars.
column column column
4.5m 4.5m
Prelim Exam

A rectangular beam has b =300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 6 of 32 mm,

fc’ =27.6 MPa,fy =414 MPa. If the beam is simply supported on a span of 6 m,
determine the concentrated live load that could be applied at the third points on
the beam if steel covering is 80 mm and concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3.

A doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam has b =350 mm,d =600mm,

fc’=27.5 MPa, fy = 345 MPa, As =3625 mm2, As’ = 775mm2 ,covering for tension
and compression bars 80 mm and 63 mm respectively. If the beam is an interior
span of a three span continuous beam supporting a service dead load of 20 kN/m
(weight included) determine the maximum uniformly distributed live load it can
support on an average clear span of 5.0 m. Use NSCP moment coeffecients.

Determine the ultimate moment capacity

400 mm of the triangular beam shown in figure.
fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
3 of 16 mm
75 mm

400 mm
Solution to #2

As1  As  As '  3625  775  2850 mm2

As1 f y 2850 (345)
a   120 .18mm
0.85 fc ' b 0.85(27.5)350

600 (a  1d ' ) 600 (120 .18  [0.85(63)])

f 
s
'
  332 .65 MPa  f y
a 120 .18

Compression steel does not yields at failure

∑Fx =0 0.85fc’ab + As’fs’ = Asfy

0.85(27.5)350a + 775fs’ = 3625(345)
10.56a +fs’ = 1613.7
fs’ =1613.7 – 10.56 a EQ.1
 600 ( a   d
1 )
'
600 (a  [0.85(63)]) f s'  334 .7 MPa  f y
f s'  
a a
a
600 (a  53.55) Mu1  As1 f y (d  )
fs 
'
 EQ.2 2
a 121 .12
0.9(2850 )345)(600  )
Mu1  2
EQ.1  EQ.2 10 6
600 (a  53.55) Mu1  477 .36kN .m
1613 .7  10.56 a 
a Mu2  As ' fs ' (d  d ' )
1613 .7a  10.56a 2  600a  32130 0.9(775)334 .7(600  63)
Mu2 
10 6
10.56a 2  1013 .7a  32130  0 Mu2  125.36kN .m
a 2  96a  3042 .6  0 M u  Mu1  Mu2  602.72kN .m
96  (96) 2  4(3042 .6) pb 
0.85( 27.5)334 .7(600 )
 0.0365
a  121 .12mm (600  345)345
2
' fs '
600 (121 .12  53.55) As max  0 . 75 p b bd  A s  6500 . 6 mm 2

fs 
'
fy
121 .12
#1
p=0.03217
pmax = 0.021 tension steel does not yield at failure
a = 260.22 mm
fs =379.92 MPa
Mu = 610.31 kN.m
WD = 4.1 kN/m
P = 171.9 kN

#2
a = 121.12 mm compression steel does not yield at failure
fs’=334.7 MPa
Mu = 602.72 kN.m
WL = 125.34 kN.m
 0.003

a c
Ac C=0.85fc’Ac
400mm
x
375 - 2a/3 375 - c
3 of 16 mm
75 mm T=Asfy
s

400 mm

Solution
3 (16) 2
As   603 .2mm2
4
Assume that steel yields at failure( subject to checking)
C=T 0.85fc’Ac=Asfy 0.85(20.7)Ac =603.2(345) Ac =11,827.45 mm2
 By similar triangles

x 400
 x  0.842 a  EQ.1
a 475
1 1 a  167.6mm
Ac  ax 11827 .45  a(0.842 a)
2 2
a 167 .6
c   197 .17 mm
1 0.85
From the strain diagram

s 400  c fs
 s 
0.003 c 2000000
fs 400  197 .17

(200000 )0.003 197 .17
f s  617.22MPa  f y tension steel yields at failure
[2]167.6
0.9(603 .2)345(400  )
2a 3
M u  As f y (375  )   53.91kN .m
3 10 6
Shear and Diagonal Tension
Another type of beam failure other than bending is shear failure.
Shear failure are very dangerous if it happens before flexure failure
because they can occur without warning

BASIC CODE REQUIREMENT

Factored shear strength Vu shall be equal or less than design shear ФVn

Vu  Vn
Vn  Vc  Vs
where:
Vc = shear carried by concrete
Vs = shear carried by the stirrups
Vu = factored shear strength
Shear Strength provided by concrete
Shear strength provided by concrete subject to shear and
flexure only;
1
Vc  fc 'bw d
6
or in more detailed calculation
Vu d
 Vu d   1 .0
 fc '  120 p w  Mu
Vc   Mu 
bw d  0.3 fc 'bw d
7
where : fc' is in MPa and shall not exceed 0.7 MPa
bw = width of the beam web for T-beams,
width of the beam for rectangular beams
d =effective depth of the beam
pw = As/bwd
Spacing limits of shear reinforcement

Spacing S of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to

the axis of the member shall not exceed d/2 for
nonprestressed members and 3/4 h for prestressed
members, nor 600mm. When Vs  0.33 fc 'bw d
maximum spacing given by the above limits shall be reduced by
one half.

Minimum shear reinforcement

When Vc , minimum area of shear reinforcement
Vu 
2
shall be provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members
except in the following conditions:
a)slabs and footings
b)concrete joist construction
c)beams with total depth not greater than 250 mm,2.5 times
flange thickness or half the width of the web whichever is
greatest.
Where shear reinforcement is required, the minimum area of
shear reinforcement shall be computed by:
bw S
Av 
Where:
3fy
Av =cross sectional area of the stirrups
taken twice for u-shaped stirrups

Shear strength provided by reinforcement

a) When shear reinforcement perpendicular to
the axis of the member is used
Av f y d 2
Vs   fc'bw d
S 3
b) When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement

Av f y d (sin   cos ) 2
Vs   fc 'bw d
S 3
CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM SHEAR

Maximum factored shear force Vu maybe computed in accordance

with the following provided that:
a) the support reaction ,in the direction of the applied shear
introduces compression on the end regions of member
no concentrated load occur between the face of the support and
location of the critical section.

b) For non prestressed members,sections located less than a

distance of d from the face of the support maybe designed for the
same shear Vu as that computed at a distance of d
Size of stirrups
Main bars smaller than or equal to 32 mm diameter: 10 mm
Main bars greater than 32 mm diameter : 12 mm

Shear carried by stirrups

Vu
Vs   Vc

Problems:
Determine the minimum cross section required for a rectangular
beam to satisfy the condition that web reinforcement be neglected
Vu = 72 kN,fc’ =27.6MPa. Assume d = 1.6b.

Vc b
72000 (12)
Vu 
2 0.86 27.6 (1.6)
 fc 'bd
Vu  b  350mm
(6) 2
d  (1.6)350  560mm
 fc 'b(1.6b)
Vu 
(6) 2

0.85 27.6 (1.6b 2 )

72(1000 ) 
(6)2
A rectangular beam with b = 270 mm, d = 500 mm is provided with 10
mm vertical stirrups with fy = 276 MPa. Assuming fc’ = 21 MPa;
a) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 40 kN
b) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 92 kN
c) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 236 kN
d) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 473 kN

Solution
Shear carried by concrete
1
Vc  fc 'bw d
6
1
Vc  21(270 )500  103,108 N
6
Vc 0.85(103108 )
  43821 N
2 2
 Vc
a) Vu  42000 N  Stirrups not necessary
2
b) Vu  92000 N
Vu
Vs   Vc

92000
Vs   103108  5127 .3 N
0.85

2 (10) 2
Av   157 .1mm2
4
Av f y d 157 .1(276 )500
S   4228 .3mm
Vs 5127 .3
 1 1
fc 'bw d  21(270 )(500 )  206216 N
3 1 3
Vs  fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S   250 mm Use S = 250 mm
2 2
c) Vu  236000 N
Vu
Vs   Vc

236000
Vs   103108  174539 N
0.85
Av f y d 157 .1(276 )500
S   124 mmsay120 mm
Vs 174539
 1
fc 'bw d  206216 N 2
fc 'bw d  412432 N
3 3
1
Vs  fc 'bw d
3 2
d 500 Vs  fc 'bw d
S   250 mm 3
2 2
Beam size is inadequate for shear
Use S = 120 mm

d) Vu  473000 N
Vu
Vs   Vc

473000
Vs   103108  453362 .5 N
0.85
1
fc 'bw d  206216 N
3
Design of vertical stirrups
Given :bw or b,d,fc’,fy, beam loading & span,
Required: size and spacing of stirrups

General Procedure
1.Calculate factored shear force VU at the critical section.
2.Calculate shear strength of concrete:

1
Vc  fc 'bw d
6
Vc provide stirrups
Vu  
2
Vc stirrups not necessary
Vu  
2
 Vc
Assuming that Vu  
2
3. Calculate the shear strength provided by the stirrups
Vu
Vs   Vc

Note: if 2
Vs  fc 'bw d adjust the beam size
3
4. Calculate the required spacing of stirrups
Spacing is the smallest of:
a)
Av f y d
S
Vs
1
Calculate fc 'bw d
3 1
b) S = d/2 when Vs  fc 'bw d
3
c) S = d/4 when 1
Vs  fc 'bw d
3
5. Check for minimum required area of stirrups
bw S Note: Av must be less than or equal to
Av 
3fy the actual area of Stirrups
Problem:
A simply supported reinforced concrete beam 230 mm wide with an effective
depth of 500 mm has a span of 6m. The beam carries a dead load of 9
kN/m ( including its own weight) and live load of 18 kN/m applied throughtout
its entire span. Determine the required spacing of 10 mm stirrups. fc’ = 28
MPa ,fy= 345 MPa.

1 1
Vc  fc 'bw d  28 (230 )500  101420 N
6 6
Wu =1.4(9)+1.7(18)=43.2 kN/m R =Wu(3)=43.2(3)=129.6kN

wu

6m

R
 43.2 kN/m
Shear force at crtical section

VU Vu = 129.6-0.5(43.2)=108kN =108000N
0.5

R=129.6kN
Vc 0.85(101420 ) Vc
  43103 .5 N Vu 
2 2 2
Vu 108000
Vs   Vc   101420
 0.85
2 (10) 2
Vs  25639 N Av   157 . 1mm 2

4
Av f y d 157 .1(345)500
S   1056 mm
Vs 25639
1
fc 'bw d  202840 N
3
1
Vs  fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S   250 mm
2 2
Use S  250 mm
Minimum required area
bw S
Av 
3fy
230 (250 )
Av   55.56 mm2  157 .1mm2
3(345)
Use 10 mm u shaped stirrups spaced at 250 mm on centers
PLATE # 7 : SHEAR

A simply supported reinforced concrete beam 250 mm wide with an

effective depth of 600 mm has a span of 7.5m. The beam carries a
dead load of 12 kN/m ( including its own weight) and live load of 24
kN/m applied throughtout its entire span. Determine the required
spacing of 10 mm stirrups. fc’ = 28 MPa ,fy= 345 MPa.

A rectangular beam with b = 300 mm, d = 550 mm is provided with 10

mm vertical stirrups with fy = 276 MPa. Assuming fc’ = 21 MPa;
a) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 50 kN
b) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 220 kN
c) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 360 kN
d) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 500kN
Design of beams for bending shear and deflection

General procedure

1. Design section and reinforcement by bending

2. Design stirrups by shear
3. Check adequacy of design by deflection

Problem :
Design a rectangular beam for a 6 m simple span to support a
uniform dead load of 18 kN/m(weight included) and uniform live load
of 12 kN/m applied along it’s entire length. fc’=20 MPa, fy = 345 MPa
for main bars and stirrups,Wc=23.5 kN/m3 ,p=0.6pmax Consider
immediate deflection due to live load only with an allowable of 1/360 of
span length. fr=3.1 MPa n=10,Ec=20000 MPa. Use 100 mm covering.
Solution

Wu  1.4(18)  1.7(12)  45.6kN / m

Wu L2 45.6(6) 2
Mu    205 .2kN .m
8 8
0.85 fc ' 1 600 0.85( 20)0.85(600 )
pb    0.02659
(600  f y ) f y (600  345)345

p  (0.6)(0.75 pb )  0.6(0.75)0.02659  0.012

fy 345
m   20.29
0.85 fc ' 0.85(20)
pm 0.012[20.29]
Ru  pf y (1  )  0.012(345)(1  )  3.635 MPa
2 2
 Try b = 250 mm

Mu 202.5(10) 6
d   500 mm
Ru b 0.9(3.635)250

Mu 202 .5(10) 6
Ru    3 .6
bd 2
0.9(250 )(500 ) 2

1 2mRu 1 2(20.29)3.6
p  (1  1  ) (1  1  )  0.01186
m fy 20.29 345

As  pbd  0.01186 (250)500  1,482.5mm2

1482 .5
N  5 pcs
 (25) 2

4
 1 1
Vc  fc 'bw d  20 (250 )500  93169 N
6 6
R =Wu(3)=45.6(3)=136.8kN

wu

6m

R
45.6 kN/m
Shear force at critical section

VU Vu = 136.8- 0.5(45.6)=114kN =114000N

0.5
R=136.8
Vc 0.85(93169 ) Vc
  39596 .8 N Vu 
2 2 2
Vu 114000
Vs   Vc   93169
 0.85
Vs  40949 N
Using 10 mm u shape stirrups
2 (10) 2
Av   157 .1mm2
4
Av f y d 157 .1(345)500
S   661mm
Vs 40949
1
fc 'bw d  186338 N
3
 d 500
S   250 mm
2 2
Use S  250 mm
Minimum required area
bw S
Av 
3fy
230 (250 )
Av   55.56 mm2  157 .1mm2
3(345)
 Gross moment of inertia

bh3 250 (600 )3

Ig    4500 x10 6 mm4
12 12

fr I g 3.1(4500 )10 6
M cr    46.5 x10 6 N .mm  46.5kN .m
yt 300

Transformed section

b=250 b

x
5 (20) 2
d=500
As   1570 mm2
4
500-x
As nAs
100
 x2 x2
b  nAs (d  x) 250  10(1570 )(500  x)
2 2
x 2  62800  125.6 x x 2  125.6 x  62800  0

 125 .6  (125 .6) 2  4(62800 )

x  195 .6mm
2
bx3 250 (195 .6 ) 3
I cr   nAs (d  x) 2   10(1570 )(500  195 .6) 2
3 3

I cr  2,078.3x106 mm4

WL L2 (12)(6) 2
a) Ma    54 kN .m
8 8
 Effective moment of inertia

 M cr   M 
3 3

 
Ie    I g  1  cr
  I cr
 Ma    M a  
 46.5 
3
  46.5  
3

Ie   4500 x10  1  
6
  2078 . 3 x10 6

 54    54  
I e  3,624.6 x106 mm4
Instantaneous deflection due to live load

5WL L4 5(12)(6000 ) 4
  6
 2.79mm
384 Ec I e 384(20000 )3624 .6(10)

allowable deflection due to live load

L 6000
 allowable    16.67 mm  2.79 mm3
360 360 Section is adequate
Plate #8:Design of beams for bending shear and deflection

Make a complete design of a rectangular beam reinforced for tension

only for a 7.5 m simple span to support a uniform dead load of
24 kN/m(weight included) and uniform live load of 18 kN/m applied
along it’s entire length. fc’=20 MPa, fy = 300 MPa for main bars and
stirrups,Wc=23.5 kN/m3 ,p=0.18(fc’/fy). Consider immediate deflection
due to total load with an allowable of 1/360 of span length.
Es = 200000MPa,Ec=18500 MPa, f r  0.7 fc ' . Use 100 mm covering.
BOND and DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

Bond
In reinforced concrete, concrete and steel act as a unit. For this to
happen, there must be absolutely no slippage of the bars in relation
to the surrounding concrete. The steel and concrete must stick or
bond together so that there will be transfer of stress from steel to
concrete and vice-versa. Failure of transfer of stress makes the
concrete an unreinforced member thus it will be subject to collapse.

