Social Deviation and Social Work Main Symptoms

 Confusion
Organic Mental Disorder is a permanent or
 Agitation
temporary dysfunction in the brain that is caused by
physiological problems with the brain. The causes  Irritability
range from heredity to an injury of the brain to a  A change in behavior, impaired brain
disease that affects brain tissue or changes the function, cognitive ability, or memory
chemical or hormonal levels of the brain. The Diagnosis/Treatment
symptoms of organic mental disorders vary
depending on the underlying issue of what caused the  Blood tests, spinal taps, or an
imbalance or malfunction of the brain, but they can electroencephalogram may be administered
be difficult to deal with. to diagnose organic brain syndrome or an
organic mental disorder. Imaging of the
 An organic mental disorder is a dysfunction brain, like a CT scan or MRI, is also useful,
of the brain that may be permanent or depending on a doctor's suspicion.
temporary. It describes reduced brain  Treatments for organic mental disorders vary
function due to illnesses that are not on what the underlying cause is. Medication
psychiatric in nature. may be prescribed, or rehabilitation therapy
 Sometimes the term organic mental disorder may help patients recover function in the
is used interchangeably with the terms parts of the brain affected by the organic
organic brain syndrome (OBS), chronic mental disorder.
organic brain syndrome, or neurocognitive
disorder—this latter term is the one used Autism spectrum disorder is a condition related to
more commonly now. brain development that impacts how a person
perceives and socializes with others, causing
Symptoms/Reasons problems in social interaction and communication.
 Hallucinations The disorder also includes limited and repetitive
patterns of behavior.
 Inability to perform in social situations
 Depression Symptoms
 Confusion
• Fails to respond to his or her name or appears not
 Changes in personality
to hear you at times
Causes
• Resists cuddling and holding, and seems to prefer
 It may be caused by injury or disease playing alone, retreating into his or her own world
affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical
• Has poor eye contact and lacks facial expression
or hormonal abnormalities.
 Exposure to toxic materials, neurological • Doesn't speak or has delayed speech, or loses
impairment, or abnormal changes associated previous ability to say words or sentences
with aging can also cause these disorders
Patterns of Behavior
 Alcohol or metabolic disorders, such as liver,
kidney or thyroid disease or vitamin • Performs repetitive movements, such as rocking,
deficiencies spinning or hand flapping
 Concussions, blood clots, or bleeding in or
around the brain from trauma • Performs activities that could cause self-harm, such
as biting or head-banging
 Low oxygen in the blood, high amounts of
carbon dioxide in the body, strokes, brain • Develops specific routines or rituals and becomes
infections, and heart infections disturbed at the slightest change
 Degenerative disorders like Parkinson's
disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington • Has problems with coordination or has odd
disease, and multiple sclerosis may also be movement patterns, such as clumsiness or walking
contributing factors. on toes, and has odd, stiff or exaggerated body
language
Your doctor may recommend developmental tests to Sometimes, ID may be classified as:
identify if your child has delays in cognitive,
language and social skills, if your child: • “other”

• Doesn't respond with a smile or happy expression • “unspecified”

by 6 months Symptoms:
• Doesn't mimic sounds or facial expressions by 9 • failure to meet intellectual milestones
months
•sitting, crawling, or walking later than other
• Doesn't babble or coo by 12 months children
• Doesn't gesture — such as point or wave — by 14 • problems learning to talk or trouble speaking
months clearly
• Doesn't say single words by 16 months •memory problems
• Doesn't play "make-believe" or pretend by 18 Behavioral issues:
months
• aggression
• Doesn't say two-word phrases by 24 months
• dependency
• Loses language skills or social skills at any age
• withdrawal from social activities
Causes: Genetics and Environment
• attention-seeking behavior
Risk Factors: Child’s sex, Family History, Other
disorders, Extremely Preterm babies, Parents’ ages Diagnosis

