FOREIGN LITERATURE

With a world GDP of 36$ US TRILLION in 2010, the illegal drug trade may be

estimated as slightly less than %1 (0.893%) of total global commerce (DRUG LIBRARY,

2011) Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally.

Because drugs traded on the black market can provide a secretive source of

money. They have long been used by organizations such as the U.S Central

Intelligence Agency to fund covert operations and proxy wars. CIA involvement in heroin

trafficking began with the French Connection in Marseille and continued with anti-

communist operations in Southeast Asia, In the early 1980’s the CIA used cocaine as a

medium to launder money in Central America allegedly as part of the Iran-Contra affair,

Scott (2010)

The countries of drug production have been seen as the worst affected by

prohibition, Bernaman Com (2011). Even so, countries receiving illegally imported

substances are also affected by problems stemming from drug prohibition. In many

countries worldwide, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to violent

crimes such as murder, this is especially true in developing countries, such as

Honduras, but it is also an issue for many developed countries worldwide, The

Economist (2013)

Other common reasons why people take drugs are peer pressure, social

acceptance, boredom, frustrations, constant tiredness, lack of parental guidance and

focus in life or an escape from reality. for the north american market, cocaine is
typically transported from colombia to mexico or central america by sea and then

onwards by land to the united states and canada. cocaine is trafficked to europe mostly

by sea, often in container shipments. colombia remains the main source of the cocaine

found in europe, but direct shipments from peru and the plurinational state of bolivia are

far more common than in the united states market (www.DrugAbuse.Gov/2014)

The illegal drug trade is a global black market, dedicated to cultivation

manufacturing, distribution and sale of drugs, which are subject to drug prohibition laws.

Most jurisdictions prohibit trade, except under license, of many types of drugs by drug

prohibition laws. A UN report said “the global drug trade generated an estimated

US$321.6 Billion in past 7 years (UN Report, 2011). The countries of drug production

have been seen as the worst affected by prohibition. Even so, countries receiving the

illegal-imported substance are also affected by problems stemming from drug

prohibition. For example, Ecuador has allegedly up to 300,00 refugees from Colombia

who are running from guerillas, paramilitaries and drug lords, says Linda Helfrich. While

some applied for asylum, other are still illegal, and the drugs that pass from Colombia

through Ecuador to other part of South America create economic and social problems

as cited by Helfrich (2010).

A report by the UK government’s drug strategy unit that was subsequently leaked

to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive crime including

85% for shoplifting, 70-80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. “The cost of crime

committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to 16billion pound a

year in the UK” (TDPF, 2011).

Claimed that illegal drug money saved the banking industry from collapse. He claimed

he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were “the only liquid

investment capital” available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2009. He

said that a majority of the drug profits was absorbed into the economic system’s main

problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor. Syal (2010)

According to the latest research of the Drug Abuse (2014) when marijuana is

smoked, thc rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the

chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body. it is absorbed more slowly

when ingested in food or drink.

however it is ingested, thc acts on specific molecular targets on brain cells, called

cannabinoid receptors. these receptors are ordinarily activated by chemicals similar to

thc that naturally occur in the body (such as anandamide; see picture, above) and are

part of a neural communication network called the endocannabinoid system. this system

plays an important role in normal brain development and function.

LOCAL LITERATURE

The government enacted the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

otherwise known as the Republic Act 9165, which repealed the Antiquated Dangerous

Drugs Act of 1972 of Republic act 6425. The new law provides for stiffer penalties,

maximum of which is the imposition of death for illegal drug possession and pushing
depending upon the act and the volume of the drug seized but, at the same time seeks

to protect the country’s youth.

The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 strengthened and revitalized

the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) and established the Philippine Drug Enforcement

Agency (PDEA) as the sole and dedicated entity tasked for the enforcement of the

Republic Act No. 9165

The pandemic state of drug abuse and trafficking instigated the government and

provoked the social sectors to confront the problems with a firm resolve to identify the

components, which form the core of these social maladies. The government laid down

the basic strategies with a support of the NGO’S to prevent the people and the youth in

particular, from being pushed to and affected by drug contamination, aware of political,

economic, social and moral implications of the state under the spell of dangerous drugs,

President Arroyo issued, Presidential Proclamation No. 23 “Angat Pinoy: Droga ay

Labanan” Whose overriding mandate is to

To give flesh to the mandate and commitment, Malacanang has formulated a

five-point program in its drug summit namely: information, prevention, law enforcement,

changes in drug laws and more rehabilitation centers

According to 2012 nationwide survey on the current nature and extent of

drug abuse in the Philippines this study is a collaborative research between the ddb

and the Philippine normal university. It was conducted to determine the current nature

and extent of drug abuse in the country. the survey sampled a total of 10, 752

respondents ranging from ages 10 to 69 years old, identified through a proportional

was employed in selecting the study sites which included 17 regions, 43 provinces, 42

capitals, 86 municipalities/cities, 137 urban and 119 rural barangays. the data gathering

was conducted from end of October 2012 to march 2013.