Development Length
Bar development length is the embedment necessary to assure that
the bar can be stressed to its yield point with some reserved to
ensure member toughness.
 Basic concept of development length

ΣF = 0
F=T
db 
F T = Abfy d b Ld  d b2 f y
Ld 4
fy
Ld  db
Where : μ = average bond stress
4
Ld = minimum development length

The code however provides the basic development length

Ldb for various conditions. The values provided are modified
for different conditions. Thus the minimum development length
provided by the code is;
Ld = Ldb(applicable modification factors) ≥ 300 mm
Basic Development Length of bars in tension
For 32 mm bar & smaller and deformed wire
0.02 Ab f y
Ldb  but not to be taken less than 0.6dbfy
fc '
For 36 mm bar
Where
25 f y
Ldb  Ldb = basic development length ( mm)
fc ' Ab = area of one bar (mm2)
db = diameter of one bar (mm)
For deformed wire fc’,fy in MPa
3d b f y
Ldb 
8 fc '
Basic Development Length of bars in compression
0.24db f y
Ldb  but not to be taken less than 0.04dbfy
fc'
 Modification Factors for bars in tension
Condition Modification
Factor,m
a) For bars in beams or column with a minimum cover not less than specified by the code 1.0
b) For bars in beams or column with transverse reinforcement satisfying the requirement of the code 1.0
c) Bars in beams or column with a clear spacing not less than 3db 1.0
d) Bar in the inner layer of slab or wall reinforcement and with a clear spacing not less than 3d b 1.0
e) Any bars with cover of not less than 2db and with a clear spacing not less than 3db 1.0
f) For bars with cover of db or less with a clear spacing of 2db or less 2.0
g) For bars not included in items a to f 1.4
h) For 32 mm bar and smaller with clear spacing not less than 5db and with cover from face of the
member to edge bar, measured in the plane of the bar, not less than 2.5d b, the factors from items
a to g may be multiplied by 0.8
0.8
i) Top reinforcement 1.3
j) Lightweight aggregate concrete 1.3
K)Lightweight aggregate concrete when fct is specified fc '
l) For reinforcement enclosed within special reinforcement not less than 6 mm diameter and not 1.8 f ct
more than 100 mm pitch, within 12 mm or larger circular ties spaced at not more than
100 mm on center or larger ties or stirrups spaced not more than 100 mm on center and arranged
1.8
such that alternate bars shall have supported by the corner of a tie hoop with an included angle
not more than 1350,the factors in items a through g maybe multiplied by 1.8

m) Excess Reinforcement. Development length maybe reduced where reinforcement in a flexural As required
member is more than required by analysis
As provided
 Modification Factors for bars in Compression

Modification
Condition Factor,m
a) Excess reinforcement. Reinforcement more than As required
that required by analysis As provided
b) Spiral and Ties. Reinforcement enclosed within 0.75
spiral reinforcement not less than 6 mm diameter
and not more than 100 mm pitch or within 10 mm
ties and spaced not more than 100 mm on center.

Problems

A rectangular beam 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep is reinforced with 3

of 22 mm tension top bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
Calculate the required development length.
Solution

0.02 Ab f y
Ldb 
fc '
 (22) 2
0.02 275
Ldb  4  460 mm
20.7

Ldb  0.06db f y

Ldb  0.06(22)(275)  363mm Use Ldb  460 mm

Modification Factor
Top bar = 1.3

Required development length

Ld  1.3Ldb  1.3(460)  598mm

A rectangular beam 250 mm wide and 500 mm deep is reinforced with 4 of 25 mm
with fc’ = 27 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. If the member is made up of lightweight
aggregate with fct = 2.88 MPa ,Calculate the required development length.

Solution
Modification Factor
0.02 Ab f y Lightweight concrete
Ldb  With specified fct
fc '
fc' 27
 (25) 2   1.00
0.02 345 1.8 f ct 1.8(2.88)
Ldb  4  652 mm
27 Ld  1.0 Ldb
Ldb  0.06db f y Ld  1.0(652)
Ldb  0.06(25)(345)  518mm Ld  652 mm

Use Ldb  652 mm

A cantilever beam 320 mm wide and 500 mm deep is reinforced with 3 of 36 mm
straight top bars with fc’ = 27 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Calculate required
development length.

Solution

25 f y
Ldb 
fc '
25(345)
Ldb   1660 mm
27

Modification Factor
Top bar = 1.3

Required development length

Ld  1.3Ldb  1.3(1660 )  2158 mm

A rectangular beam 250 mm wide and 410 mm deep is reinforced with
3 of 20 mm compression bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa.
Calculate the required development length.

0.24db f y
Ldb 
fc'
0.24(20)275
Ldb   254 mm
20.7
Ldb  0.04db f y

Ldb  0.04(20)(275)  220 mm

Use Ldb  254 mm

No applicable modification factor Ld  254 mm
Plate # 9 Development Length

A rectangular beam 300 mm wide and 450 mm deep is reinforced with 4 of 25 mm

tension top bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Calculate the required
development length.

A rectangular beam 200 mm wide and 350 mm deep is reinforced with 3 of 20 mm

with fc’ = 30 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. If the member is made up of lightweight
aggregate with fct = 2.4 MPa ,Calculate the required development length.

A cantilever beam 300 mm wide and 450 mm deep is reinforced with 6 of 22 mm

straight top bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Calculate required
development length.

A rectangular beam 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep is reinforced with 4 of 32 mm

compression bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Calculate the required
development length.
Development Length of Flexural Reinforcement
Tension reinforcement in flexural members maybe developed by :
a) bending across the web to be anchored
b) made continues with reinforcement on opposite face ofthe member

Critical points for development length in flexural members are at points

of maximum stress and at points where the adjacent reinforcements
terminates or is bent. Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at
which it isno longer required to resist flexure for a distance equal to the
effective depth of member or 12db whichever is greater, except at
supports of simple beam and free end of cantilevers. Continuing
reinforcement shall have an embedment length not less than the
development length beyond the point where bent or terminated tension
reinforcement is no longer required to resist flexure
Development of positive moment bars

The code stipulates that at least one third the positive

reinforcement in simple members and one fourth the positive
reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the
same face in the member into the supports. In beams such
reinforcement shall extend into the support at least 150mm.

At simple supports and at points of inflection,positive

moment tension reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter
such that Ld computed by

Mn
Ld   la
Vu
Where:
Mn = nominal moment strength assuming that all reinforcement
at section are stressed to specified yield strength fy
Vu = factored shear force at supports for simple beams and at
points of inflection for continuous beams
 la = end anchorage ;at support shall be the embedment length beyond
the center of support; at point of inflection limited to the effective depth
or 12db whichever is greater.

Value of Mn/Vu maybe increased by 30% when the ends of the

reinforcement are confined by a compressive reaction such as a
column below but not when the beam frame into the girder.

Mn
Ld  1.3 l a
Vu
Mn Mn
When Ld  1.3  la or Ld   la Use smaller bar
Vu Vu Size or increase
End anchorage la

a As f y
Where: M n  As f y (d  ) a
2 0.85 fc ' b
 Max Ld Max Ld

la 1.3Mn/Vu Mn/Vu la
tension bars

at least 1/3 of positive reinforcement

VU
 Max Ld

la is the larger
Value of d or 12db la Mn/Vu tension bars

150 mm min

at least ¼ of positive moment reinforcement

.

CL

Point of inflection
Development length for Negative moment Reinforcement

Negative moment reinforcement should have an embedment length into the span to
develop the calculated tension in the bar,or a length equal to the effective depth of the
member or 12db whichever is the greatest. At least one third of the total negative
reinforcement should have an embedment length beyond the point of inflection not less
than the effective depth of the member or 12 db or 1/16 of the clear span whichever is
greatest.

Ld Development length for Negative moment

` the larger value of 12db,d or Ln/16

at least 1/3 of the total Negative moment reinforcement

Clear span =Ln

Point of inflection
Recommended bar details for continuous beams

Ln1/4 0.3 Ln1 0.3 Ln2

Ln1/8 Ln1/8 Ln2/8

150 mm min Ln1 150 mm min Ln2

Hooks
If sufficient space is not available to anchor tension bars by running
them straight for the required development length as required by the
code, hooks maybe used.

12db

r r
D
db 900 hook 4db
bend diameter,D =2r 1800 hook

D =6db for 10 mm through 25 mm bars

D =8db for 28 mm through 32 mm bars
D =10db for 36 mm bars
 Ldb STANDARD HOOKS
65 mm min

12db

4db 4db for 10 mm through 25 mm bars

5db for 28 mm through 32 mm bars
6db for 36 mm bar

Development of standard hooks

Basic Development Length of standard hooks
100 d b
l hb 
fc'
Actual Development Length of standard hooks
ldh = lhb(applicable modification factors) ≥8db nor 150 mm
Modification Factors
1. If the reinforcing bar has an fy other 415 MPa, lhb is to be multiplied by fy/415

2. When 900 hooks and 32 mm or smaller bar are used and when 60 mm or
more of side cover normal to the hook is present, together with at least 50 mm
cover for the bar extension, lhb is to be multiplied by 0.7.

3. When hooks made of 32 mm and smaller are enclosed vertically and

horizontally within ties or stirrups ties spaced no farther apart than 3db, lhb is to be
multiplied by 0.8

4. Where the amount of flexural reinforcement exceeds the theoretical amount

required and where the specifications being used do not specifically require that
development lengths be based on fy the value of lhb is to be multiplied by
Asrequired/As provided.

5. When light weight concrete are used, apply a modification factor of 1.3

6. For bars being developed by standard hook at discontinuous end with side
cover and top or bottom cover over hook less than 60 mm,hooked bar shall be
enclosed within ties or stirrups spaced along the full development length ldh not
greater than 3db where db is the diameter of hooked bar. For this case, the
factor mentioned in item 3 shall not apply.
Splices of Reinforcement
Splicing maybe done by welding, by mechanical connections or most
frequently by lapping bars. Lapped bars are usually tied in contact.
Lap splice must not be used for bars larger than 32 mm.
Splices in tension
The minimum length of lap for tension lap splice shall be as required for
class A or class B, but shall not be less than 300 mm, where
Class A splice 1.0Ld
Class B splice 1.3Ld
Lap splices of deformed bars and wires in tension shall be class B splice
except that class A splice are allowed when
a)the area of the reinforcement provided is at least twice than that
required by analysis.
b)One half or less of the total reinforcement is spliced within the
required lap strength.

Splices of deformed bars in compression

Compression bars maybe spliced by lapping,end bearing, welding or
mechanical devices. The minimum length of such bars should be the
development length Ld but may not be less than 0.07dbfy for fy of 415
MPa or less, or (0.13fy -24)db for fy greater than 415 MPa.
Problems
A simply supported beam is reinforced with three of 28 mm
bars with fc’= 27.6 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Assuming that side, bottom and top
cover to be greater than 60 mm, determine the following:
a) the required development length if a 900 hook is used
b) the required development length if a 1800 hook is used

ldh
ldh
Solution Modification factor for fy other than 415 MPa
Using a 900 hook fy 275
m   0.6626
100 d b 415 415
l hb  Modification factor for 900 hook = 0.7
fc'
Required development length
100 (28) Ldh =0.6626(533)0.7=247.2 say 250 mm
lhb   533mm
27.6
 ldh

Solution Modification factor for fy other than 415 MPa

Using a 1800 hook fy 275
m   0.6626
100 d b 415 415
l hb 
fc' Required development length
Ldh =0.6626(533)=353.17 say 355 mm
100 (28)
lhb   533mm
27.6
Problem
For the simply supported beam shown in figure below, investigate whether the
bars size is satisfactory for the required development length. The beam is
reinforced with 4 of 25 mm bars . fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 414 MPa, Vu = 270 kN.
The beam is made up of normal sand concrete and the reaction produces
compression on concrete.
 300mm

600 mm

Ldb  0.06db f y
175 mm

Solution Ldb  0.06(25)(414)  621mm

Basic development length

0.02 Ab f y Use Ldb  894 mm

Ldb 
fc ' Since there is no applicable
modification factor
 (25) 2
0.02 414 Ld  894 mm
Ldb  4  894 mm
20.7
 As f y
a 425 .14 x10 6
0.85 fc ' b 1 .3  175  2221 .2mm
270 (1000 )
 (25) 2
4 414
a 4  154 mm
0.85(20.7)300 894mm  2221.2mm
a
M n  As f y (d  ) Ld  1.3
Mn
 la
2 Vu
 (25) 2 154
Mn  4 414 (600  )
4 2 bars are adequate

M n  425.14 x106 N.mm

Mn
1.3  la
Vu
 A rectangular beam has b = 380 mm and d = 500 mm. The beam is simply
supported over a length of 6 m measured from the center of the support and is
reinforced for tension with 6 of 25 mm diameter bars. Assuming fc’ = 21 MPa,
fy = 276 MPa, draw the details of the bar showing the cut off points of each bar.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its length and is made up
of normal sand- gravel concrete. The reactions at the ends produces compression
on concrete. Maximum value of la is 150 mm. Vu = 210 kN at support.

Ldb  0.06db f y
Solution Ldb  0.06(25)(276 )  414 mm
Basic development length

0.02 Ab f y Use Ldb  591mm

Ldb 
fc ' Since there is no applicable
modification factor
 (25) 2
0.02 276 Ld  591mm
Ldb  4  591mm
21
BAR LAYOUT & CUT OFF POINTS

L3

L1
2 of 25
L2

CL
y
Parabolic
2y 3 Moment
x2 3 y diagram

x1

3m
 Location of cut off points
By square property of parabola
2y y
x12 3 x2
 2
 3
32 y 32
y
x1  2.45m x2  1.73m

Available development length

Reinforcement shall extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required to resist
flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth of member or 12db whichever is
greater
12(25)  300 mm d  500mm Use extension = 500 mm

L1  x1  500  2450  500  2950 mm  Ld

L2  x2  500  1730  500  2230 mm  Ld No need for hook
 The code stipulates that at least one third the positive reinforcement (2 bars) in
simple members shall extend along the same face in the member into the
supports

For the last two bars the code requires that the be bars be limited to a diameter so that
Mn
Ld  1.3 l a
Vu
2 (25) 2
AS   981 .75mm2
4 130 .1x10 6
1.3  150  955 mm  Ld
As f y 210 (1000 )
a
0.85 fc ' b
L3  3000  150  3150 mm  Ld
981 .75(276 )
a  40 mm
0.85(21)380
a
M n  As f y (d  )
2
40
M n  981 .75(276 )(500  )
2
M n  130.1x106 N .mm
 2230 2230

2950 2950
3150 3150

DETAILS
Problem
Figure shows the first interior support of a continuous beam reinforced with 6 of 25
mm bars to resist a negative moment of 496 kN.m for which the calculated steel area
required is 2600 mm2. Determine and draw the details of the lengths of the bars
required if normal gravel-sand concrete is used. fy =414 MPa ,fc’ = 20.7 MPa,
b = 350mm,d= 600 mm.

7m 10 m

2.4 m 2.1 m

350mm 320mm
Mu for 4 bars

point of inflection point of inflection

496 kN.m
 7m 10 m

Bar 3

Bar 2 Bar 1
Ld1 Ld2

L1 L2

L3 L4

2.4 m 2.1 m

350mm 320mm Mu for 2 bars

Mu for 4 bars

point of inflection point of inflection

496 kN.m
(Mu for 6 bars)
 Solution
Basic development length

0.02 Ab f y
Ldb  Ldb  0.06db f y
fc '
 (25) 2 Ldb  0.06(25)(414)  621mm
0.02 414
Ldb  4  893mm Use Ldb  893mm
20.7
For bar 1 (As at section = 2 of 25 mm)

At least one third of the total negative reinforcement should have an embedment
length beyond the point of inflection not less than the effective depth of the
member or 12 db or 1/16 of the clear span whichever is greatest.