Complications: Your child’s doctor will perform a three-part

evaluation that includes:
• Problems in school and with successful learning
• interviews with you
• Employment problems
• observations of your child
• Inability to live independently
• standard tests
• Social isolation
Your child’s evaluation process might include visits
• Stress within the family to specialists, who may include a:
• Victimization and being bullied Psychologist, Speech Pathologist, Social Worker,
Prevention: Only treatment options. Pediatric Neurologist, Developmental Pediatrician,
and Physical Therapist.
Intellectual Disability
Treatment may include:
If your child has an intellectual disability (ID), their
brain hasn’t developed properly or has been injured • behavior therapy
in some way. Their brain may also not function • occupational therapy
within the normal range of both intellectual and
adaptive functioning. In the past, medical • counseling
professionals called this condition “mental • medication, in some cases
retardation.”
What is the long-term outlook?
Four levels of Intellectual Disability:
When ID occurs with other serious physical
mild profound problems, your child may have a below-average life
moderate expectancy. However, if your child has mild to
moderate ID, they will probably have a fairly normal
severe life expectancy.
Other types of Organic Mental Disorders: part in IBS. Poorly coordinated signals between the
brain and the intestines can cause your body to
 Organic Hallucinosis overreact to changes that normally occur in the
 Organic Catatonic Disorder digestive process, resulting in pain, diarrhea or
 Organic Delusional Disorder constipation. Sometimes symptoms appear after the
 Organic Mood Disorder experience of an extremely stressful event. A high
 Organic Anxiety Disorder incidence of IBS is seen in adults who were the
 Organic Dissociative Disorder victim of sexual or physical abuse in childhood.
 Organic Emotionally Labile Disorder.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) - a disorder
 Organic Personality Disorder
characterized by extreme fatigue or tiredness that
 Postencephalitic Syndrome doesn’t go away with rest and can’t be explained by
 Postconcussional Syndrome an underlying medical condition. For CFS to be
 Unspecified Organic Disorder diagnosed, a significantly reduced ability to perform
Treatment for Organic Mental Disorders your usual daily activities with fatigue must last for
at least six months. It must not be curable with bed
The treatment methods are going to vary depending rest.
on what type of mental disorder you are dealing with,
but for the most part, a professionally guided therapy Fibromyalgia - is a long-term or chronic disorder. It’s
program and counseling are recommended for long associated with widespread pain in the muscles and
term success with treating organic mental disorders bones, areas of tenderness, and general fatigue.
even though there may be no cure. Causes: infections, genetics, trauma since this
condition is linked with PTSD, and also stress.
For many, pursuing online therapy allows them to get
the help they need while still being able to function Two Classes of Functional Mental Disorder
in their day to day life. The therapy can be just as  Neurosis
intense online - and just as helpful.
 Psychosis

Functional Mental Disorder is a mental disorder William Cullen – a Scottish Physician and Professor
that is caused by psychological issues and does not of medicine first coined the word “neurosis”.
involve brain damage. HOWEVER, in 1980, the American Psychiatric
Causes: Association removed the term neurosis from its
diagnostic manual as part of a revamp to standardize
 Heredity the criteria for mental illnesses. Today, neurosis is
 Stress not a stand-alone mental condition. Instead, doctors
 Emotional Conflict most often put its symptoms in the same category as
 Fear anxiety disorder. In other words, what used to be
 Ineffective coping skills called neurosis now falls under the umbrella of
 Disturbing events in childhood or in the anxiety.
recent past
Sigmund Freud - later used the term “anxiety
Examples of Functional Mental Disorder neurosis” to describe mental illness or distress with
extreme anxiety as a defining feature.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - a common, long-
term condition of the digestive system. It can cause
bouts of stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhea and/or
Neurosis
constipation. These problems may mean that you're
more sensitive to pain coming from your digestive refers to a constant struggle between an individual’s
tract, and you may become constipated or have personality and his patterns of behavior in a stressful
diarrhea because your food passes through your condition, often associated with physical and mental
digestive tract either too slowly or too quickly. disturbances.
Psychological factors such as stress may also play a
Major Traditional Categories of Neuroses: reuptake, and the serotonin will continue to stimulate
surrounding nerve cells, resulting in neurosis or
Anxiety neurosis. Mental illness defined by neurotic symptoms. A corresponding study of 500
excessive anxiety and worry, sometimes involving patients showed that patients who were assessed as
panic attacks and manifesting itself in physical having neurotic personality traits usually possessed
symptoms such as tremor, chest pain, sweating, and the shorter allele pair (or a combination of one short
nausea. and one long) that produced insufficient transporter
Depressive neurosis. A mental illness characterized protein.
by a profound feeling of sadness or despair and a lack
of interest in things that were once pleasurable.
Psychosis
Obsessive-compulsive neurosis. The persistent and
distressing recurrence of intrusive thoughts or A condition that affects the way your brain processes
images (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or
mental acts (compulsions). information. It causes you to lose touch with reality.

