Applied Physics

Lab Manual

Faculty of Engineering
Lahore Leads University
Department of Electrical Engineering
gaintl.(diore herds University Applied Ph vsics

List of Experiments

No. Description

1 To Study the uses of Digital Multimeter (DMM). '

2 xl To find the variation of photoelectric current with the intensity of light.

3 Introduction and circuit fabrication on breadboard. '

4 To study the charging and discharging of a capacitor. •

5 To study the current of a capacitor in AC.

6 To study the diode in forward biased condition. ,

7 To study the diode in reverse biased condition. v

8 To study the potential divider circuit.

9 Introduction to Lux meter and measurement in different Lighting environment.'

10 Introduction to clamp meter and measurement of different circuits.

11 To s t u d y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a n N - P - N .

12 To study the characteristics of a P-N-P.

-..,
13 Self-inductance and resistance of a coil measurement against different voltages.

UCES0-,1,ahore Leads University Applied Physics

Experiment No. 1
To start, let's measure voltage on an AA battery: Plug the black probe into COM and the
red

probe into mAV. Set the multimeter to "2V" in the DC (direct current) range. Almost all
portable
Introduction and use of Digital multi meter

(DMM) Procedure

There are some of the devices which are used for measuring

voltage across any component, current flowing through a

component and resistance offered by any components. These

devices are often referred as measuring devices. Voltmeter,

Ammeter, Ohmmeter, and Multi-meter are common

measuring devices.

1. Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across any circuit component. It is connected in
parallel with the circuit across which voltage has to be determined.
2. Ammeter is to find the current flowing through any circuit component. It is connected
in series of the component has to measured.
3. Ohmmeter is used to measure the resistance offered by any component in the circuit
for the purpose we have to just connect the terminals of ohmmeter across that
component.
4. Multi-meter contains multiple measuring devices in single package. It is used to measure
resistance, AC and DC current\ voltage etc.

Parts of a Multimeter

A multimeter is has three parts:

1. Display
2. Selection Knob
3. Ports

The Display usually has four digits and the ability to display a negative sign. A few
multimeter Have illuminated displays for better viewing in low light situations.
The selection knob allows the user to set the multimeter to read different things such as
milliamps (mA) of current, voltage (V) and resistance (a).
Two probes are plugged into two of the ports on the front of the unit. COM stands for
common and is almost always connected to Ground or `-`of a circuit. The COM prob is
conventionally black but there is no difference between the red probe and black probe other
than color. I OA is the special port used when measuring large currents (greater than 20mA).
mAV is the port that the red probe is conventionally plugged in to.
This port allows the measurement of current (up to 200mA), voltage (V), and resistance (C2).
The probes have a baltana type connector on the end that plugs into the multimeter. Any prob
with a banana plug will work with this meter. This allows for different types of probes to be
used.
Measur Voltage

To start, let’s Measure voltage on an AA battery: Plug the Black Probe into COM and the red
probe into mAV .Set the multimeter to “2V’ in the DC (direct currnet ) range. Al,ost all
Portable electronics use direct current, not alternating current. Connect the black probe to the
battery's ground or `-`and the red probe to power c or `+'. Squeeze the probe with a little
pressure against the positive and negative terminals of the AA battery. If you've got a fresh
battery, you should see around 1.5V on the display

Fig. 1.2 Scale selection

Use the V with a straight line to measure DC Voltage

If you're measuring DC voltage (such as a battery or a sensor hooked up to an Adriano)
you want to set the knob where the V has a straight line. AC voltage (like what comes out of the
wall) can be dangerous so we rarely need to use the AC voltage setting (V with a wavy line
next to it). If you're messing with AC, we recommend you get a non-contact tester rather than
use a digital multimeter

What happen if you switch the red and black probes? The reading on the multimeter is simply
negative .nothing bad happens! The multimeter measure voltage in relation to the common
Probes. Howmuch voltage in there on the “+” of the bettery compared to common or the
negative pin? 1.5V. if we switch the probes , we define ‘+’ as the common or zero point. How
much voltage in there on the ‘-‘of the bettery compared to our new zero?

Fig. 1.4 breadboard measurement

 UCEST,Lahore Leads University Applied Physics
Fig. 1.4 breadboard measurement

Now let's measure voltage on breadboard or on a device: this is a very useful step to make
sure the circuit you are working on is powered up correctly. If your project should be at 5V
but is less than 4.5V or greater than 5.5V, this would quickly give you an indication that
something is wrong and you need to check your power connections or the wiring of your
circuit.

Set the knob to "20V" in the DC range (the DC voltage range has a V with a straight
line next to it). Multimeter are generally not auto ranging. You have to set the multimeter to
a range that it can measure. For example, 2V measures voltages up to 2V volts. 20V
measures voltages up to 20volts. So if you have measuring a 12V battery, use the 20V
setting. 5Vsystem? Use the 20V setting. If you set it incorrectly, you will probably see the
meter screen change and then read

With the some force (imagine poking a fork into a piece of cooked meat), push the
probes on to two exposed pieces of metal. One probe should contact a GND connection.
One probe to the VCC or 5V connection.