1/3 of 6 = 2 bars
12db = 12(25)=300 mm 1/16 of 7000=438 mm for 7 m span use 600 mm
d=600 mm 1/16 of 10000=625mm for 10 m span use 625 mm

7m span L3  2400  600  3000 mm

10m span L4  2100  625  2725 mm
 For bar 2 (As at section = 4 of 25 mm)
Negative moment reinforcement should have an embedment length into the
span to develop the calculated tension in the bar,or a length equal to the
effective depth of the member or 12db whichever is the greatest
12db = 12(25)=300 mm d=600 mm use 600 mm
L1  350  600  950 mm L2  320  600  920 mm
For bar 3 (As at section = 6 of 25 mm)
6 (25) 2 Modification factor
As provided   2945 .24 Asrequired 2600
4 m   0.88
As required  2600mm2 As provided 2945 .24
Ld1  0.88(893)  785 mm

Ld 2  0.88(893)  785 mm
 Plate # 10. BAR DETAILING

A rectangular beam has b = 350 mm and d = 450 mm. The beam is simply
supported over a length of 5 m measured from the center of the support and is
reinforced for tension with 7 of 20 mm diameter bars. Assuming fc’ = 27 MPa,
fy = 345 MPa, draw the details of the bar showing the cut off points of each bar.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its length and is made up
of normal sand- gravel concrete. The reactions at the ends produces compression
on concrete. Maximum value of la is 150 mm. Vu = 150 kN at support.

350 mm

450 mm

Hint : extend 3 bars beyond the support

Figure shows the first interior support of a continuous beam reinforced with 6 of 25
mm bars to resist a negative moment of 450 kN.m for which the calculated steel area
required is 2400 mm2. Determine and draw the details of the lengths of the bars
required if normal gravel-sand concrete is used. fy =414 MPa ,fc’ = 20.7 MPa,
b = 350mm,d= 600 mm.

6m 9m

2.5 m 2.0 m

330mm 300mm

point of inflection point of inflection

450 kN.m
Axially Loaded Columns
 Columns are classified as pedestal, short column and long
column. Pedestal is a column whose height is less than
three times its least lateral dimension. They maybe
designed without reinforcement with a maximum permissible
compressive strength of Φ0.85fc’ where Φ =0.70.
 If the column does not qualify as pedestal then it maybe
classified as a short column. They fail due to initial material
failure. The load on the column depends on the dimension
and the strength of the material it is made.
 If the length of the column is increased, chances of lateral
buckling increases. Column that fails due to lateral bucking
are classified as long columns.
 AXIALLY LOADED SHORT TIED COLUMNS
The axial load capacity of tied columns is given by:
Pu =Ф0.80{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ф = 0.70
Ag = gross area of the column
Ast = area of reinforcement
Ast
Limits of reinforcement for tied columns pg 
1. Pg ranges from 0.01 to 0.06 Ag
2. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within
rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular bars.
Sizes and spacing of main bars and ties
1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than
1.5dbnor 40 mm.
2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least
10 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars.
Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following:
 16 times longitudinal bar diameter
 48 times tie diameter
 least dimension of the column
Axially loaded short spiral columns
The axial load capacity of spiral columns is given by:
Pu =Ф0.85{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ф = 0.75
Limits of reinforcement for spiral columns
1. Pg ranges from 0.01 to 0.06
2. The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 6
Sizes and spacing of main bars and ties
1. Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm,
nor less than 25 mm
2. For cast in place construction, size of spirals shall not be less
than 10 mm.
3. The percentage of spiral reinforcement is computed by
4 a s ( Dc  d b )
ps 
SDc2
 Where:
Dc = diameter of the concrete core
as = cross sectional area of the spiral
S = spacing of the spirals
db = diameter of main bars
4. The minimum spiral percentage is given by
Ag
0.45 fc ' (  1)
Ac
p s min 
fy
Where: Ac = area of the concrete core
Clear cover ( min. of 40 mm)
D 2

Ac  c
DC D
4
Clear cover ( min. of 40 mm)
Dc = D – 2 ( clear cover )
 Problems
 A square tied column 350 mm by 350 mm is reinforced with 6 of 25
mm bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the
following :
a) Ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) spacing of 10 mm lateral ties
Solution
 (25) 2
Pu =Ф0.80{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ast  6  2945 .25mm2
4
0.7(0.80){0.85(20.7)[(350)(350)  2945 .25]  2945 .25(345)}
Pu   1747 kN
1000
Spacing of 10 mm ties
S  16(25)  400 mm
S  48(10)  480 mm
S  350mm Use S = 350 mm
 Problems
 A circular spiral column 400 mm in diameter is reinforced with 8 of
25 mm bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the
following :
a) ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) the spacing of 10 mm spirals assuming clear covering of 40 mm

Solution  ( 25) 2
Pu =Ф0.85{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ast  8  3927 mm2
4
 ( 400 ) 2
Ag   125664 mm 2
4
0.75(0.85){0.85(20.7)[(125664  3927 ]  3927 (345)}
Pu   2229 .2kN
1000
 Diameter ot the concrete core
Dc = D – 2 ( clear cover )=400-2(40) = 320 mm

Dc2  (320 ) 2
Ac    80425 mm2
4 4
Ag 125664
0.45 fc ' (  1) 0.45(20.7)(  1)
Ac 80425
ps    0.0152
fy 345
Ds2  (10) 2
As    78.54 mm2
4 4
4as ( Dc  d b ) 4(78.54)(320  25)
S 2
 2
 60mm  25mm  75mm
Ps Dc 0.0152 (320 )

Use s = 60 mm
 Short Composite column

Design strength of composite members

Where: u 
P   0.85 0.85 fc' A  A f  A F
c st y ss y 
Ф= 0.75 for composite members with spiral reinforcement
Ф= 0.70 for other reinforcement
Ast = area of reinforcing bars of strength fy
Ass = area of structural shape of strength Fy
Ac = net concrete area

For evaluation of slenderness effect, radius of gyration of composite

members should not exceed

Ec I g
 Es I t
r 5
E c Ag
 E s At
5
Structural steel encased concrete core

Steel pipe filled with concrete

t

Concrete Dc D
Core

fy
t min  D
8E s
 Steel tubing filled with concrete

Concrete t2 b2
Core
t1

b1
fy fy
t1min  b1 and t 2 min  b2
3E s 3E s

Calculate the maximum axial load that the concrete-filled pipe shown can
resist. fc’ = 25 MPa, Fy =248 MPa for steel pipe. Check if the section
complies with the code.
10 mm

Concrete 300 mm
core
  [(300 ) 2  (280 ) 2 ]
Ap   9111mm2
4
 [( 280 ) 2 ]
Ac   61575 mm2
4

Pu   0.85 0.85 fc' Ac  Ap Fy 
Pu  (0.7)0.850.85(25)(61575 )  9111(248)  2122958 N
Minimum required thickness of pipe

fy 248
tmin  D  300  3.74mm  10mm
8 Es 8(200000 )
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below. fc’ = 21 MPa, Fy = 248 MPa

500 mm

Properties of W 14 x 210
Area = 40000 mm2
500 mm Depth = 400 mm

Ac  500(500)  40000  210000 mm2

W14 x 210


Pu   0.85 0.85 fc' Ac  AWF Fy 
Pu  (0.7)0.850.85(21)(210000 )  40000 (248)  8132757 N
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below .fc’=21 MPa, Fy=248 MPa,fy =276MPa.
Reinforcing bars consist of 8 of 20 mm diameter bars.

500 mm
Properties of W 14 x 210
Area = 40000 mm2
Depth = 400 mm
500 mm
8 [( 20) 2 ]
As   2513 mm2
4
W14 x 210
Ac  500(500)  40000  2513  207487 mm2


Pu   0.85 0.85 fc' Ac  As f y  AWF Fy 
Pu  (0.7)0.850.85(21)(207487 )  2513(276)  40000 (248)
Pu  8518752 N
Design of axially Loaded Tied Columns
Given :axial load, fc’, fy
Required : Column size, size of main bars, size and spacing
of lateral ties
General Procedure
1.Solve for design axial load Pu
2.Assume pg 0.01 to 0.06
3. Solve for required gross area to get column size
Pu
Ag 
(0.7)0.80.85 fc ' (1  p g )  p g f y 
4. Solve for Ast
Ast = pgAg
5. Using adjusted values of column size and Ast, check
column capacity (optional)
Pu =Ф0.80{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy}
6. Assume size ot ties and solve for the spacing
Use the smallest value from the ff:
a) 16 times longitudinal bar diameter
b) 48 times tie diameter
c) least dimension of the column
 Problem:
Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load
of 600 kN and axial live load of 750 kN. fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.

Pu  1.4 PD  1.7 PL  1.4(600)  1.7(750)  2115 kN

Assume pg = 0.02

Pu
Ag 
(0.7)0.80.85 fc ' (1  p g )  p g f y 
2115 (1000 )
Ag   156435 mm2
(0.7)0.80.85(20.7)(1  0.02)  0.02(345)

t Ag  156435  395 mm Say 400 mmx 400 mm square column

As  p g Ag  0.02(156435 )  3128 mm2

Using 20 mm bars
3128 ( 4)
No.   10 pcs
 ( 20) 2

Note: No need to check column capacity

Spacing of 10 mm ties
S  16(20)  320 mm
S  48(10)  480 mm
S  400 mm Use S = 320 mm
Design of axially Loaded Short Spiral Columns
Given :axial load, fc’, fy
Required : Column size, size of main bars, size and spacing
of spirals
General Procedure
1.Solve for design axial load Pu
2. Assume pg 0.01 to 0.06
3. Solve for required gross area to get column size
Pu
Ag 
(0.75)0.850.85 fc ' (1  p g )  p g f y 
 4. Solve for Ast
Ast = pgAg
5. Using adjusted values of column size and Ast, check
column capacity (optional)
Pu =Ф0.85{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy}
6. Solve for the diameter of the concrete core
Dc = D – 2 ( clear cover)

7. Solve for the spiral percentage

0.45 fc ' ( Ag  Ac )
ps 
fy
8. Assume size of spirals and solve for required spacing

4as ( Dc  d b )
S where: S ≥ 25 mm, S≤ 75 mm
Ps Dc2
Problem:
Design a circular spiral column to support an axial dead load of 600 kN and axial
live load of 750 kN. fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa.
 Pu  1.4 PD  1.7 PL  1.4(600)  1.7(750)  2115 kN

Assume pg=0.02

Pu
Ag 
(0.75)0.850.85 fc ' (1  p g )  p g f y 

2115 (1000 )
Ag   137427 mm2
(0.75)0.850.85(20.7)(1  0.02)  0.02(345)
D 2
 137427 mm 2 D  420mm
4
Ast  pg Ag  0.02(137427 )  2749 mm2
Using 25 mm bars 25 mm main vertical bars
2749 (4)
N 6
 (25) 2
40

Diameter ot the concrete core

Dc = D – 2 ( clear cover )=420-2(40) = 340 mm
420
Dc2  (340 ) 2
Ac    90792 mm2
4 4 40
Ag 137427 10 mm spirals at
0.45 fc ' (  1) 0.45(20.7)(  1) 65 mm pitch
Ac 90792
ps    0.014
fy 345
Using 10 mm spirals
Ds2  (10) 2
As    78.54 mm2
4 4
4as ( Dc  d b ) 4(78.54)(340  25)
S 2
 2
 65mm  25mm  75mm
Ps Dc 0.014 (340 )
Use 10 mm spirals at 65 mm pitch
Plate # 11 : Axially loaded short columns

A square tied column 400 mm by 400 mm is reinforced with 8 of 25 mm bars

with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the following :
a) Ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) spacing of 10 mm lateral ties

A circular spiral column 450 mm in diameter is reinforced with 10 of 25 mm

bars with fc’ = 27 MPa and fy = 415 MPa. Determine the following :
a) ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) the spacing of 10 mm spirals assuming clear covering of 40 mm
Calculate the maximum axial load that the concrete-filled pipe shown can
resist. fc’ = 20 MPa, Fy =250 MPa for steel pipe. Check if the section
complies with the code.
12mm

Concrete 350 mm
core

12mm
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below .fc’=25 MPa, Fy=248 MPa,fy =345MPa. Reinforcing bars consist of 8 of
20 mm diameter bars.

450 mm
Properties of W 12 x 150
Area = 30000 mm2
Depth = 300 mm
450 mm

W12 x 150

Design a circular spiral column to support an axial dead load of 450 kN and axial live
load of 600 kN. fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa. Use pg =0.025 and 10 mm spirals

Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 450 kN and axial
live load of 600 kN. fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 345 MPa. Use pg =0.03 and 10 mm ties.
SHORT COLUMNS SUBJECT TO AXIAL LOAD AND
BENDING
( Eccentrically loaded columns)
 All columns are subject to axial force and bending and they must be
proportioned to resist these forces. Eccentricities of 0.10h for tied
column and 0.05h for spiral columns can be permitted for axially
loaded columns. Beyond this, analysis for the effect of axial load
and bending must be undertaken.

 Columns will tend to bend under the action of moment and produces
compression on one side and tension on the other side. The
following failures are possible under combined axial load and
bending.
Pn
1. Large axial load and negligible
moment. Failure under this condition
Plastic centroid occur by sudden crushing of
concrete with all bars reaching their
yeild stress simultaneuosly
Pn
e 2. Large axial load and small moment.
with entire cross section in
Plastic centroid compression . Failure under this
condition occur by sudden crushing of
concrete with all bars are in
compression
Pn
e 3. Large axial load with moment bigger in
2. Bars in the far side in tension has not
Plastic centroid yielded. Failure occur by crushing of
concrete
 Pn
e
4. Balance loading condition – bars on the
Plastic centroid tensile side yield at the same time that
concrete crushes at 0.85fc’

Pn
e
5. Large moment, small axial load
Plastic centroid Failure initiated by tensile yielding
of tension bars

M
6. Moment, no axial load - Fails as a
Plastic centroid
beam
Plastic centroid – the point in the column through which the resultant of
the column load passes through to produce uniform strain at failure. It is
the location of the resultant force of concrete and steel.

In locating this point, all concrete is assumed to be stressed in

compression to 0.85fc’ and all steel bars in compression at (fy – 0.85fc’).
For symmetrical cross sections the plastic centroid coincides with the
centroid of the cross section.
Eccentricity of a column is the distance from the load to the plastic
centroid of the cross section.
eccentricity

Pn
Plastic centroid
centroid of cross section

Plastic centroid
Centroid of cross section
Problem:

The T shaped cross section shown below is reinforced with 4 of 32 mm bars

with fc’= 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the location of the plastic
centroid measured from the 450 mm side.