Somatization (formerly called hysterical neurosis). You might see, hear, or believe things that aren’t real.
The presence of real and significant physical
symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical
condition but are instead a manifestation of anxiety Types of Psychosis
or other mental distress. Schizophrenia - a serious mental health disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (also called war or affecting the way someone feels, thinks, and acts.
combat neurosis). Severe stress and functional Individuals find it difficult to distinguish between
disability caused by witnessing a traumatic event what is real and what is imaginary.
such as war combat or any other event that involved Schizoaffective disorder - a condition similar to
death or serious injury. schizophrenia that includes periods of mood
Compensation neurosis. Not a true neurosis, but a disturbances.
form of malingering, or feigning psychological Brief psychotic disorder - psychotic symptoms last at
symptoms for monetary or other personal gain. least 1 day but no longer than 1 month. Often
Causes occurring in response to a stressful life event. Once
symptoms have gone, they may never return.
In 1996, a specific human gene and its corresponding
alleles (two components of a gene which are Delusional disorder - the individual has a strong
responsible for encoding the gene) were linked to belief in something irrational and often bizarre with
neuroticism. The identified gene and its allele pair no factual basis. Symptoms last for 1 month or
help to control the amount of serotonin (a central longer.
nervous system neurotransmitter) released into the Bipolar psychosis - individuals have the symptoms
body through the production of a protein known as a of bipolar disorder (intense highs and lows in mood)
transporter. This transporter protein, which helps to and also experience episodes of psychosis. The
carry the serotonin across the synaptic space (the gap psychosis more commonly occurs during manic
between nerve cells) to stimulate nerve cells, also phases.
assists the cell in reabsorbing the serotonin (a process
known as "reuptake"). In the case of the "neurosis Psychotic depression - also known as major
gene," one possible version of its corresponding depressive disorder with psychotic features.
alleles (called s for their short length) was found to
Postpartum psychosis (also called postnatal) - a
produce an insufficient amount of this transporter
severe form of postnatal depression.
protein, and the other (named l for long), a
significantly large amount. If the amount of Substance-induced psychosis - including alcohol,
transporter protein produced is inadequate, an certain illegal drugs, and some prescription drugs,
excessive amount of serotonin must remain in the including steroids and stimulants.
synaptic gap while the protein "catches up" with
Phobias and Panic Disorders
Specific Phobias
What is Phobia?  Formerly called a Simple Phobia. These
phobias are a lasting and unreasonable fear
 It is an extreme form of fear or anxiety caused by the presence or thought of a
triggered by a particular situation or object specific object or situation, such as spiders or
even when there is no danger. flying.
 Most phobias develop in childhood, but they
can also develop in later life.
Different Types of Specific Phobias
Symptoms  Animal Phobias
 Situational Phobias – These involve a fear of
 Difficulty in breathing specific situations, such as flying, riding in a
 Increased heart rate car or on public transportation, driving, going
 Chest pain or tightness over bridges or in tunnels, or of being in a
 Trembling or shaking closed-in place, like an elevator.
 Dizziness  Natural Environment Phobias - Examples
 A churning stomach include the fear of storms, heights, or water.
 Panicking when exposed to irrational fear  Blood-injection-injury Phobia - These
 Sweating involve a fear of being injured, of
 Extreme, irrational fear of situation, living seeing blood or of invasive medical
creature, place, or object procedures, such as blood tests or injections.
 Other phobias may include a fear of falling
down, a fear of loud sounds, and a fear of
Causes costumed characters, such as clowns.
 Particular incidents or traumas. Different examples of Specific Phobias
 Learned responses, picked up in early life.
 Claustrophobia: Fear of being in constricted,
Factors in the family environment, such as
confined spaces
parents who are very worried or anxious, can
 Aerophobia: Fear of flying
have an effect on the way you cope with
anxiety in later life. You might develop the  Arachnophobia: Fear of spiders
same specific phobia as a parent or older  Driving phobia: Fear of driving a car
sibling.  Emetophobia: Fear of vomiting
 Genetics.  Erythrophobia: Fear of blushing
 Responses to panic or fear  Hypochondria: Fear of becoming ill
 Long-term stress can cause feelings  Zoophobia: Fear of animals
of anxiety and depression and reduce your  Aquaphobia: Fear of water
ability to cope in particular situations. This  Acrophobia: Fear of heights
can make you feel more fearful or anxious  Blood, injury, and injection (BII) phobia:
about being in those situations again and, Fear of injuries involving blood
over a long period, could lead to you  Escalaphobia: Fear of escalators
developing a phobia.  Tunnel phobia: Fear of tunnels

