Q.1: Encircle the correct answer.

i) Which of the following lists contains only elements?

a) Air, water, oxygen b) Hydrogen, oxygen, brass

c) Air, water, fire, earth d) Calcium, sulphur, carbon

ii) The diagrams below represent particles in four substances, which box represents the particles in

nitrogen.

a b c d

iii) What is formula mass of CuSo4.5H2O? (Atomic masses: Cu= 63.85, S=32, O=16, H=1

a) 159.5 b) 185.5 c) 249.5 d) 149.5

iv) A compound with chemical formula Na2CX3 has formula mass 106amu. Atomic mass of the
element X is:

a) 106 b) 23 c) 12 d) 16

v) How many moles of molecules are there in 16g oxygen?

a) 1 b) 0.5 c) 0.1 d) 0.05

vi) What is the mass of 4 moles of hydrogen gas?

a) 8.064g b) 4.032g c) 1g d) 1.008g

Vii) What is the mass of carbon present in 44g of carbon dioxide?

a) 12g b) 6g c) 24g d) 44g

viii) The electron configuration of an element is 1s22s2. An atom of this element will form an ion that

will have charges.

a) +1 b) +2 c) +3 d) – 1

ix) Which term is the same for one mole of oxygen and one mole of water?

a) Volume b) mass c) atoms d) molecules

x) If one mole of carbon contain x atoms, what is the number of atoms contained in 12g of Mg.

a) x b) 0.5x c) 2x d) 1.5x

Q.2: Give the short answers.

i) Differentiate between an ion and a free radical|?

Answer: Refer to Q8

ii) What do you know about Corpuscular nature of matter?

Answer

According to this concept matter is supposed to be compo9sed of minute particles. An ancient Greek
philosopher, Empedocles thought that all materials were made up of four things called elements.

1) Earth 2) Air 3) Water 4) Fire

Many successors of Empedocles like Plato and Aristotle adopted this concept of four elements. This
concept of four elements existed for more than two thousand years.

iii) Differentiate between analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry?

Answer

Refer to Q4

iv) What is mole?

Answer: Refer to Q22

v) Differentiate between empirical formula and molecular formula?

Answer: Refer to Q10

vi) What is number of molecules in 9.0g of steam?

Answer

Molar mass of H2O = 1 x 2 + 16 = 18g

Q.3: Define ion, molecular ion, formula unit, free radical, atomic number, mass number and atomic
mass unit?

Answer

Refer to the theory Section

Q.4: What are the differences between a) Atom and Ion b) Molecular ion and free Radical?

Answer

a) Differences between Atom and Ion

No Atom No Ion
i) The smallest particle of an element is atom. i) The smallest unit of an ionic substance is
ion
ii) It may or may not have independent ii) It cannot exist independently and is
existence surrounded by oppositely charged ions.
iii) Atom is a neutral particle. iii) It has either positive or negative charge on
it.

b) Differences between Molecular ion & Free Radical

No Molecular ion No Free Radical

i) When molecule loses or gains electron, i) It is an atom or group of atoms having an
molecular ion is formed. unpaired electron.
ii) It has a positive or negative charge on it. ii) It is electrically neutral
iii) Molecular ions do not form ionic iii) These have great tendency to complete
compounds. their octets by gaining or losing electrons.
iv) Examples iv) Examples

N-2, N+2, CH+4, He+ H0, Cl0, H3C0 etc.

Q.5: How Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of substance?

Answer

Refer to Q21

Q.6: Calculate the number of moles of each substance in samples with the following masses?

a) 2.4 g of He

Answer

Molar Mass of He = 4g

Think-Tank

Q # 01. What mass of sodium metal contains the same number of atoms as 12.00gm of carbon?

Ans: 12gm of carbon = 1 mole of carbon = 6.022 x 1023 atom of carbon for same number of atoms of Na
Metal and carbon, we will take mass of sodium metal equal to 1 mole because 12gm of carbon is equal to
one mole of carbon . So

1 mole of sodium metal = 23gm of sodium = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of Na. So 23gm of sodium metal contains
the same number of atoms as 12gm of carbon
Q # 02: What mass of oxygen contains the same number of molecules as 42gm of nitrogen?