150 mm 200 mm

100 mm
450mm 250 mm

100 mm

75mm 75mm
 150 mm 200 mm

P1  0.85 fc ' A1  0.85(20.7)150 (450 )  1187 .63kN

1 100 mm
450mm
P2  0.85 fc ' A2  0.85(20.7)200 (250 )  879 .75kN
250 mm
2  (32) 2
P3  ( fy  0.85 fc ' ) As  {345  0.85(20.7)}2  526 .63kN
100 mm 4
 (32) 2
P4  ( fy  0.85 fc ' ) As  {345  0.85(20.7)}2  526 .63kN
75mm 75mm 4
P1 P P  P1  P2  P3  P4  3120 .7kN
2
75
P x   Px
250 P x  P1 x1  P2 x2  P3 x3  P4 x4
P3
P4 3120.7 x  1187.63(75)  879.75(250)  526.63(75)  526.63275
75

275
P x  158 mm
x
 Balanced Loading condition

 Balanced loading occur when the tension steel just reaches its yield
strain as concrete is strained to 0.003. Every column has always
have a loading situation where an ultimate load Pnb placed at eccentricity
eb will produce a moment Mnb. If the eccentricity of the column is less
than eb (e < eb) , the column fails in compression( compression
controlled column); if e > eb the column fails in tension( tension
controlled column)
 Balanced loading condition
Pnb
d-d’ eb
2
Determination of Pnb
From stress Diagram
ΣFy =0
Pnb - C1 - C2+ T = 0
d
If As = As’
Stress Diagram
Axis of bending b C2 = T
Pnb =C1
Pnb =0.85fc’abb EQ. 1
d – d’ d’
T = Asfy C2 = As’fy From strain Diagram
ab
600 1 d
d-ab/2 0.85fc’ ab  EQ. 2
600  f y
C1= 0.85fc’abb
fy
s  cb
Es Strain Diagram
εs’
0.003
 To determine eb
ΣM @ center of tension steel = 0
Pnb( eb + ½{d-d’}) –C1( d-ab/2) – C2(d –d’)= 0
Pnb( eb + ½{d-d’}) –0.85fc’abb( d-ab/2) – As’fy(d –d’)= 0
ab As f y (d  d ) (d  d ' )
' '

eb  ( d  )   EQ. 3
2 Pnb 2
Balanced Moment Mnb = Pnbeb

Determination of eb, Pnb and Mb of column with given section and reinforcement.
1. Solve for ab
600 1 d
ab 
600  f y
2. Solve for Pnb Pnb =0.85fc’abb
ab As f y (d  d ) (d  d ' )
' '
3. Solve for eb
eb  ( d  )  
2 Pnb 2
4. Solve for the balanced Moment Mnb = Pnbeb
Problem:
The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm diameter
bars. If fc’ = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa determine Pnb, eb and Mnb.
65 mm

Axis of bending
500 mm

65 mm

400 mm

3 (25) 2
As  As '   1472 .6mm2 d  500  65  435mm
4
600 1d 600 (0.85)435
ab    234 .76 mm
600  f y 600  345
 Pnb =0.85fc’abb

Pnb =0.85(21)234.76(400)= 1,676,186 N

ab A '
f ( d  d '
) (d  d ' )
eb  ( d  )  
s y

2 Pnb 2
234 .76 1472 .6(345)(435  65) (435  65)
eb  (435  ) 
2 1676186 2

eb  244 .76mm

M nb  Pnbeb  (1676186 )(244.76)  410.26 x106 N.mm

M nb  410.26kN .m
ANALYSIS OF ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS: ANALYTICAL METHOD
e
tension controlled columns
e
Compression controlled columns
eb

Plastic centroid

Analysis of tension controlled columns

e
Large moment, small axial load
Plastic centroid Failure initiated by tensile yielding
of tension bars
eb  e  c  0.003
fs  f y Tension steel yields at failure

fs '  f y Compression steel yields at failure

 Pn
d-d’ e
2
1. From stress Diagram
ΣFy =0
Pn - C1 - C2+ T = 0
d
If As = As’
Stress Diagram
Axis of bending b C2 = T

Pn =0.85fc’ab EQ. 1
d – d’ d’
T = Asfy C2 = As’fy
a

0.85fc’

C1= 0.85fc’ab
fy
s  c
Es Strain Diagram
εs’
0.003
2. ΣM @ center of tension steel = 0
Pn( e + ½{d-d’}) –C1( d-ab/2) – C2(d –d’)= 0
Pn( e + ½{d-d’}) –0.85fc’ab( d-a/2) – As’fy(d –d’)= 0
0.85fc’ab( e + ½{d-d’}) –0.85fc’ab( d-a/2) – As’fy(d –d’)= 0 Solve for a

3. Check for yielding of compression steel

s' cd ' ( c  d '

)
c
a
 f s'  600  fy
1 0.003 c c

4. Solve for Pn Pn =0.85fc’ab

5. Solve for Pu
Pu  Pn
6. Solve for Mu
M u  Pu e
Plate #12: Eccentrically loaded columns

The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 32 mm diameter

bars. If fc’ = 27 MPa, fy = 345 MPa , e = 370 mm, determine
Pu, and Mu .

65 mm

Axis of bending
600 mm

65 mm

450 mm
Plate #12: Eccentrically loaded columns

The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 28 mm diameter

bars. If fc’ = 27 MPa, fy = 345 MPa , e = 150 mm, determine
Pu, and Mu .

65 mm

Axis of bending
500 mm

65 mm

400 mm
Problem:
The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm diameter
bars. If fc’ = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa , e = 200 mm, determine
Pu, and Mu .
65 mm

Axis of bending
500 mm

65 mm

400 mm

3 (25) 2
As  As '   1472 .6mm2 d  500  65  435mm
4
From the preceding problem
eb  244.76mm  260 mm Tension controls
 Pn =0.85fc’ab
Pn=0.85(21)400a=7140a EQ.1

ΣM @ center of tension steel = 0

0.85fc’ab( e + ½{d-d’}) –0.85fc’ab( d-a/2) – As’fy(d –d’)= 0
1 a
7140 a{260  (435  65)}  7140 a(435  )  1472 .6(345)( 435  65)  0
2 2
2
a
445 a  435 a   26327 .4  0
2
a 2  20a  52654 .8  0

 20  (20) 2  4(52654 .8)

a  219 .7mm
2
a 219.7
c   258.47 mm
1 0.85
 (258 .47  65) compression steel
f  600
s
'
 449 .1MPa  f y yields at failure
258 .47
Pn  7140 a  7140 (219.7)  1568658 N  1568 .65kN

Pu  (0.7)1568 .65  1098 kN

M u  Pu e  10980.26  285.48kN .m

Verify yeilding of tension steel( not required)

s d c (d  c)
 f s  600  fy
0.003 c c

(435  258 .47) tension steel

f s  600  409 .8MPa  f y yields at failure
258 .47
Analysis of compression controlled columns

2. Large axial load and small moment.

e with entire cross section in compression.
Failure under this condition occur by
Plastic centroid sudden crushing of concrete with all bars
are in compression
3. Large axial load with moment bigger in
2. Bars in the far side in tension has not
yielded. Failure occur by crushing of
concrete

eb  e  c  0.003
fs  f y Tension steel does not yield at failure

fs '  f y Compression steel yields at failure

 Pn
d-d’ e
2

d
Stress Diagram
Axis of bending b
1. From stress Diagram
ΣFy =0
d – d’ d’ Pn - C1 - C2+ T = 0
T = Asfs C2 = As’fy
a Pn  0.85 fc ' ab  As' f y  As f s  0
a
d
2
0.85fc’ Pn  0.85 fc ' ab  As' f y  As f s  EQ.1
C1= 0.85fc’ab Note: unknowns are Pn , a & f s
fy
s  c
Es Strain Diagram
εs’
0.003
 M centerofT.S  0
1 a
Pn {e  (d  d ' )} C 1(d  )  C2 (d  d ' )  0
2 2
1 a
Pn {e  (d  d ' )}  0.85 fc ' ab(d  )  As' f y (d  d ' )  0
2 2
0.85 fc ' ab(d  0.5a) As' f y (d  d ' )
Pn    EQ.2
{e  0.5(d  d ' )} {e  0.5(d  d ' )}
EQ.1  EQ.2
Pn  0.85 fc ' ab  As' f y  As f s  EQ.1
0.85 fc' ab(d  0.5a) As' f y (d  d ' )
0.85 fc' ab  A f y  As f s 
'
  EQ.3
{e  0.5(d  d ' )} {e  0.5(d  d ' )}
s

From the strain diagram a

600 (d  )
(d  c) 1 ( 1d  a )
f s  600  f s  600  EQ.4
c a a
1
 ( 1d  a) 0.85 fc ' ab(d  0.5a) As' f y (d  d ' )
0.85 fc ' ab  As' f y  As 600  
a {e  0.5(d  d ' )} {e  0.5(d  d ' )}

Solve for a
Check for yielding of compression steel

s' cd ' (c  d ' )

c
a
 f  600
s
'
 fy
1 0.003 c c
( 1d  a )
Solve for fs f s  600
a
Solve for Pn Pn  0.85 fc ' ab  As' f y  As f s  EQ.1
Solve for Pu
Pu  Pn
Solve for Mu M u  Pu e
Problem:
The column shown is reinforced with 6 of 25 mm diameter
bars. If fc’ = 21 MPa, fy = 345 MPa , e = 200 mm, determine
Pu, and Mu .
65 mm

Axis of bending
500 mm

65 mm

400 mm
3 (25) 2
As  As '   1472 .6mm2 d  500  65  435mm
4
From the preceding problem
eb  244.76mm  200 mm Compressions controls
 {0.85435   a} 0.85(21)400 a(435  0.5a) 1472 .6(345)( 435  65)
0.85(21)400 a  1472 .6(345)  1472 .6(600 )  
a {200  0.5(435  65)} {200  0.5(435  65)}

{369.75  a} a(435  0.5a)

a  71.16  123.75   68.38
a 385

385a 2  27396 .6a  17616276 .5  47643 .75a  435a 2  0.5a 3  26326 .3a
Can be solved by
a3  100 a 2  97428 .1a  35232553  0 Newton’s Method
of approximation
a  256.28mm or by trial and error
(256.28)3  100(256.28) 2  97428 .1(256.28)  35232553  0
703.1 0k

( 1d  a ) {0.85 435  256 .28}

f s  600  600  214 .73MPa
a 256 .28
 256 .28
c  301 .5mm
0.85
(301 .5  65 )
f s'  600  470 .65 MPa  f y Compression steel yields
301 .5

Pn  0.85 fc ' ab  As' f y  As f s  EQ.1

Pn  0.85(21)256.28400   1472 .6(345)  1472 .6(214.73)

Pn  2021682 N  2021 .68kN
Pu  (0.7)2021 .68  1415 .2kN

M u  1415 .2(0.2)  283.04kN .m

 COLUMN INTERACTION DIAGRAM
It was observed that the use of analytical method is very complicated and requires accuracy of
manipulation of algebraic equations. An option is to analyze the column by using the column
interaction diagram.
Interaction diagram is the graph of the axial load capacity and the moment capacity of the column of
the M-P axes. The diagram is very useful for studying the strength of the column with varying
proportions of the loads and moments.
Pn
Pn Pure axial load
A B
e Compression Failure
Balanced Loading
Pn Compression
zone C

Tension Tension failure

zone Pure bending Mn
D
Mn
The diagram is made by plotting the axial load capacity when the moment is zero( point A), then the
balanced loading( point C) and the moment capacity when the axial load is zero( point D). In between
points A and D , the column fail due to axial and bending. Point C the balanced point. In reference to
Point B, the vertical and horizontal dotted line represents the particular load combination of axial load
and moment.
How to use the column interaction Diagram

Process Design Analysis

Given Loads, Pu and e Section properties
section dimension eccentricity
Required Amount of reinforcement axial load and
moment capacity
P M Ast
calculate n
and
n
pg   e/h
Ag
Ag h Ag
Intersection of pg & e/h
Intersection of project horizontally to
The left to get Pn
Locate
P n
M n
and
Ag h Ag
Ag
project vertically
M n
down to get
and determine pg
Ag h
obtain
As Pn or Pu Mn or Mu
t
Problem

Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the column section

shown if the eccentricity is 200 mm. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
Solve using the column interaction diagram.

400 mm
75 mm
4 of 25 mm

Axis of
bending
450 mm

4 of 25 mm

75 mm
Solution

1. Solve for  ,pg, and e/h

 (25) 2
h  450
8
pg 
Ast
 4  0.016  600  450
Ag (400 )(600 )
  0.75
e 200
  0.33
h 600

2. Locate the intersection of pg and e/h. Project horizontally to the left

to obtain Pn Pn
Ag Ag
 8.52 MPa Pu  Pn
Pu =8.52Ag = 8.52(400)600 = 2044.8 kN
 Pn
(MPa)
Ag
50
Interaction Diagram
fc’= 3 ksi ( 20.7 MPa)
45 fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
h
  0.75
40

35

30 h
pg=0.08 Pn
0.07 e
25
0.06
0.05
20
04
0.03
15
0.02
0.016 0.01
10
8.2 MPa
5
M n
(MPa) 0
Ag h 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Problem

Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the colum shown applied at
an eccentricity of 400 mm. fc’=20.7 MPa,fy=413.7 MPa.
Reinforcement consist of 16 of 28 mm bars.
500 mm
70 mm

Axis of
bending
360 mm

70 mm
  (28) 2
h  360
10
Ast 4
pg    0.0394  500  360
Ag (500 )(500 )
  0.72

Since there is no available interaction diagram for   0.72

Use the interaction diagrams for   0.60 and   0.75
With fy = 413.7 MPa and fc’=20.7 MPa and interpolate the values
obtained

e/h = 400/500 = 0.80

From column interaction diagram for   0.60 f y = 413.7 MPa and
fc’=20.7 MPa
P n
 4.6 MPa
Ag
 From column interaction diagram for   0.75
f y = 413.7 MPa and fc’=20.7 MPa

P
n
 5.8MPa
Ag
P

Interpolating values n

Ag
x  5.8 0.72  .075
 0.60 4.6
4.6  5.8 0.60  0.75 0.72 x
0.75 5.8
X = 5.56 MPa
P n
 5.56 MPa 0.7 Pn
 5.56
Ag (500 )(500 )
Pn = 1,985,714 N = 1,985.7 kN
 50
Interaction Diagram
fc’= 3 ksi ( 20.7 MPa)
45 fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
h
  0.60
40

35

30 h
0.08 Pn
0.07 e
25
0.06
0.05
20
0.039 0.04

15 0.03
0.02
0.01
10

4.6 MPa 5

0
 50
Interaction Diagram
fc’= 3 ksi ( 20.7 MPa)
45 fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
h
  0.75
40

35

30 h
Pn
e
25

20
0.039
15

10

5.8 MPa 5

0
Plate # 13: Analysis of eccentric columns using interaction diagram

Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the column section

shown if the eccentricity is 300 mm. fc’ = 27.57 MPa(4 ksi), fy= 413.MPa(60ksi).
Solve using the column interaction diagram.

350 mm
75 mm
4 of 25 mm 1ksi =6.8928 MPa
Axis of
bending
400 mm

4 of 25 mm

75 mm
Calculate the nominal axial load capacity of the colum shown applied at
an eccentricity of 400 mm. fc’=27.57 MPa,fy=413.7 MPa.
Reinforcement consist of 16 of 22 mm bars.

450 mm
70 mm

Axis of
bending
330 mm

70 mm
Problem
CE Board May 2000
For the spiral column shown, determine the maximum nominal axial load
capacity if the eccentricity is 150 mm. fc’= 27.6 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
Use the column interaction diagram. 1 ksi = 6.8928 MPa

 (22) 2

8
Ast 4
8 of pg    0.0155
22 mm
375 mm 500 mm Ag  (500 ) 2

4
h  375 e 150
 500  375   0.3
h 500
  0.75
P n
 1.3ksi  1.3x6.8928  8.961MPa
Ag
 7 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 4ksi(27.6 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.75
h
h
0.08
5
0.07
ΦPn/Ag(ksi)

0.06
0.05
4 Pn
0.04
0.03
e
3 0.02
0.0155
0.01

1.3 ksi
1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
 Determination of steel area

A rectangular column is as shown in the

figure. It is acted upon by the following loads: 400 mm
axial load due to dead load = 450 kN 75 mm
axial load due to live load = 500 kN
Moment due to dead load = 134 kN.m Axis of
Moment due to live load = 150 kN.m bending
450 mm
The column is to be analyzed and designed
by ultimate strength design method.
Use fc’ = 20.7MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
75 mm
Determine
a) Eccentricity of the column
b) Area of steel bars required
 h  450
Solution:
 600  450
Pu = 1.4PD + 1.7PL
Pu =1.4 (450) + 1.7(500) = 1480 kN
  0.75
e 300
  0.50
Pn = Pu/Φ h 600
Pn = 1480/0.7 P 0.7(2114 .28)(1000 )
Pn = 2114.28 kN
n
  6.17 MPa
A
g
(400)(600)
Mu =1.4MD + 1.7ML M n 0.7(632.28)(10) 6
Mu =1.4(134)+1.7(150) = 442.6 kN.m   3.07 MPa
Mn =Mu/Φ = 442.6/0.7 = 632.28 kN.m Ag h (600)(400)(600)
Intersection of Pn and M n
Eccentricity
e= Mn/Pn= 632.28/ 2114.28
e = 0.3 m = 300 mm Ag Ag h
pg =0.017
Ast =pgAg= 0.017(400)(600)
Ast = 4080 mm2
 50
Interaction Diagram
fc’= 3 ksi ( 20.7 MPa)
45 fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
h
  0.60
40

35

30 h
Pn
pg=0.017 25
e

20

15

10
Pn
 6.17 MPa 5
A
g

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

M n
 3.07 MPa
Ag h
Design of Eccentric columns( section & reinforcement)

 The size of column can be obtained by assuming an average

compressive stress of concrete from 0.5fc’ to 0.6 fc’ under the load
PU. Design of reinforcement follows the procedure of the preceding
topic. If value of pg is not reasonable, section maybe revised.