Based on the study, it was estimated that there could be 1.3 million current drug users.

The estimate was derived using the 2012 nscb projected population of age 10-69 which

Is 72, 735, 094.

It has now become a common sight to see many young children as well as adult

using illicit drugs such as shabu, marijuana, ecstasy, cough syrup, rugby, and glue.

Researchers conducted by the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB) reveal that a high

percentage of such major crimes, hold-ups, robberies, rapes, homicides and murders

are violent acts directly linked to person under the influence of drugs. One may not be a

pusher nor an addict but he is not free from the threats of drug problem as addicts might

at any point in time rob, burglarize and even kill him in their search for money to sustain

their drug habits according to Tomas (2009)

Empowerment, strengthen law enforcement system, and cooperative

government and non-government institutions according to Pastor (2006), let us move as

one towards this very noble endeavor. The claws of drug addiction never get satisfied,

they spare no one, and continue to penetrate deeper in our society, cooperation among

the government, private sector, and the civil society is a main prerequisite towards this

aspiration. We need to take responsibilities with a sustained determination to totally

eradicate the illegal drug problem that wormed its way down even to our less fortunate

countrymen.
 Drugs are natural and synthetic chemical substance which can be used to affect

the body and its processes, the mind and the nervous system the behavior and feelings.

This definition includes a wide frame of reference, for the term drug covers

pharmacologically all foreign substances taken into the body – from simple pain killers

like aspirin to vitamins and the more sophisticated preparations used in the treatment of

severe infections, metabolic disturbances and the like as cited by Ungson(2004)

Drug differs widely in the chemical composition and more important in their

effects it depends upon: the abuser’s personality; the circumstances of abuse and the

dose or amount of drug taken.

An assessment on the implementation of the ddb policy on the inclusion of at

least 5% mustard oil content on toluene-based contact cement

the collection of data was conducted through questionnaires and interviews with

the implementers and from the selected lists of licensed stakeholders (importers,

manufacturers, retailers and end users provided by pdea in the following areas:

caloocan, manila, malabon, mandaluyong, muntinlupa, marikina, valenzuela, pasig,

parañaque, taguig, cavite and rizal. a total of two hundred sixty-one (261) respondents

were interviewed.ninety-three percent (93%) of the respondents are aware that toluene-

based contact cement is being abused.seventy-three percent (73%) of the

implementers particularly pdea are very much aware of the policy on toluene-

based contact cement. twenty percent (20%), however of barangay officials are

not aware of the policy, thirty percent (30%) are aware on some extent and half of

the barangay officials interviewed have very limited awareness. hence, barangay

officials need to be informed and be educated with the said policy.

quality of their finished products decreased and so is their profits/sales while the costs

of their production increased.

By of September 2012 The Philippine National Police seized some 4 billion

worth of methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) and drug ingredients were seized

while four people were arrested in a raid on a "mega" shabu lab and a facility in

Pampanga province The Philippine National Police's Anti-Illegal Drugs Special

Operations Task Force and Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency conducted the raids,

Tracking down drug traffickers the traditional way has been though enough. Can

the Philippines handle this latest threat? Even the amended Dangerous Drug Act will be

toothless against the problem. The National Telecommunications Commission,

whichregulates internet service providers, admitted it is helpless in stopping the illicit

drug trade in the cyberspace. A law has been passed to crackdown on cybercrimes, but

technology is advancing too rapidly. Before Philippine law enforcers can master the

technology and the ways of cyber criminals, the criminals, the crooks have learned new

tricks.

FOREIGN STUDIES

Over the past 20 years, much exciting addiction researcher has been conducted.

Extensive Knowledge has been gathered about comorbid issues, particularly mental

health disorders, HIV, and criminal justice involvement. Health service addiction

research has become increasingly sophisticated, shifting its focus from patients to

consider also services, organization and financing structures, furthermore, through

several long-term follow-up studies, empirical evidence convincingly demonstrate that

perspective with an emphasis on chronicity. This study highlights three major directions

for future addiction research, developing strategies for chronic care (including longitudal

intervention studies) according to Hamilton (2009)

Chapagani (2009) study entitled “drug abuse in Nepal” A Rapid Assessment of

rapid assessment of drug abuse in Nepal and was conducted at different states,

including eight municipalities in the five development regions of the country. TO

interview, in depth interviews and focus group discussions were used a snowball

sampling strategy for respondents who were drug abusers and a judgmental sampling

strategy for the non-drug using key informants were applied. About one fifth of the

sample was recruited from the treatment centers and the rest from the community. Drug

abusers in prison were interviewed, and secondary data from treatment centers and

prisons analyzed. The study revealed that the sample of drug abusers has a mean age

of 23.8 years and was overwhelmingly male. Most respondents lived with their families

and were either unemployed or students. About 30 percent of the sample was married.