Ans: 1 mole of molecular Nitrogen, N2 = 14x2=28gm

28gm of molecular nitrogen, N2 = 1 mole

42gm of nitrogen, N2 = 1/28 x 42= 1.5 moles

1 mole of nitrogen, N2 = 6.022 x 1023 molecules

1.5 moles of nitrogen, N2 = 6.022 x 1023 x1.5= 9.033x1023 molecules of nitrogen

So 42gm of nitrogen is equal to 1.5 moles of N2 and contains 9.033x1023 molecules.

For some number of molecules of oxygen and nitrogen, we will take mass of oxygen, (O2) equal to

1.5moles.

1 mole of oxygen, O2 = 16x2=32gm and

1.5 moles of oxygen, O2 = 32 x1.5= 48gm

1 mole of oxygen, O2 (32gm) contains molecules = 6.022x1023 molecules

1.5 moles of oxygen, O2 (48gm) contains molecules = 1.5 x 6.022x1023= 9.033x1023 molecules of oxygen

So 48gm of oxygen contains the same number of molecules as 42gm of nitrogen.

Q # 03: Calculate the mass of one hydrogen atom in grams

Ans: 6.022x1023 atoms of hydrogen = 1.008gm

1 atom of hydrogen = 1.008/6.022x1023

= 1.66x10-24gm

Q # 04: Observe the given figure. It shows particles in sample of air.

(See figure on book)

a) Count the substances shown in the sample.

Ans: There are five substances shown in the sample.

b) Is air a mixture or pure substances? Explain?

Ans: Air is a homogenous mixture of various gases. Each gas retains its identity.

c) Identify the formula of each substance in air.

Ans: Nitrogen = N2

Oxygen = O2

Carbon dioxide = CO2

Argon = Ar

Water vapours = H2O

d) Decide whether each substance in air is an element or a compound.

Ans: N2 , O2 and Ar are elements whereas CO2 and H2O are compounds.

e) What is the most common substance in air?

Ans: Nitrogen is the most common substance in air. 78% air is nitrogen.

Q # 05: Calculate the number of H-atoms present in 18gm of H2O.

Ans: Molar mass of H2O = 18gm = 6.022x1023 H2O molecules

1 molecule of H2O has = 2 H-atoms

6.022x1023 molecules of H2O have = 2 x 6.022 x 1023

= 1.2 x 1024 H-atoms

Q # 06: (V.Imp) Calculate the total number of atoms present in 18gm of H2O

Ans: 1 mole of water = 18gm =6.022x1023 H2O molecules

1 water molecule contains two hydrogen and one oxygen atom.

Therefor 1 H2O molecule has = 3 atoms

6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules have = 3x6.022x1023

= 1.8 x 1024 atoms

Q.16: Identify the branch of chemistry that deals with the following examples.

1) A cornstalk grows from a seed.

2) Dynamite (C3H5N3O9) explodes to form a mixture of gases.

3) Purple iodine vapour appears when solid iodine is warmed.

4) Gasoline ( a mixture of hydrocarbons) fumes are ignited in an auto mobile engine.

 5) A silver article tarnishes in air.

6) Ice floats on water.

7) Sulphur dioxide is the major source of acid rain.

8) Many other light chlorinated hydrocarbons in drinking water are carcinogens.

9) In Pakistan most of the factories use wet process for the production of cement.

10) Cargon-14 is continuously produced in the atmosphere when high energy neutron from space collide
with nitrogen-14.

Answers

1) Biochemistry 2) Inorganic chemistry

3) Analytical chemistry 4) Organic chemistry

5) Environmental chemistry 6) Physical chemistry

7) Environmental chemistry 8) Environmental chemistry

9) Industrial chemistry 10) Nuclear chemistry

CH # 01

Exercise (Review Questions)

Q # 02: Give short answers.

i) Differentiate between an ion and free radical.