Design a square tied column to carry a factored axial load of 2,000 kN

And a factored moment of 190 kN.m. Use 25 mm bars to be placed
uniformly along the faces of the column. Assume fc’=20.7MPa and
fy =413.7 MPa.
Solution

Ag = Pu/0.5fc’
Ag = (2000)(1000) /0.5(20.7)
Ag = 193,237 mm2
Using a square column
h = 439 mm say 450 mm

Proposed Layout
450 mm
62.5 mm

Axis of
bending
325 mm

62.5 mm
 Interpolate between   0.60 and   0.75
e = Mu/Pu
e =190/2000 = 0.095 m = 95 mm Pn =Pu/Ф= 2000/0.7=2,857 kN
e/h = 95/450 = 0.211 ФPn/Ag = 0.7(2857)1000/(450)(450)
h  325 ФPn/Ag =9.876 MPa/6.8928 = 1.43 ksi
  0.60
 450  325 Intersection of e/h and ФPn/Ag pg =0.018
  0.722   0.75
Intersection of e/h and ФPn/Ag pg =0.016

 pg
0.60 0.018 As =PgAg
0.722 x As = 0.01637(450)(450)
0.75 0.016 As = 3315 mm2

x  0.016 0.722  0.75


0.018  0.016 0.6  0.75

x = pg = 0.01637
 7 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.75 h

5
ΦPn/Ag(ksi)

h
4 Pn
e
3

1.43 ksi
1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

pg=0.016 ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
 7 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 3ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.60 h

5
ΦPn/Ag(ksi)

h
4 Pn
e
3

1.43 ksi
1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
pg=0.018
Plate # 14 : Design of eccentric columns by using interaction diagram

For the spiral column shown, determine the maximum nominal axial load
capacity if the eccentricity is 200 mm. fc’= 27.6 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
Use the column interaction diagram. 1 ksi = 6.8928 MPa

8 of
400 mm 530 mm
22 mm

Design a square tied column to carry a factored axial load of 2,500 kN

And a factored moment of 300 kN.m. Use 28mm bars to be placed
uniformly along the faces of the column. Assume fc’=20.7MPa and
fy =413.7 MPa.
A rectangular column is as shown in the
figure. It is acted upon by the following loads: 450 mm
axial load due to dead load = 500 kN 75 mm
axial load due to live load = 600 kN
Moment due to dead load = 140 kN.m Axis of
Moment due to live load = 180 kN.m bending
500 mm
The column is to be analyzed and designed
by ultimate strength design method.
Use fc’ = 20.7MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa.
75 mm
Determine
a) Eccentricity of the column
b) Area of steel bars required
Axial Load and Biaxial Bending
In some cases, columns are subject to bending on both axes. This
is the usual case of corner columns where beams or girder frames
into the column from both directions .

ex

ey
My

Mx
 Bresler Equation

Biaxially loaded columns can be analyzed by Bresler’s equation.

1 1 1 1
  
Pn Pnx Pny Pno
Where:
Pnx = axial load capacity of the column for eccentricity ex with ey =0
Pny = axial load capacity of the column for eccentricity ey with ex =0
Pno = axial load capacity of the column when ex = 0 and ey = 0

Pno = 0.85fc’Ag + Asfy

Problem

 Calculate the permissible axial load capacity Pu of the short tied

column shown shown if ex= 200 mm and ey = 100 mm.
Use fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa

75 mm

8 of 28 mm
225 mm 375 mm

75 mm
75 mm 75 mm
450 mm
600 mm
 Solution

 (28) 2

8
Ast 4
pg    0.022
Ag (375)(600 )

For eccentricity ex ( bending about the y axis)

h  450 P 8.823(600 )(375)
 600  450
n
 1.28ksi Pnx 
Ag 0.7(1000 )
  0.75
P
e

200
 0.333
n
 8.823 MPa Pnx =2836 kN
h 600 A
g
For eccentricity ey ( bending about the x axis)

h  225 P
 1.35ksi 9.305 (600 )(375)
Pny 
n

 375  225 Ag 0.7(1000 )

  0.60
P
e 100
  0.267
n
 9.305 MPa Pnx =2991 kN
h 375 Ag

Pno = 0.85fc’Ag + Asfy = 5,997kN

1 1 1 1
   Pn = 1,922 kN
Pn Pnx Pny Pno
1 1 1 1
  
Pn 2,836 2,991 5,997
 7 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.75 h

5
ΦPn/Ag(ksi)

h
4 Pn
e
3

1.28ksi
1

ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
 7 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 3ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.60 h

5
ΦPn/Ag(ksi)

h
4 Pn
e
3

1.35 ksi
1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
Using the data of the preceding problem, determine Mux and Muy .

Solution

Pu  Pn
Pu  0.7(1922 )  1345 .4kN

M ux  Pu ey  1345.4(0.10)  134.54kN .m
M uy  Pu ex  1345.4(0.20)  269.08kN .m
Plate # 14 : Columns subject to Biaxial Bending
Calculate the permissible axial load capacity Pu of the short tied
column shown shown if ex= 250 mm and ey = 150 mm. Solve by
analytical method. Use fc’ =20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa

75 mm

10 of 28 mm
250 mm 400 mm

75 mm
75 mm 75 mm
500 mm
650 mm
Long Columns
 CONSIDERATION OF SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
For compression members braced against
sideways,effects of slenderness maybe neglected
when:

kLu M 1b
 34  12
r M 2b
For compression members not braced against sideways,
effects of slenderness maybe neglected when

kLu
 22
r
Where:
M2b = value of the larger factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable
sidesway, calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis
M1b = value of the smaller factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable sidesway,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis positive if
member is bent in single curvature, negative if member is
bent in double curvature

M1b

Lu

M2b
Effective Length Factor

Effective length factor is equal to 1 when the member is braced

against sideway ; for members not braced against sideway
effects of cracking and reinforcement on relative stiffness must
be considered and should be greater than 1.

Radius of Gyration

r = 0.25 D for circular columns ,D the column diameter

r = 0.30 h for rectangular columns ,h the column dimension in
the direction stability is being considered

Unsupported Length of Compression members

Unsupported length Lu a of compression member is taken as the

clear distance between floor slabs, beams or other members
capable of providing lateral support for that compression
member. Where column capitals or haunches are present it
shall be measured to the lower extremity of capital or haunch in
the place considered.
Braced and Unbraced Frame

A frame maybe considered braced if the bracing elements such as shear

walls, shear trusses, or other means resisting lateral movement of a storey,
have a total stiffness at least, six times the sum of the stiffness of all the
columns resisting lateral movement in that storey.

PROBLEM
A square column having an unsupported length of 5 m is used in a
braced frame against sidesway. The column is bent in single
curvature and subject to factored end moments of 58 kN/m at the
top and 42 kN.m at the bottom. Determine its minimum dimension
so that slenderness effects may not be considered in the analysis.
 + since the
column is bent
M 2b  58kN .m M 1b  42kN .m in single
curvature
column
Lu  5m  5000 mm k  1.0 is braced
against
r  0.3h sidesway
kLu M 1b
 34  12
r M 2b
1(5000 ) (42)
 34  12
0.3h 58

h  660 mm
MOMENT MAGNIFIER METHOD
According to NSCP 1992 edition, compression members shall be
designed using the factored axial load Pu from a conventional frame
analysis and a magnified factored moment Mc defined by :

M c   s M 2 s   b M 2b EQ. 1

Where:
M2b = value of the larger factored end moment on a compression
member due to loads that result in no appreciable sidesway,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis. For use in
EQ.1 M2b ≥ Pu(15 + 0.03 h) 15 + 0.03h in mm

M1b = value of the smaller factored end moment on a compression

member due to loads that result in no appreciable sidesway,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis positive if member
is bent in single curvature, negative if member is bent in double
curvature
 M2s = value of the larger factored end moment on a
compression member due to loads that result in appreciable
sidesway ( wind, earthquake and other lateral loads) ,
calculated by conventional elastic frame analysis.
For use in EQ.1 M2b ≥ Pu(15 + 0.03 h) 15 + 0.03h in mm

b = moment magnification factor that takes into account

the effect of member curvature in a frame braced
against sideway.

Cm
b   1. 0
Pu
1
Pc
 M 1b
Cm  0.6  0.4 but not less than 0.4,
For all other cases Cm = 1.
M 2b
 s = moment magnification factor that takes into account
the lateral drift of a column caused by lateral or
gravity loading the frame not braced against sidesway

1  2 EI
s   1.0 Pc 
 Pu EQ 2
1 (kLu ) 2
  Pc
 s  1.0 for columns braced against sidesway

 Pu  Pc summation for all columns in a storey.

For frames not braced against sidesway, both  band  s should be
computed. For frames braced against sidesway,  s should be taken
as 1.0. In calculating Pc ,EI should be determined either by

Ec I g Ec I g
 Es I se
EI  5 or EI  2.5
1 d 1 d

Where
βd = the ratio of factored dead load moment to maximum total
factored moment ( always positive), where the load is due to
gravity only in the calculation of Pc in computing  bor
the ratio of the maximum sustained lateral load to the
maximum total factored lateral load in that story in the
calculation of Pc in computing 
s
Ig = moment of inertia of gross section about centroidal axis
neglecting reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of
member cross section
Ec =modulus of elasticity of concrete E c  4700 fc '
Es =modulus of elasticity of reinforcement

Moment Magnifier for biaxial bending

For compression members subject to moment on both axes, moment

about each principal axis shall be magnified by  computed from the
corresponding restraint about that axis.
 Alignment Charts

Effective Length Factor k are obtained using the Jackson and

Moreland alignment chart. To use this chart a parameter ψA for end A
of column AB and ψB for end B are computed. A straightedge is
placed between A and B. The point where the straightedge cross the
middle monograph is k. The parameter ψ at one end of the column
equals the sum of the stiffnesses of the columns (including the column
under consideration) meeting at the joint divided by the sum of all the
stiffnesses of the beams meeting at that joint.

∑EI/L of Columns
Ψ=
∑EI/L of Beams
 ALIGNMENT CHARTS

ψA K ψB ψA K ψB
∞
50
1.0
5∞
0 ∞
100.0 ∞
20.0 ∞
100.0
10 10
50.0 10.0 50.0
5 5 30.0 5.0 30.0
3.0 0.9 3.0 20.0 4.0 20.0
2.0 2.0 10.0 3.0 10.0
0.8 8.0 8.0
1.0 1.0
6.0 6.0
0.8 0.8 5.0
5.0
0.6 0.7 0.6 4.0 2.0 4.0
0.5 0.5
3.0 3.0
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3 2.0 2.0
0.6 1.5
0.2 0.2
1.0 1.0
0.1 0.1

0 0.5 0 0 1.0 0

BRACED FRAME UNBRACED FRAME

Note: Ψ ═ ∞ for pinned ends and 1.0 for fixed end

PROBLEMS

1. A rectangular concrete column has a dimension of 300 mm by

380 mm. The column length is 4.5 m and is to be used in a
frame braced against sidesway ( k =1.0, EI = 34 MN.m2). The
column is bent in single curvature by ultimate factored moment of
110 kN.m at the top and 120 kN.m at the bottom. The column
carries factored axial dead load of 150 kN and factored axial live
load of 350 kN. Considering the longer dimension of the column,
is slenderness effects be considered in the analysis ? If so, what
is the magnified moment capacity of this column ?

2. Solve the previous problem considering the effect of wind

loads producing an unfactored axial load of 130 kN an unfactored
moment of 100 kN.m
Solution to #1

M 2b  120 kN .m M 1b  110 kN .m + since the

column is bent
M 2s  0 in single
curvature
r  0.3h  0.3(380)  114 mm
Lu  4.5m  4500 mm
kLu 1(4500 )
  39.47
r 114
M 1B 110
34  12  34  12  23
M 2B 120

kLu M 1B
 34  12 Column is Long
r M 2B
 M 1b 110
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.6  0.4  0.9668
M 2b 120

Pu  150  350  500 kN

 2 EI  2 34(10) 6
Pc  2
 2
 16,571,188 N  16,571.18kN
(kLu ) {(1)(4.5)}

Cm 0.9668
b    1.0103
Pu 500
1 1
Pc 0.7(16571 .18)

M c   b M 2b   c M 2 s  1.0103(120)   s (0)  121.24kN .m

 Solution to #2

M 2 s  0.75[1.4M D  1.7 M L  1.7 M W ]

M 2 s  0.75[1.4(0)  1.7(0)  1.7(100)]  127.5kN .m
[1.4 PD  1.7 PL ]  150  350  500 kN Specified in the previous
problem

Pu  0.75[1.4 PD  1.7 PL  1.7 PW ]  0.75[500  1.7(130)]  540.7kN

Cm 0.9668
b    1.014
P 540 .75
1 u 1
Pc 0.7(16571 .18)
 s  1.0  Frame is braced against sidesway
M c   b M 2b   s M 2 s  1.014(120)  1.0(127.5)  249.18kN .m
Plate No.15 Long Columns ( Part I)

1.A square column having an unsupported length of 4.5 m is used in a

frame braced against sidesway. The column is bent in single curvature
and subject to factored end moments of 52 kN/m at the top and 36 kN.m at
the bottom. Determine its minimum dimension so that slenderness effects
may not be considered in the analysis.
2. A square concrete column has a dimension of 450 mm by 450 mm.
The column length is 5 m and is to be used in a frame braced against
sidesway ( k =1.0, EI = 44 MN.m2). The column is bent in single
curvature by ultimate factored moment of 130 kN.m at the top and 150
kN.m at the bottom. The column carries factored axial dead load of 180
kN and factored axial live load of 390 kN. Is slenderness effects be
considered in the analysis ? If so, what is the magnified moment
capacity of this column ?

3. Solve the previous problem considering the effect of wind loads

producing an unfactored axial load of 150 kN an unfactored moment of
120 kN.m
For the column shown in figure, PD = 266.88 kN, PL = 444.8 kN, MD =
162.72kN.m, and ML = 189.84 kN.m. The column belongs to a braced
frame and is bent in single curvature about the x axis by equal moments
at each end of the member . The unsupported length is 6 m. fc’ = 20.7
MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa . Determine the following :
a) Critical load Pc
b) Magnified moment 375 mm
c) the steel ratio required to
sustain the magnified moment
8 of 32 mm

500 mm
375 mm
Solution:

8 (32) 2
As   6433 .98mm2
4
Pu=1.4PD + 1.7PL = 1129.79 kN
M1b= M2b =1.4MD + 1.7ML = 550.54 kN.m

Ec  4700 fc '  4700 20.7  21383 .7 MPa

375(500 )3
Ig   3906 .25 x10 6 mm4
12
I se  As z 2  6433.98(187.5)2  226.194 x106 mm4

Es  200000 MPa
 1.4M D 1.4(162.72)
d    0.41
Mu 550.54

Ec I g
 Es I se
EI  5
1 d

21383 .71(3906 .35)10 6

 200000 (226.194)10 6
EI  5
1  0.41

EI  4.4 x1013 N .mm2

  2 EI
Pc 
(kLu ) 2

 2 4.4 x1013
Pc  2
 12062 .85kN
(6000 )
M 1b 550 .54
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.6  0.4  1.0
M 2b 550 .54
Cm 1
b    1.13
Pu 1129 .79
1 1
Pc 0.7(12062 .85)
 M c   b M 2b  1.13(550.54)  622.11kN .m
Pn Pu 1129 .79
   6.03MPa
Ag Ag 375(500 )
M n Mc (622.11)(10) 6
   6.64 MPa
Ag h Ag h (500)(375)(500)
Using the column interaction diagram
P n
Project 6.03 MPa(0.875ksi) from axis horizontally to the right
Ag
M n
Project 6.64 MPa(0.963ksi) from axis vertically up
Ag h
Locate intersection of projected lines to get pg = 0.05
 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.75 h

h
4 Pn
e
3

1
0.875 ksi

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
0.963 ksi
Problem:
Design the steel reinforcement for a 7.5 m 600 mm by 600 mm square tied
Column bent in single curvature in a braced frame with ψ equal 1 at one end
and 2.0 at the other end. The column is used to carry the following loads
axial dead load = 800 kN
axial live load = 880 kN
dead load moment = 135 kN. m
live load moment = 175 kN. m
Use fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa, and place the bars at two end faces
With d’ = 75 mm.
75mm 450 mm 75 mm

600 mm
bending
Axis of
 Solution

Pu =1.4 PD + 1.7PL ψA ψB
K
Pu= 1.4 (800) + 1.7(880) = 2,616 kN ∞
50
1.0
5∞
0
10 10