Types of Phobias Complex phobias tend to have a more disruptive or

disabling impact on your life than specific phobias.
Specific Phobias
Two of the most common complex phobias are social
Complex Phobias
phobia and agoraphobia.
Social Phobia is a fear of social situations where you Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): The doctor,
may be embarrassed or judged. This problem may therapist, or counselor helps the person with a phobia
also be related to feelings of inferiority and low self- learn different ways of understanding and reacting to
esteem and can drive a person to drop out of school, the source of their phobia.
avoid making friends, and remain unemployed.
Medications
People suffering from social phobia may:
Beta blockers - These can help reduce the physical
 view small mistakes as more exaggerated signs of anxiety that can accompany a phobia.
than they really are
Antidepressants - Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
 find blushing as painfully embarrassing
(SSRIs) are commonly prescribed for people with
 feel that all eyes are on them phobias. They affect serotonin levels in the brain, and
 fear speaking in public, dating, or talking this can result in better moods.
with persons in authority
 fear using public restrooms or eating out Tranquilizers - Benzodiazepines are an example of a
 fear talking on the phone or writing in front tranquilizer that might be prescribed for a phobia.
of others These may help reduce anxiety symptoms.

Difficult to engage in everyday activities such as:

 talking in groups or starting conversations What is Panic Disorder?
 public speaking People with panic disorder experience unexpected
 speaking on the phone and repeated panic attacks. They become terrified
 meeting new people that they may have more attacks and fear that
 talking to authority figures something bad will happen because of the panic
 eating and drinking in front of others attack (such as going crazy, losing control or dying).
 regular trips out to the shops or bank
Symptoms
 going to work
 Feelings of extreme terror that occur
suddenly without warning.
Agoraphobia is widely thought to be a fear of open  Panic attack symptoms, including a pounding
spaces, but it is more complex than this. A person heart, sweating, trembling, numbness in the
will feel anxious about being in places or situations hands and feet, dizziness, weakness, chest
that it would be difficult or embarrassing to get out pain and rapid breathing.
of, or where they might not be able to get help if they  During an attack, many people suffering from
have a panic attack. panic disorder describe feeling as if they are
having a heart attack or on the verge of dying.
Avoid a variety of everyday situations such as:
 Constant fear that another attack might
 being outside the home alone happen at any time.
 being in open spaces  Behavior changes as a result of having panic
 being in a crowd of people attacks, such as avoiding certain situations,
 travelling by car, bus or plane areas or objects out of fear that they will
 being in enclosed spaces such as a lift or in a trigger another attack.
shop Treatments
Treatments Cognitive-behavioral therapy is one treatment
Desensitization, or exposure therapy: This can help approach that can help people with panic disorder
people with a phobia adjust their response to the learn new ways of thinking and reacting to anxiety-
source of fear. They are gradually exposed to the provoking situations.
cause of their phobia over a series of escalating steps. Exposure therapy