Ans:

Ion Free Radical

1) An ion is an atom or group of atom having 1) A free radical is an electrically neutral

charge either positive or negative. species.
2) An ion has even number of electrons, so 2) A free radical has an unpaired electrons, so
It has no unpaired electronics. it has odd number of electrons.
3) They exist in solution or in crystal lattice. 3) They exist in solution as well as in air.
4) Ion cannot be produced with the help of light. 4) Light may produce free radicals.
5) Ions carry charge either positive or negative. 5) In free radical dot (.) indicates an unpaired
electrons.
6) Example: Na+, Ca+2, Al+3 etc 6) Examples: H., C.l H3.C etc.
Q ii) What do you know about corpuscular nature of matter?

Ans: See book page # 02 guide page #35 Q 2 ii)

Q iii) Differentiate between analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry?

Ans: Handbook page #7 Q 4.

Q iv) What is mole?

Ans: Page 19 Q 22 (ii)

Q v) Differentiate between empirical formula and molecular formula?

Ans: Handbook Page # 13

Q vi) What is the number of molecules in 9.0gm of steam?

Ans: Mass of steam (H2O) = 9.0gm

Number of molecules in 9gm of steam (H2O) =?

Solution: Molar Mass of steam (H2O) = 18gm

1 mole of steam (H2O) contains molecules = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of steam

= 18gm of steam

18gm of steam (H2O) contains molecules = 6.022 x1023 molecules

1gm of steam (H2O) contains molecules = 6.022 x 1023/18

9gm of steam (H2O) contains molecules = 6.022 x 1023/18 x9 = 3.011 x 1023 molecules of

steam

Q vii) What are the molar masses of (a) uranium-238 and (b) uranium-235

Ans: a) Atomic mass of uranium-238 = 238amu

Molar mass of uranium-238 = 238gm

b) Atomic mass of uranium-235 = 235amu

Molar mass of uranium-235 = 235gm

Q viii) Why one mole of hydrogen molecules and one mole of H-atoms have different masses?

Ans: Atomic mass of H = 1amu

 1 mole of H = 1gm

Molecular mass of H2 = 1 x 2 = 2amu

1 mole of H2 = 2gm

Because molecular mass of H2 is twice to atomic mass of H2 therefore the molar mass of H2 is two
times to

the molar mass of hydrogen atom.

Q # 03: Define ion (page 15-16), molecular ion (page#16), formula unit, free radical (page#17),

atomic number (page#11), mass number (page#8), Atomic mass unit (page#12).

Q # 04: Differentiate between a) atom and ion b) molecular ion and fee radical

Ans: a)

Atom Ion

i) The smallest particle of an element is atom. i) The smallest unit of ionic substance is
ion.
ii) It may or may not have independent existence. ii) It cannot exist independently and is
surrounded by oppositely charged ions.
iii) Atom is a natural particle. iii) It has either positive or negative charge
on it.
iv) Example: C, S, N, P, etc iv) Examples: K+, Mg+2, Al+3, F- etc

b)

Molecular Ion Free Radical

i) When a molecule loses or gains electron, i) It is an atom or group of atoms having

molecular ion is formed. an unpaired electron.
ii) It has a positive or negative charge on it. ii) It is electrically neutral.
iii) Molecular ions do no form ionic compounds. iii) These have great tendency to complete
their octets by gaining or losing electrons.
iv) Example: N-2, N+2, H+c etc iv) Examples: H., Cl., H3C. etc

Q # 05: describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance?

Ans: Relationship between mole and Avogadro’s number:-

1 mole of any substance = Avogadro’s number = 6.022 x 1023 particles

Examples: i) 6.022 x 1023 atoms of carbon are equivalent to one mole of carbon
 ii) 6.022 x 1023 molecules of water are equivalent to one mole of water.
iii) 6.022 x 1023 formula units of NaCl are equivalent to one mole of sodium chloride.

Thus 6.022 x 1023 atoms of an element of 6.022 x 1023 molecules of a molecular compound
or 6.022 x 1023 formula units of an ionic substance are equivalent to one mole.