MU = M2b = M1b = 1.4 MD + 1.7 ML 5 5

3.0 0.9 3.0
MU = M2b = M1b = 1.4(135) + 1.7 (175) 2.0 2.0
MU = M2b = M1b = 486.5 kN.m 0.82 0.8
1.0 1.0
M1b / M2b = 1.0 r = 03 h = 0.3(600) = 180 0.8 0.8

from Alignment chart k = 0.82 0.6 0.7 0.6

0.5 0.5
KLu / r = 0.82( 7500)/180 = 34.17 0.4 0.4
34 – 12M1b / M2b =34 -12(1) = 24 0.3 0.3
0.6
0.2 0.2
Check:
0.1 0.1
M2b > Pu (15 + 0.03h)
0 0.5 0
M2b > 2616 (15 + 0.03(600))/1000 = 86.33 kN.m

BRACED FRAME
 M 1b
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.6  0.4(1)  1.0
M 2b
E c  4700 fc'  4700 20.7  21383.7 MPa

600( 600 )3
Ig   10.8 x10 9 mm 4
12
1.4( 135 )
d   0.3885
486.5
Ec I g
21,373.7( 10.8 )( 10 )9
EI  2.5  2.5  66.532x10 12 N .mm 2
1  d 1  0.3885
 EI
2
 ( 66.532 )( 10 )
2 9

Pc    17 ,361kN
( kLu ) 2
0.82( 7500 ) ( 1000 )
2
 Cm 1
b    1.274 M 2s  0
Pu 2 ,616
1 1
Pc 0.7( 17 ,361 )
M c   s M 2 s   b M 2 b  0  ( 1.274 )( 486.5 )  619.8 kN .m
M u 619.8 e 237
e   0.237m  237mm   0.395
Pu 2 ,616 h 600

h  450 Pn PU 2 ,616( 1000 )

   7.27 MPa  1.0547ksi
 600  450 Ag Ag 600( 600 )
  0.75 Pg=0.016
As =0.016(600)600 = 5,760 mm2
Using 25 mm bars
5760
No   12 pcs
 ( 25 ) 2

4
 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 3 ksi(20.7 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.75 h

h
4 Pn
e
3

0.016
2

1.0547 ksi
1

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
 7 INTERACTION DIAGRAM
fc’ = 4ksi(27.6 MPa)
fy = 60 ksi ( 413.7 MPa)
6   0.75 h

5
ΦPn/Ag(ksi)

h
4 Pn
e
3

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
ΦMn/Agh(ksi)
Plate # 17: Design of Long columns
Design the steel reinforcement for a 6.0 m 500 mm by 500 mm square tied
Column bent in single curvature in a braced frame with ψ equal 2.0 at one end and
3.0 at the other end. The column is used to carry the following loads
axial dead load = 600 kN
axial live load = 650 kN
dead load moment = 105 kN. m
live load moment = 125 kN. m
Use fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa, and place the bars at two end faces
With d’ = 75 mm.
75mm 350 mm 75 mm

500 mm
bending
Axis of
For the column shown in figure, PD = 200 kN, PL = 400 kN, MD =
122kN.m, and ML = 148 kN.m. The column belongs to a braced frame
and is bent in single curvature about the x axis by equal moments at
each end of the member . The unsupported length is 6 m. fc’ = 20.7
MPa, fy = 413.7 MPa . Determine the following :
a) Critical load Pc
b) Magnified moment 350 mm
c) the steel ratio required to
sustain the magnified moment
8 of 28 mm

450 mm
300 mm
 Two Way Slabs

When a rectangular reinforced concrete slab is supported on four

sides,reinforcement placed perpendicular to the side may be assumed
to be effective in the two directions. These slabs are known as two
way slabs. Bending occurs on both directions. However if the slab is
supported on all sides but the ratio of the long side to short is two or
more times, the slab act as a one way slab with bending occuring in
the short direction.

Two methods of designing will be discussed. The direct design

method and the ACI moment coeffecient method. Other methods
available are the strip method and the equivalent frame method.
 panel

h =slab thickness

Beam or wall

Beam Beam
Beam

panel

Beam
Drop panel
Column
capital

Two way column supported slab

Two way edge supported slab
( Flat Slab)
 Column and Middle Strip
When the design moments are computed, the moments are distributed
to the column and middle strip. Column strip is a design strip with a width on
each side of a column centerline equal to 0.25L1 or 0.25L2 whichever is less.
Column strip includes beam if any. The middle strip is a design strip bounded
by two column strips.

L2

Column Middle Column L1

Strip Strip Strip

Smaller of
0.25L1 or 0.25L2

CL of column
Minimum thickness
Minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams spanning between the
supports shall be in accordance with Table 1 and shall not be less than the
following values:
a) slabs without drop panels 125 mm
b) slabs with drop panels 100 mm
Table 1
Yield Without drop panels(2) With drop panels(2)
Stress
Exterior Panels Interior Exterior Panels Interior
Fy,MPa(1)
Panels Panels
Without With Without With
edge edge edge edge
beam beam(3) beam beam(3)
275 Ln /33 Ln /36 Ln /36 Ln /36 Ln /40 Ln /40
415 Ln /30 Ln /33 Ln /33 Ln /33 Ln /36 Ln /36
(1) For values of reinforcement yield stress between 275 MPa and 415 MPa minimum
thickness shall be obtained by linear interpolation
(2) See definition of drop panel in Sections 5.13.4.7.1, 5.13.4.7.2,NSCP 5th Edition
(3) Slabs with beam between columns along exterior edges. The value of α for the
edge beam shall not be less than 0.8.
 DROP PANEL
Drop panels and column capitals are placed around the vicinity of the column
to reduce the effect of negative moment and shear

Not less than 1/6L h

Not less than 1/4h

Column capital

Sections 5.13.4.7.1 Drop panel shall extend in each direction from centerline
of support a distance not less than one sixth the span length measured center
to center of supports in that direction.
5.13.4.7.2 Projection of drop panel below the slab shall be at least one fourth
of the slab thickness beyond the drop.
The minimum thickness of slabs with or without beams
spanning between the supports on all sides and having a
ratio of long span to short span not exceeding 2 shall be

Ln ( 800  0.73 f y ) EQ 10.1

h
 1 
36000  5000  m  0.12( 1  )
  
but not less than
Ln ( 800  0.73 f y )
h EQ 10.2
36000  9000
and need not be more than
Ln ( 800  0.73 f y )
h
36000 EQ 10.3
The values of h obtained from EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 maybe shall be
modified as required by Sections 5.9.5.3.4 and 5.9.5.3.5 but in no case
shall the thickness be less than
  2.0
m
------------------------- 125 mm

  2.0
m
------------------------- 90 mm

Section 5.9.5.3.4 For slabs without beams, but with drop panels extending
In each direction from centerline of support a distance not less than one sixth
the span length in that direction measured center to center of supports and
projection of slab at least one fourth of slab thickness beyond the thickness
required by EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 shall be reduced by 10%.

Section 5.9.5.3.5 At discontinuous edge, an edge beam shall be provided

With a stiffness ratio σ not less than 0.8; or the minimum thickness
required by EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 shall be increased by 10% in the
panel with a discontinuous edge.
Where
Ln = length of clear span in the long direction of a two- way construction
measured face to face of supports in slabs without beams and face
to face of beams or other supports in other cases.
αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.
α = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness a
width of the slab bounded laterally by centerline of adjacent
panel ( if any) in each side of the beam.
E cb I b

E cs I s
β = ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two way slabs.
Ecb = modulus of elasticity of beam concrete
Ecs = modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
Ib =moment of inertia about the centroidal axis of gross section of
section defined in section 5.13.2.4
Section 5.13.2.4 For monolithic or fully composite construction, a beam includes that
portion of the slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the projection
of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than four times
the slab thickness
Is =moment of inertia about the centroidal axis of gross section of slab
Is =H3 /12 times width of slab defined in notation α and βt .
 Direct Design Method
 Limitations of Direct Design Method
 There shall be a minimum of three continuous span in each direction
 Panel shall be rectangular with a ratio of longer to shorter span center to
center of support within a panel not greater than 2
 Successive span lengths center to center of supports in each direction shall
not differ by more than 1/3 the longer support
 Columns be offset a maximum of 10% of span ( in the direction of the offset)
from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
 All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire
panel. Live load shall not exceed three times the dead load.
 For a panel between supports on all sides , the relative stiffness of beams in
the two perpendicular direction,  1 L21 must be between 0.2 and 0.5.
 L
2
2
2
Where :L1 = length of the span in the direction that moments are being
determined, measured center to center of supports
L2 = length of span transverse to LI, measured center to center of
supports.
Moments in slabs

The total moment resisted by the slab equals absolute sum of the positive
and negative factored moments in each direction and shall not be less than
2
( wu L2 )Ln
Mo  EQ. A Where: wu is the factored
8 load

Clear span Ln shall extend face to face of the columns,capitals,bracket or

walls Ln in EQ. A shall not be less than 0.65L1. Circular or polygon supports
shall be treated as square supports with the same area

If the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline of supports

varies L2 in EQ. A shall be taken as the average of adjacent transverse
spans. When the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is considered, the
distance from edge to panel centerline shall be substituted for L2 in EQ. A.
Negative and Positive Factored Moments

Negative factored moments shall be located at face of rectangular supports.

Circular or regular polygon supports shall be treated as square supports with
the same area

A. In an interior span, total static moment Mo shall be distributed as follows:

Negative factored moments 0.65
Positive factored moments 0.35
B. In an end span, total factored static moment Mo shall be distributed according
to the table below
1 2 3 4 5
Slabs without beams
Exterior edge Slabs with b/w interior supports Exterior edge
unrestrained beams b/w With
Fully restrained
Without
all supports
edge beam edge beam
Interior Negative
Factored Moment
0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
Positive
Factored Moment 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exterior Negative
Factored Moment 0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
Factored Moment in Column strips

Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following portion in percent

Of interior factored negative moments.

TABLE A
l2
0.5 1.0 2.0
l1
l2
 0 75 75 75
l1

l2
  1.0 90 75 45
l1
Linear interpolation be made for the values shown
 Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following portion in percent
Of exterior factored negative moments.
TABLE B

l2
0.5 1.0 2.0
l1
l t  0 100 100 100
 2 0
l1  t  2.5 75 75 75

l t  0 100 100 100

 2  1.0
l1  t  2.5 90 75 45

Linear interpolation be made for the values shown

Where supports consists of columns or walls extending for a distance equal to

or greater than three – quarter other span length L2 used to compute Mo,
negative moments shall be considered to be uniformly distributed across Lo.
 E cb C
t 
2 E cs I s
Where :
C = torsional rigidity of the effective transverse beam

Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following in percent of

positive factored moments.
TABLE C

l2
0.5 1.0 2.0
l1
l2
 0 60 60 60
l1

l2
  1.0 90 75 45
l1

Linear interpolation be made for the values shown

For slabs with beams between supports, the slab portion of the column strip
shall be proportioned to resist that portion of the column strip moments not
resisted by the beams.

Factored moment in beams

Beams between supports shall be proportioned to resist 85% of column strip

moments If  l 2  1.0 . If l is between 1.0 and zero ,proportion
 2
of l1 l1

of column strip moments resisted by beams shall be obtained by linear

interpolation between 85 and zero percent.

Factored moment in middle strip

That portion of negative and positive factored moments not resisted by

column strips shall be proportionately assigned to corresponding half middle
strip. Each middles strip shall be proportioned to resist the sum of moment
assigned to its two half middle strip. A middle strip assigned to and parallel
with one edge supported by a wall shall be proportioned to resist twice the
moment assigned to the half middle strip corresponding to the first row of
Interior supports.
Modification of Factored Moments

Negative and positive factored moments maybe modified by 10 % provided

the total static moment for a panel in the direction considered is not less
than that required by EQ. A.

Factored shear in slab system with beams

l
 2  1.0
Beams with l1 shall be proportioned to resist shear caused by factored
loads on tributary areas bounded by 450 lines drawn from the corners of
the panel and the centerlines of adjacent panels parallel to the long side.
Beams with  l 2  1.0 maybe proportioned to resist shear obtained by linear
l1
Interpolation, assuming that the beam carries no load at α = 0
 C.S for wide beam shear

bw
d

450
x L2/2

L2
1

450

L1

Where
d =effective depth of the slab
Problem
Using NSCP specifications, determine the minimum slab thickness of the
panel shown. The slab has beam between all supports which are poured
monolothically with the slab. fc’ =21MPa, fy = 414 MPa. Assume Ec be the
same for beam, slab and column.
B
6m 5m 5m

A Panel A
for design 6m

6m
B
 h h
500 mm 500 mm
Section B-B Section A-A

350 mm 350 mm 350 mm 350 mm

Solution Ln ( 800  0.73 f y )

1. Assume h
36000  9000
LongClearSpan 6000  350
   1.22
ShortClearSpan 5000  350
Ln =6000 -350 =5650 mm
5650( 800  0.73414 )
h
36000  9000( 1.22 )
h = 133 mm say 150 mm
2. Effective flange projection of beams
Section 5.13.2.4 For monolithic or fully composite construction, a beam includes that portion of the
slab on each side of the beam extending a distance equal to the projection of the beam above or
below the slab, whichever is greater, but not greater than four times the slab thickness

a) 500 – 150 = 350 mm

b) 4(150) = 600 mm use 350 mm
3. Moment of Inertias of beams
Approximate moment of inertias
Edge beams 1.4 to 1.6 of bh3/12
Interior beams 1.5 to 2 of bh3/12
a. Edge beam 350( 500 )3
I  1.4  5 ,104x10 6 mm 4
12
b. Interior beam
350( 500 )3
I  1.6  5 ,833x10 6 mm 4
12
4. Values of α E cb I b
 Note : Ecb =Ecs
E cs I s
a) For edge beam with 3 m wide slab
3000( 150 )3
Is   843.75 x10 6 mm 4
12
5104
1   6.05
843.75
b) For interior beam with 5 m wide slab ( 2 beams)
5000( 150 )3
Is   1406.25 x10 6 mm 4
12
5833
 
2
 4.15
1406.25
c) For interior beam with 6 m wide slab
6000( 150 )3
Is   1687.5 x10 6 mm 4
12
5833
  3
 3.46
1687.5
d) αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.

  2  6.05  2( 4.15 )  3.46

 
m
1
 2 3
 4.45
4 4
5. Check thickness
a) Minimum thickness
Ln ( 800  0.73 f y )
h
 1 
36000  5000  m  0.12( 1  )
  
 5650( 800  0.73414 )
h
 1 
36000  5000( 1.22 )4.45  0.12( 1  )
 1.22 
h = 101 mm < 133 mm o.k

The values of h obtained from EQS.10.1,10.2 and 10.3 maybe shall be modified as
required by Sections 5.9.5.3.4 and 5.9.5.3.5 but in no case shall the thickness be
less than

  2.0
m
------------------------- 125 mm
  2.0
m
------------------------- 90 mm

Since   4.45
m
hmin= 90 mm < 133 mm ok

b) thickness need not be more than

5650( 800  0.73414 )

h  173mm133mm o.k
36000
Design the slab given in the preceding problem using auniform dead load
of 1.3 kPa excluding the weight of the slab and a uniform live load of
5.7 kPa. Use 12 mm bars , h = 150 mm and C = 4282 x 106 mm4.