A large majority of the sample had a family member or a close relative outside the

immediate family who smoked or drank alcohol and a friend who smoke, drank or used

illicit drugs. Apart from tobacco and alcohol, the major drug of abuse were cannabis,

codeine-containing cough syrup, nitrazepam, tablets, buprenor-phine injections and

heroinm (usually smoked, rarely injected) The commonest sources of drugs were other

drug-using friends, cross-border supplies from India or medicine shops. The commonest

source or drug money was the family. There has been a clear trend towards the

injection of buprenorphine by abusers who smoke heroin or drink codeine cough syrup.
The reasons cited for switching to injections were the unavailability and rising cost of

non-injectable drugs and the easy availability and relative cheapness of injectables.

About half of the injecting drug users (IDU’s) Common reported sharing injecting

equipment inadequately cleaned with water, over a half of IDU’s reported visiting

needle-exchange programmers at two of the study sites where such programmers were

available. Infection y the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appears to be low among IDU’s,

although systematic surveillance is absent. Two thirds of the sample had experience

sexual intercourse. The last sex partners reported by respondent were commercial sex

workers, wives or girlfriends. Condom use was low with primary partners and relatively

high with sex workers. Treatment facilities, mostly located in the central urban areas of

the country, are meager, an overwhelming majority of drug abusers felt the need to stop

abusing drugs. Cost-effective drug treatment and HIV prevention programmers for IDU’s

are urgently need in all areas of the country (Chapagain, 2009)

Problem”

according to www.drugabuse.gov (2014) research contrary to common belief,

marijuana is addictive. estimates from research suggest that about 9 percent of users

become addicted to marijuana; this number increases among those who start young (to

about 17 percent, or 1 in 6) and among people who use marijuana daily (to 25-50

percent).long-term marijuana users trying to quit report withdrawal symptoms including

irritability, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, anxiety, and drug craving, all of which can

make it difficult to abstain. behavioral interventions, including cognitive-behavioral

therapy and motivational incentives (i.e., providing vouchers for goods or services to

patients who remain abstinent) have proven to be effective in treating marijuana

workings of the endocannabinoid system offer promise for the development of

medications to ease withdrawal, block the intoxicating effects of marijuana, and prevent

relapse.

LOCAL STUDIES

Problem within local or in the country according to Sandico (2010) study entitled

"Concerted Efforts towards DrugAbuse is not nor the sole responsibility of the police

and other law enforcement officer, the active responsive community correlates each

other in terms of curbing this drug menace. he stressed that the community refers to the

family itself considering that the parents are the ones responsible for the moral fiber of

their children, to educate them being the first teacher and to discuss the will of taking

drugs. By doing this, there will be a strong foundation in terms of drug prevention. the

education institution, from the primary grade, secondary level or even in college, level it

is the moral responsibilities and obligation of the teacher to inculcate into the mind of

the pupils/students the disadvantages of taking dangerous drugs. The evil effects of it

when it is taken to the body, it produce abnormal effect emotionally and physically. The

respondents in the study by Balbino (2001) in Lucena concluded that the law enforcers

were not effective in the prevention and control of substance abuse in the city. The

other set of respondents, the PNP officers however asserted otherwise. While

Foncesca's study focused on the Law Enforcement effective in dealing with the drug

problems in Lucen City, this study emphasized on the drug control strategies and the

factors, which may draw the victims to drug abuse.

sophistication. Its psychological impact on Philippine Society has created a chain of

adverse situation, which calls for a more committed support. However, he noted that the

problems received lesser priority than other current problems, in spite of public

awareness about its long-term effect on the children and the youth and ultimately on

society. While Rafael's study is confined to psychogical dimension of the drug problems,

this study sought to determine the scope and size of the drug problems.

Molina (2010) state that it is difficult to address the problem of drug consumption.

While many well to do and educated users consumed small amount of drugs, alcohol

and tobacco despite the known consequences, the poor users consumed more drug,

alcohol and tobacco in seeking to anesthetize themselves and escape the thought of

living in desperate condition. He recommend that the best solution to the drug problems

is the eradication of the social malaise, which feeds drug abuse, and the promotion of

human and environmental development, which are healthful to the growth of a strong

family and community with an ingrained sense of moral value. his study is different from

the present study in the sense that Molina studies the factors affecting the drug

consumptions of the rich and the poor uses, while the present study determines only

extent of the drug problems in the study of drug dependency problems.

Octavio Jr (2011) found that the use of illicit drugs was prevalent among the male

victims and that unemployment was related to the problem. His findings show that drug

users come from different socio economic status thought it is more prominent among

those who belong to the low-income group. octavio presented that the drug problem is a

multi-faced issue since there are a number of causes, which exert influence to the
problem. He commended that both the government and the private sectors join forces in

combating the drug menace by addressing the individual issues, which contribute to the

problem. His work is in a way similar to the present study as he focused on the multiple

factors contributing to the existence of the drug problem. As cited by ocden (2008) study

entitled "addressing drug problem in baguio city" the Philippine National Police has

adequate anti-illegal drug programs of action. The organization has an unmistakably

firm commitment to eradicate the drug problem.