Solution
1. Slab weight :
Ws = Wct(1)
Ws =23.5(0.15) = 3.53 kPa
Total uniform dead load
WD = 1.3 + 3.53 = 4.83 kPa
Total Factored uniform Load
Wu = 1.4WD+1.7WL = 1.4(4.83) +1.7(5.7) = 16.452 kPa

2. Effective depth
d = h - 1/2 bar diameter – cover
d = 150 - 1/2(12) – 20 = 124 mm

3. check depth for shear

l2
Beams with   1.0 shall be proportioned to resist shear caused by factored loads on
l
tributary areas 1 bounded by 450 lines drawn from the corners of the panel and the centerlines
of adjacent panels parallel to the long side.
 5m
l2 5
2.5 m
  ( 4.15 )  3.451.0
l1 6
C.S for wide beam shear

450 x = 2.5-0.35/2 -0.124 = 2.201 m

taking b = 1 m
Shear force at critical section
Vu = Wu (shaded area)
Vu =Wu(x)(1)
Vu =16.452(2.201)
Vu = 36.21 kN
6m
1

Shear carried by concrete

x
1
Vc  fc' bd
0.124 m 6
1
Vc  21( 1000 )( 124 )
450

6
0.35 m Vc  94,706 N  94.7 kN
 V  0.85( 94.7 )  80.5kN  36.21kN
c
Ok for shear

4. Moment along the short span ( 5 m interior span)

The total moment resisted by the slab equals absolute sum of the positive
and negative factored moments in each direction and shall not be less than

2
( wu L2 )Ln
Mo  EQ. A Where: wu is the factored
load
8
Clear span Ln shall extend face to face of the columns,capitals,bracket or
walls Ln in EQ. A shall not be less than 0.65L1
L1 =5 m
Ln = 5 – 0.35 = 4.65 m
0.35 m 0.35 m
( 16.452( 6 )( 4.65 ) 2
Ln Mo 
8

L2= 6 m M o  266.8 kN .m
 In an interior span, total static moment Mo shall be distributed as follows:
Negative factored moments 0.65
Positive factored moments 0.35

Negative factored moment=0.65(266.8) = -173.42 kN.m

Positive factored moment =0.35(266.8) = 93.38 kN.m

Distribute the above negative and positive moment to the

column strip, beam and middle strip
l2 6 l2
  1 .2   3.46 (in the direction of L1) l  3.46( 1.2 )  4.15  1.0

l 1
5 1

Factored Moment in Column strips

Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following portion in percent of interior factored
negative moments.
Table A

Linear interpolation
l2
0.5 1.0 be made for the values shown
2.0
l1
l2
  1.0 90 75 45
l1
 l2
Percentage
l1

1.0 75 75 - 45 75 - x
1.0 - 2.0 1.0 – 1.2 75 - x
1.2 x 75 - 45 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.2
2.0 45
x= 69
Interior Negative moment resisted by column strip =0.69(-173.42)= -119.66kN.m
Factored moment in beams l2
Beams between supports shall be proportioned to resist 85% of column strip moments If   1.0
l1
0.85(-119.66) = -101.71kN.m will be resisted by the beam
0.15(-119.66) = -17.95 kN.m will be resisted by the slab
The remaining –(173.42 – 119.66) = - 53.76 kN.m is allotted to the middle strip
Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following in percent of positive factored moments.
TABLE C
l2 Linear interpolation
0.5 1.0 2.0
l1 be made for the values shown

l2
  1.0 90 75 45
l1
 l2
Percentage
l1

1.0 75 75 - 45 75 - x
1.0 - 2.0 1.0 – 1.2 75 - x
1.2 x 75 - 45 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.2
2.0 45
x= 69

Positive moment resisted by column strip =0.69(93.38)= 64.43kN.m

0.85(64.43) = 54.77kN.m will be resisted by the beam
0.15(64.43) = 9.66 kN.m will be resisted by the slab
The remaining (93.38 – 64.43) =28.95 kN.m is allotted to the middle strip

5. Moment along the short span (along edge beam) L1 =5 m

Ln = 5 – 0.35 = 4.65 m
If the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline of
supports varies L2 in EQ. A shall be taken as the average of L2
adjacent transverse spans. When the span adjacent and parallel
to an edge is considered, the distance from edge to panel
centerline shall be substituted for L2 in EQ. A. Ln

L2 =6/2 + 0.35/2 = 3.175 m 0.35 m 0.35 m

 ( 16.452( 3.175 )( 4.65 ) 2
Mo 
8
M o  141.18kN .m

Negative factored moment=0.65(141.18) = -91.78 kN.m

Positive factored moment =0.35(141.18) = 49.9 kN.m
l2 6 l2
  1 .2   6.05 (for edge beam) 
l1
 6.05( 1.2 )  7.26  1.0
l1 5
3000( 150 )3
Is   843.75 x10 6 mm 4
12
E cb C 4282x10 6
t   6
 2.54
2 E cs I s 2( 843.75 )( 10 )

Note: Ecb =Ecs

 Column strips shall be proportioned to resist the following portion in percent
Of exterior factored negative moments.
TABLE B

l2
0.5 1.0 2.0
l1
l2 t  0 100 100 100
  1.0
l1  t  2.5 90 75 45
Linear interpolation be made for the values shown
l2
Percentage
l1

1.0 75 75 - 45 75 - x
1.0 - 2.0 1.0 – 1.2 75 - x
1.2 x 75 - 45 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.2
2.0 45
x= 69
Exterior Negative Moment
Column strip =0.69(-91.78) = 63.33 kN.m
Beam =0.85(-63.33) = - 53.83 kN.m
slab = 0.15(-63.33) = - 9.5 kN.m
Middle strip =-(91.78 -63.33) = - 28.45 kN.m
Positive Moment

From Table C l2
Percentage
l1

1.0 75 75 - 45 75 - x
1.0 - 2.01.0 – 1.2 75 - x
1.2 x 75 - 45 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 1.2
2.0 45
x= 69
Column strip =0.69(49.4) = 34.1 kN.m
Beam =0.85(34.1) = 28.99 kN.m
slab = 0.15(34.1) = 5.12 kN.m
Middle strip = (49.4 -34.1) = 15.30 kN.m

1.25 m 2.5 m 1.25 m

+5.12

-17.95/2 =-8.975
-28.45 -9.5

-28.45 -9.5
1.25

Exterior Column strip +9.66/2= +4.83

-53.76/2=-26.88
+15.3

+28.95/2 = 14.475
+14.475
3.5

-26.88

-26.88

-(26.88+28.45)= -55.33
+(14.475+15.3)=+29.78
-8.975 -8.975
-8.975 -8.975

+4.83 +4.83

interior Column strip

1.25
6. Moment along the long span (6m end span)
Ln = 6 -0.35 = 5.65 m L2= 5 m

( 16.452( 5 )( 5.65 ) 2
Mo  Ln L1 = 6 m
8
M o  328.24kN .m
In an end span, total factored static moment Mo shall
be distributed according to the table below

1 2 3 4 5
Slabs without beams
Exterior edge Slabs with b/w interior supports Exterior edge
unrestrained beams b/w With
Fully restrained
Without
all supports
edge beam edge beam
Interior Negative
Factored Moment
0.75 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.65
Positive
Factored Moment 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.50 0.35
Exterior Negative
Factored Moment 0 0.16 0.26 0.30 0.65
 Factored Interior Negative Moment = -0.7(328.24)= -229.77 kN.m
Factored Positive Moment = -0.57(328.24)= -187.1 kN.m
Factored Exterior Negative Moment = -0.16(328.24)= -52.52 kN.m

l2 5 l2
  0.83   4.15 
l1
 4.15( 00.83 )  3.44  1.0
l1 6

Interior Negative Moment ( Use Table A to get percentage)

l2
Percentage
l1
90  x 0.5  0.83

0.5 90 90  75 0.5  1.0
0.5 - 1.0 0.5 – 0.83 0.83 x
90 - x
90 - 75
x  80.1
1.0 75

Column strip =0.801(-229.77) = -184 kN.m

Beam =0.85(-184) = - 156.4 kN.m
slab = 0.15(-184) = - 27.6 kN.m
Middle strip =-(229.77- 184) = - 45.77 kN.m
 Exterior Negative Moment ( Use Table B to get percentage)
l2 Percentage
l1 90  x 0.5  0.83

0.5 – 0.83
0.5 90
90 - x 90 - 75
90  75 0.5  1.0
0.5 - 1.0 0.83 x
x  80.1
1.0 75
Column strip =0.801(-52.52) = -42 kN.m
Beam =0.85(-42) = - 37.5 kN.m
slab = 0.15(-42) = - 6.3 kN.m
Middle strip =-(52.52- 42) = - 10.52 kN.m
Positive Moment ( Use Table C to get percentage)

l2
Percentage
l1
90  x 0.5  0.83

0.5 90 90  75 0.5  1.0
0.5 - 1.0 0.5 – 0.83
0.83 x
90 - x
90 - 75
x  80.1
1.0 75
Column strip =0.801(187.1) = 150 kN.m
Beam =0.85(150) = 127.5 kN.m
slab = 0.15(150) = 22.5 kN.m
Middle strip =(187.1- 150) = 37.1 kN.m
 Edge Beam
-6.3/2
-3.15 -3.15 -10.52 -3.15 -3.15

Column strip
Column strip
22.5/2
11.25 11.25 37.1 11.25 11.25

-27.6/2
-13.8 -13.8 -45.77 -13.8 -13.8

1.25 m 1.25 m 2.5 m 1.25 m 1.25 m

Note: Since the column strip exist on both sides of the beam, the value
Of the moment alloted to the slab must be divided by 2. In the middle
Strip it is not divided by 2 since the same moment is also alloted by the
Opposite middle strip.
 A B C Edge Beam
-3.15 -10.5 -3.15
1.25 m

+5.12
-9.5

-9.5
F

F
3.5 m

+28.97
-53.33

-53.33
E

E
+11.25 +37.1 +11.25

-8.975
-8.975

+4.83
1.25 m

D
-13.8 -45.77 -13.8

A B C

1.25 m 2.5 m 1.25 m

 Row A & C Row B
Across F Across E Across D Across F Across E Across D
Mu -3.15 11.25 -13.8 -10.5 37.1 -45.77
b 1075 1075 1075 2500 2500 2500
d 112 124 112 124 124 124
Ru 0.25955 0.75624 1.13708 0.30350 1.07238 1.32299
ρ 0.00063 0.00187 0.00284 0.00074 0.00267 0.00332
Use ρ 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338
As 407.15 450.77 407.15 1048.31 1048.31 1048.31
N 3.6 3.99 3.6 9.27 9.27 9.27
s 298.61 269.71 298.61 269.71 269.71 269.71
Use s 290 260 290 260 260 260
Position Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top

1.4
pmin   0.00338
414
 Row D & F Row E
Across A Across B Across C Across A Across B Across C
Mu -9.5 5.12 -9.5 -55.33 29.78 -55.33
b 1075 1075 1075 3500 3500 3500
d 124 124 124 124 124 124
Ru 0.6386 0.34417 0.6386 1.14237 0.61485 1.14237
ρ 0.00157 0.00084 0.00157 0.00285 0.00151 0.00285
Use ρ 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338 0.00338
As 450.77 450.77 450.77 1467.63 1467.33 1467.33
N 3.99 3.99 3.99 12.98 12.98 12.98
s 267.71 269.71 269.71 269.71 269.71 269.71
Use s 260 260 260 260 260 260
Position Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top

Temperature bars:
At =0.0018(1000)(150) = 270 mm2 Using 10 mm S = 418 mm
Maximum spacing = 2t = 300 mm say 260 mm
ACI Moment Coeffecient Method

 The complexity of the Direct Design Method particularly in meeting

its requirements paved way to the ACI Moment Coeffecient Method.
The method makes use of tables of moment coeffecients for a
variety of conditions. These coeffecients are based on elastic
analysis but also takes into account inelastic distribution.

 Moments at column strip and middle strip are computed by

M a  Ca wl 2
a
M b  Cb wl 2
b

Ca , Cb=Tabulated moment coeffecients

la , lb
= Clear span length in short and long directions respectively

w=uniform load in psf,Pa or KPa

 la la/4 la/4

lb/4 Column strip

Column strip

Column strip
panel lb Middle lb
strip

lb/4 Column strip

Width of middle strip – one-half of the panel

Width of edge or column strip – one-fourth of the panel
 Table 1: Coeffecients for Negative Moments in Slabs
M a ,neg CaNeg wl a 2 M b.neg  CbNeg wlb
2
w= total uniform dead plus live load

Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
la
m
lb
Ca,Neg 0.045 0.050 0.075 0.071 0.033 0.061
1.0 Cb,Neg
0.045 0.076 0.050 0.071 0.061 0.033
0.050 0.055 0.079 0.075 0.038 0.065
0.95 C a,Neg
C ,Neg
b 0.041 0.072 0.045 0.067 0.056 0.029
0.90 C a,Neg 0.055 0.060 0.080 0.079 0.043 0.068
C ,Neg
b
0.037 0.070 0.040 0.062 0.052 0.025
0.85 Ca,Neg 0.060 0.066 0.082 0.083 0.049 0.072
Cb,Neg
0.031 0.065 0.034 0.057 0.046 0.021
0.80 Ca,Neg 0.065 0.071 0.083 0.086 0.055 0.075
Cb,Neg
0.027 0.061 0.029 0.051 0.041 0.017
0.75 Ca,Neg 0.069 0.076 0.085 0.088 0.061 0.078
Cb,Neg 0.014
0.022 0.056 0.024 0.044 0.036
Ca,Neg 0.074 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.068 0.081
0.70 Cb,Neg
0.017 0.029 0.011
0.050 0.019 0.038
0.65 Ca,Neg 0.077 0.085 0.087 0.093 0.074 0.083
Cb,Neg
0.014 0.043 0.015 0.031 0.024 0.008
0.60 Ca,Neg 0.081 0.089 0.088 0.095 0.080 0.085
Cb,Neg 0.024
0.010 0.035 0.011 0.018 0.006
0.55 C a,Neg 0.084 0.092 0.089 0.096 0.085 0.086
C ,Neg
b
0.007 0.028 0.008 0.019 0.015 0.005.
0.50 Ca,Neg 0.086. 0.094. 0.090 0.097 0.089. 0.088
Cb,Neg
0.006 0.022 0.006 0.014 0.010 0.033
 Table 2: Coeffecients for Dead Load Positive Moments in Slabs
M apos,dl  Ca ,dl wla2 M bpos,dl  Cb.dl wlb2 w= total uniform dead load
Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
la
m
lb
Ca,dl 0.036 0.018 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.033 0.027 0.020 0.023
1.0 Cb,dl
0.036 0.018 0.027 0.027 0.018 0.027 0.033 0.023 0.020
0.040 0.020 0.021 0.030 0.028 0.036 0.031 0.022 0.024
0.95 C a,dl
C ,dl
b 0.033 0.016 0.025 0.024 0.015 0.024 0.031 0.021 0.017
0.90 C a,dl 0.045 0.022 0.025 0.033 0.029 0.039 0.035 0.025 0.026
C ,dl 0.024
b
0.029 0.014 0.022 0.013 0.021 0.028 0.019 0.015
0.85 Ca,dl 0.050 0.024 0.029 0.036 0.031 0.042 0.040 0.029 0.028
Cb,dl
0.026 0.012 0.022 0.019 0.011 0.017 0.025 0.017 0.013
0.80 Ca,dl 0.056 0.026 0.034 0.039 0.032 0.045 0.045 0.032 0.029
Cb,dl
0.023 0.011 0.020 0.016 0.009 0.015 0.022 0.015 0.010
0.75 Ca,dl 0.061 0.028 0.040 0.043 0.033 0.048 0.051 0.036 0.031
Cb,dl 0.018 0.007
0.019 0.009 0.013 0.007 0.012 0.020 0.013
Ca,dl 0.068 0.030 0.046 0.046 0.035 0.051 0.058 0.040 0.033
0.70 Cb,dl 0.016 0.017 0.006
0.016 0.007 0.011 0.005 0.009 0.011
0.65 Ca,dl 0.074 0.032 0.054 0.050 0.036 0.054 0.065 0.044 0.034
Cb,dl
0.013 0.006 0.014 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.009 0.005
Ca,dl 0.081 0.034 0.062 0.053 0.037 0.056 0.073 0.048 0.036
0.60 Cb,dl
0.010 0.004 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.004
0.55 C a,dl 0.088 0.035 0.071 0.056 0.038 0.058 0.081 0.052 0.037
C ,dl 0.008 0.009
b
0.003 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.009 0.005 0.003
0.50 C a, dl 0.095 0.037 0.080 0.059 0.039 0.061 0.089 0.056 0.038
C , dl
b
0.006 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.007 0.004 0.002
 Table 3: Coeffecients for Live Load Positive Moments in Slabs
M apos,ll  Ca ,ll wla2 M bPos,ll  Cb,ll wlb2 w= total uniform live load
Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
la
m
lb
Ca,ll 0.036 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.035 0.032 0.028 0.030
1.0 Cb,ll
0.036 0.027 0.032 0.032 0.027 0.032 0.035 0.030 0.028
0.040 0.030 0.031 0.035 0.034 0.038 0.036 0.031 0.032
0.95 C a,ll
C ,ll
b 0.033 0.025 0.029 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.032 0.027 0.025
0.90 C a,ll 0.045 0.034 0.035 0.039 0.037 0.042 0.040 0.035 0.036
C ,ll 0.027
b
0.029 0.022 0.026 0.021 0.025 0.029 0.024 0.022
0.85 Ca,ll 0.050 0.037 0.040 0.040 0.041 0.046 0.045 0.040 0.039
Cb,ll
0.026 0.019 0.024 0.023 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.020
0.80 Ca,ll 0.056 0.041 0.045 0.048 0.044 0.051 0.051 0.044 0.042
Cb,ll
0.023 0.017 0.022 0.020 0.016 0.019 0.023 0.019 0.017
0.75 Ca,ll 0.061 0.045 0.051 0.052 0.047 0.055 0.056 0.049 0.046
Cb,ll 0.019 0.013
0.019 0.014 0.016 0.013 0.016 0.020 0.016
Ca,ll 0.068 0.049 0.057 0.057 0.051 0.060 0.063 0.054 0.050
0.70 Cb,ll 0.016 0.017 0.011
0.016 0.012 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.014
0.65 Ca,ll 0.074 0.053 0.064 0.062 0.055 0.064 0.070 0.059 0.054
Cb,ll
0.013 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.014 0.011 0.009
Ca,ll 0.081 0.058 0.071 0.067 0.059 0.068 0.077 0.065 0.059
0.60 Cb,ll
0.010 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.011 0.009 0.007
0.55 C a,ll 0.088 0.062 0.080 0.072 0.063 0.073 0.085 0.070 0.063
C ,ll 0.008 0.009
b
0.006 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.006
0.50 C a,ll 0.095 0.066 0.088 0.077 0.067 0.078 0.092 0.076 0.067
Cb,ll
0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.004
Table 4: Ratio of load w in la and lb directions for shear and slabs and load
0n supports

Ratio Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6 Case 7 Case 8 Case 9
la
m
lb
Wa 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.50 0.83 0.71 0.29 0.028 0.030
1.0
Wb 0.50 0.50 0.83 0.50 0.17 0.29 0.71 0.030 0.028
0.55 0.55 0.20 0.55 0.86 0.75 0.33 0.38 0.71
0.95 Wa
Wb 0.45 0.45 0.80 0.45 0.14 0.25 0.67 0.62 0.29
0.90 Wa 0.60 0.60 0.23 0.60 088 0.79 0.38 0.43 0.75
Wb 0.40 0.40 0.77 0.40 0.12 0.21 0.62 0.57 0.25
0.85 Wa 0.66 0.66 0.28 0.66 0.90 0.83 0.43 0.49 0.79
Wb 0.34 0.34 0.72 0.34 0.10 0.17 0.57 0.51 0.21
0.80 Wa 0.71 0.71 0.33 0.71 0.92 0.86 0.49 0.55 0.83
Wb 0.29 0.29 0.77 0.29 0.08 0.14 0.51 0.45 0.17
0.75 Wa 0.76 0.76 0.39 0.76 0.94 0.88 0.56 0.61 0.86
Wb 0.24 0.24 0.61 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.44 0.39 0.14
l W 0.81 0.81 0.45 0.81 0.95 0.91 0.62 0.68 0.89
0.70 Wa 0.19 0.55 0.19 0.38 0.11
b 0.19 0.05 0.09 0.32
0.65 Wa 0.85 0.85 0.53 0.85 0.96 0.93 0.69 0.74 0.92
Wb 0.15 0.15 0.47 0.15 0.04 0.07 0.31 0.26 0.08
0.89 0.89 0.61 0.89 0.97 0.95 0.76 0.80 0.94
0.60 Wa
Wb 0.11 0.11 0.39 0.11 0.08 0.05 0.24 0.20 0.06
0.55 Wa 0.92 0.92 0.69 0.92 0.98 0.96 0.81 0.85 0.95
Wb 0.08 0.08 0.31 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.19 0.25 0.05
0.50 Wa 0.94 0.94 0.76 0.94 0.99 0.97 0.86 0.89 0.97
Wb 0.06 0.06 0.24 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.14 0.11 0.03
 Discontinuous Edge

Continuous edge

Cases Description

Case 1 : Simply supported

Case 2 : Interior Panel
Case 3 : Edges of the Long span continuous
Case 4 : One edge of Long span, one edge
of short span continuous (corner panel)
Case 5 : Edges of the short span continuous
Case 6 : One edge of short span continuous
Case 7: One edge of long span continuous
Case 8: Two edge of long span, one edge
of short span continuous
Case 9: Two edge of short span, one edge
of long span continuous
Uses of Tables of coeffecients

Table 1 - to compute the total negative moment at the continuous edge(column strip)
Table 2 - to compute the positive dead load moment at the midspan(middle strip)
Table 3- to compute the positive live load moment at the midspan(middle strip)
Table 4 - to compute shear at the long and short span

Total Positive moment at midspan

Sum of positive dead load moment and positive live load moment

Negative Moment at Discontinuous egde =1/3 of Positive moment at the midspan

Minimum thickness
1/180 times the perimeter of the panel but not to be less than 75 mm

2(la  lb )
hmin 
180
 Problem
Design the thickness and reinforcement of the cornel panel shown usin the
ACI moment coeffecient method. The slab has beam between all supports
which are poured monolothically with the slab. fc’ =20 MPa, fy = 350 MPa
The slab is to support a uniform dead load of 4.5 kPa and uniform live load of
3.9 kPa. Concrete weighs 23.5 kN/m3. B
5.3 m 4.3 m

h
500 mm
Section A-A
A Panel A
300 mm 300 mm for design 5.3 m

h
500 mm
Section B-B
5.3 m
300 mm 300 mm B
Solution

Clear span length

short span = la = 4.3 – 0.3 = 4.0m
long span = lb = 5.3 – 0.3 = 5.0m
Slab thickness:
2(la  lb )
hmin 
180
2(4000  5000 )
h  100 mm  75mm
180
Weight of slab
Ws = 0.10(23.5) =2.35 kN/m
Total Dead load
WD = 4.5 + 2.35 = 6.85 kN/m
 Factored loads

Dead load = 1.4 (6.85) = 9.59 kN/m

Live load = 1.7 (3.9) = 6.63 kN/m
Total factored load = 16.22 kN/m

Effective depth ( using 12 mm bars)

d = 100 -1/2(12) – 20 =74 mm
la 4
m   0.80
lb 5

Check for Shear

From Table 4 Wa = 0.71, Wb = 0.21, showing that the shear in the short
direction is more critical than the long direction.
uniform load per m width Wu = 0.71( 16.22) = 11.52 kN/m

11.52 kN/m Shear force at critical section

Vu =23.04 -0.074(11.52) = 22.19 kN=22190 N
c.s for shear Allowable shear force
0.074 m
0.85 20 (1000 )74
4m Vu   46883 N
R=11.52(4)/2=23.04 kN 6
Design Moments

Short Direction
Negative Moment at continuous edge:
From Table 1 CaNeg =0.071, w = 16.22
Ma,Neg = 0.071(16.22)(4)2=18.43 kN/m
Positive Moment at the midspan
Dead Load
M apos,dl  Ca ,dl wla2 From Table 2 ,Ca,dl =0.039 w= 9.59

MaPos,dl=0.039(9.59)(4)2 =5.98 kN.m

Live Load
M apos,ll  Ca ,ll wla2 From Table 3 ,Ca,ll =0.048 w= 6.63
MaPos,ll=0.048(6.63)(4)2 =5.09 kN.m

Total Positive Moment at Midspan

MaPos = 5.98 + 5.09 = 11.07 kN.m

Negative Moment at discontinuous edge

MaNeg = -1/3MaPos
MaNeg = -1/3(11.07) = -3.69 kN.m
 Long Direction
Negative Moment at continuous edge:
From Table 1 CbNeg =0.029, w = 16.22

M b.neg  CbNeg wlb

2

Mb,Neg = 0.029(16.22)(5)2=11.76 kN/m

Positive Moment at the midspan

Dead Load
M bpos,dl  Cb.dl wlb2 From Table 2 ,Cbdl =0.016 w= 9.59

MbPos,dl=0.016(9.59)(5)2 =3.84 kN.m

Live Load
M bPos,ll  Cb,ll wlb2 From Table 3 ,Cb,ll =0.020 w= 6.63

MbPos,ll=0.020(6.63)(5)2 =3.32 kN.m

Total Positive Moment at Midspan
MbPos = 3.84 + 3.32 = 7.16 kN.m

Negative Moment at discontinuous edge

MbNeg = -1/3MaPos
MbNeg = -1/3(7.16) = -2.39kN.m
 1.25 m 2.5 m 1.25 m

D E F
-18.43

A
A

1.0 m
B
B
-2.39

2.0m
+7.16

-11.76
+11.07
C

1.0 m
-3.69

D E F
 Row A Row B Row C Row D Row E Row F
Across D, Across D, Across D, Across A, Across A, Across A,
E&F E&F E&F B&C B&C B&C
Mu -18.43 11.07 -3.69 -11.76 7.16 -2.39
b 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
d 74 74 74 74 68 74
Ru 3.74 2.25 2.39 1.72
ρ 0.0122 0.00692 0.0074 0.0052
Use ρ 0.0122 0.00692 0.0074 0.0052
As 902.8 512.08 547.6 384.8
s 125 220 660 206 293.9 618
Use s 110 220 220 150 300 300
Bar size 12 mm 12 mm 12 mm 12 mm 12 mm 12 mm
Position Top Bottom Top Top Bottom Top
Smax = 5t = 500 mm Temperature bars At = 0.0020(1000)100 = 200
S = 392 mm use s = 300 mm Bar size 10 mm
 Concrete Design
Semi- Final Exam

1.A square tied column 300 mm by 300 mm is reinforced with 6 of 20 mm

bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 345 MPa. Determine the following :
a) Ultimate axial load capacity of the column.
b) spacing of 10 mm lateral ties

 ( 20) 2
Pu =Ф0.80{0.85fc’(Ag-Ast) + Astfy} Ast  6  1884 .95mm 2
4
0.7(0.80){0.85(20.7)[(300 )(300 )  1884 .95]  1884 .95(345)}
Pu   1232 .38kN
1000
Spacing of 10 mm ties
S  16(20)  400 mm
S  48(10)  480 mm
S  300mm Use S = 300 mm
2. Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of the composite column shown
below .fc’=21 MPa, Fy=250 MPa,fy =350MPa. Reinforcing bars consist of 8 of
20 mm diameter bars.

400 mm
Properties of W 10 x 150
Area = 27000 mm2
Depth = 250 mm
400 mm
8 [( 20) 2 ]
As   2513 mm2
4
W10 x 150
Ac  400(400)  27000  2513  130487 mm2

Pu   0.85 0.85 fc' Ac  As f y  AWF Fy 
Pu  (0.7)0.850.85(21)(130487 )  2513(350)  27000 (250)
Pu  5925452 N  5,925.52kN
3. A cantilever beam 300 mm wide and 450 mm deep is reinforced with
6 of 22 mm straight top bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
Calculate required development length.
Solution
25 f y
Ldb 
fc '
25(415)
Ldb   2280 mm
20.7

Modification Factor
Top bar = 1.3

Required development length

Ld  1.3Ldb  1.3(2280 )  2964 mm

4. A rectangular beam 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep is reinforced
with 4 of 32 mm compression bars with fc’ = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275
MPa. Calculate the required development length.

0.24db f y
Ldb 
fc'
0.24(32)275
Ldb   464 .2mm
20.7
Ldb  0.04db f y

Ldb  0.04(32)(275)  352 mm

Use L
db  464 .2mm
No applicable modification factor Ld  464 .2mm
5. A rectangular beam with b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm is provided with 10 mm
vertical stirrups with fy = 276 MPa. Assuming fc’ = 21 MPa;
a) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 42 kN
b) Determine the required spacing if Vu = 95 kN
Solution
Shear carried by concrete
1
Vc  fc 'bw d
6
1
Vc  21(300 )500  114,564 N
6
Vc 0.85(114564 )
  48689 .7 N
2 2
 Vc
a) Vu  42000 N  Stirrups not necessary
2
b) Vu  95000 N
Vu
Vs   Vc

95000
Vs   114564  2799 N
0.85

2 (10) 2
Av   157 .1mm2
4
Av f y d 157 .1(276 )500
S   7745 mm
Vs 2799
1 1
fc 'bw d  21(300 )(500 )  229129 N
3 3
1
Vs  fc 'bw d
3
d 500
S   250 mm
2 2

Use S = 250 mm
Semi-Final Exam

1. A square concrete column has a dimension of 400 mm by 400 mm.

The column length is 4.5 m and is to be used in a frame braced against
sidesway ( k =1.0, EI = 40MN.m2). The column is bent in single
curvature by ultimate factored moment of 100 kN.m at the top and 120
kN.m at the bottom. The column carries factored axial dead load of 150
kN and factored axial live load of 320 kN. Is slenderness effects be
considered in the analysis ? If so, what is the magnified moment
capacity of this column ?

2. Solve the previous problem considering the effect of wind loads

producing an unfactored axial load of 125 kN an unfactored moment of
90 kN.m.
3. For the column shown in figure, PD = 250 kN, PL = 410kN, MD = 140
kN.m, and ML = 152 kN.m. The column belongs to a braced frame and
is bent in single curvature about the x axis by equal moments at each
end of the member . The unsupported length is 6 m. fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy =
413.7 MPa . Determine the following :
a) Critical load Pc
b) Magnified moment 350 mm

8 of 28 mm

500 mm
350 mm
Solution to #1

M 2b  120 kN .m M 1b  100 kN .m + since the

column is bent
M 2s  0 in single
curvature
r  0.3h  0.3(400)  120 mm
Lu  4.5m  4500 mm
kLu 1(4500 )
  37.5
r 120
M 1B 100
34  12  34  12  24
M 2B 120

kLu M 1B
 34  12 Column is Long
r M 2B
 M 1b 100
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.6  0.4  0.933
M 2b 120

Pu  150  320  470 kN

 2 EI  2 40(10) 6
Pc  2
 2
 19,495,515 N  19,495 .5kN
(kLu ) {(1)(4.5)}

Cm 0.933
b    0.967
Pu 470
1 1
Pc 0.7(19495 .5)

M c   b M 2b   c M 2 s  0.967 (120)   s (0)  116.04kN .m

 Solution to #2

M 2 s  0.75[1.4M D  1.7 M L  1.7 M W ]

M 2 s  0.75[1.4(0)  1.7(0)  1.7(90)]  114.75kN .m
[1.4 PD  1.7 PL ]  150  320  470 kN Specified in the previous
problem

Pu  0.75[1.4 PD  1.7 PL  1.7 PW ]  0.75[470  1.7(125)]  511.87 kN

Cm 0.933
b    0.97
P 511 .87
1 u 1
Pc 0.7(19495 .5)
 s  1.0  Frame is braced against sidesway
M c   b M 2b   s M 2 s  0.97(120)  1.0(114.75)  231.15kN .m
Solution to # 3

8 (28) 2
As   4926 mm2
4
Pu=1.4PD + 1.7PL = 1047 kN
M1b= M2b =1.4MD + 1.7ML = 454.4 kN.m

Ec  4700 fc '  4700 20.7  21383 .7 MPa

350 (500 )3
Ig   3645 .83 x10 6 mm4
12
I se  As z 2  4926(175)2  150.86 x106 mm4

Es  200000 MPa
 1.4M D 1.4(140)
d    0.431
Mu 454.4

Ec I g
 Es I se
EI  5
1 d

21383 .71(3645 .83)10 6

 200000 (150.86)10 6
EI  5
1  0.431

EI  4.576 x1013 N .mm2

  2 EI
Pc 
(kLu ) 2

 2 4.576 x1013
Pc  2
 12545 .36kN
(6000 )
M 1b 550 .54
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.6  0.4  1.0
M 2b 550 .54
Cm 1
b    1.135
Pu 1047
1 1
Pc 0.7(12545 .36)

M c   b M 2b  1.135(454.4)  515.78kN .m