This is the meter trying to tell you that it is overloaded or out of range. Whatever you
are trying to read is too much for that particular setting. Try changing the multimeter knob
to a different range.

Selection Knob-
*
Why doe's the meter knob read 20V and not 100V? If you are looking to measure
a voltage less than 20V, you turn to the 20V setting. This will allow you to read from
2.00 to
19.99.

The first digit on many multimeter is only able to display a '1' so the ranges are
limited to 19.99 instead of 99.99. Hence the 20V max range instead of 99V max range.
.
UCEST,Lohore Lends University Applied Physics

Warning
In general, stick to DC circuits (the settings on the multimeter with straight lines,
not curvy lines). Most multimeter can measure AC systems, but AC circuits may be
dangerous. A wall outlet with AC or 'main voltage' is the stuff that can zap you pretty good.
VERY carefully respect AC. If you need to check to see if an outlet is 'on' then use a AC
tester. Really the only times we've needed to measure AC are when we've got an outlet that is
acting funny (is it really at 110V?), or if we're trying to control a heater (such as a hot plate).
Go slow and double check everything before you test an AC circuit.

Measuring Resistance

Normal resistors have color codes on them. If you don't know what they mean, that's
ok! There are plenty of online calculators that are easy to use. However, if you ever find
yourself without interne access, a multimeter is very handy at measuring resistance.
Pick out a random resistor and set the multimeter to the 20K0 setting. Then hold
the probes against the resistor legs with the same amount of pressure when you pressing a
key on keyboard.

Fig. 1.5 measuring resistance

The meter will read one of three things, 0.00, 1, or the actual resistor value.
 UCEST,Lahore Lends University Applied filysi

Experiment No. 2

To find variation of photoelectric current with the intensity of light

Apparatus
1. Photocell fitted in box having lamp and meter rod
2. DMM
3. Connecting Wires
4. 220V source (AC)
Circuit Diagram

Schematic diagram (Fig. 2.1)

Procedure
1. Give the supply of 220V AC to the lamp
2. Connect DMM with the terminals of the photocells
3. Switch on the lamp, there will be deflection on the DMM
4. Note down the corresponding values of the current
5. Take at least 12 readings by making a difference of 3CM
6. Calculate intensity of light, I and drew the graph between intensity and current. It wil l be
a straight line.
 Applied Physii
UCEST,Lohore Lend University

311 Observations and calculations

No. of Obs Distance of Intensity of 1-1/d 2

___
lamp from cell light I/RA
Micro
(d) (meters)
ammeter (AA)
1

10

11

12

Theory

1. When light of suitable frequency falls on the mettle surface, it emits electrons
2. The numbers of electrons emitted from the cathode is proportional to the intensity of
light
3. The maximum K.E with witch the electrons are emitted is independent of the
intensityof light. It depends upon the frequency of light
 4. The rOnimum frequency required for the emotion of photo electrons is called
threshold frequency
5. The photo electric threshold frequency depends on the nature of the mettle
6. The minimum energy which an electron should gain to escape from the surface of the
metal is called the work function

Precautions

1. Connation should be neat and clean

2. Take at least 12 readings in each to reduce the error
3. Do not touch the terminals of 220V source when it is on

Notes on Experiments

a) Photoelectric Cell:

It is an electron tube in which the electrons imitating an electric current originate by

photo electric emotion. In its simplest form it consists of a cathode

a) Working of Photo cell:

Light falling upon the cathode causes the liberations of electrons, which are then
attracted to the oppositely charged anode resulting in a flow of current proportional to
the intensity of light falling on the cell.

a) Modern form of Photo Cell:

In a modification called the multiplayer photo tube, or the photo multiplier, a series
of metal plates are so shaped and arranged so that the photo electric emission.

a) Uses of Photo Cell:

The photo electric cell, popularly known as electric eye is employed in operating burglar
alarms, traffic light and door opener. A photo tube and a beam of light form an essential
part of such an electric circuit. The light produced by a bulb at one end of circuit fall on
the photo tube located some distance way. Variations types of photo tubes are used in
sounds recording, television and the scintillation counter. They are also use in exposure
metals.

a) Einstein's Equation:

Einstein asvme that the radiation wore quantized i.e. the emission and absorption of
radiation always occur in quanta of energy: E=hf
 Where h is the planks constant and f is the frequency of radiations. The photons remains
localized in space and it moves away from the source with the velocity c.

X-Ray

When energetic electrons strike a metal surface-rays; photons of very short wavelength are
produced. Diffraction and interference of X-rays show the wave nature of X-rays on a crystalline
target.5Zds/8*

DE Brodie Wavelength
DE Broglie suggested that particles who have a momentum also have a wave character and the
wavelength of this wave is given by lambda = h/p

UCEST,Lahore Leads fritiierste.ji Ploisics

 Experiment No.3
Introduction to

Breadboard Breadboard

A breadboard is used to make up temporary circuits for testing or to try out an idea. No
soldering is required so it is easy to change connections and replace components. Parts
will not be damaged so they will be available to re-use afterwards. Thus, a breadboard is
used to check whether the circuit works as intended. The photograph shows a typical small
breadboard which
is suitable for beginners building simple circuits with one or two ICs (chips).
Fig. 3.1 breadboard

Connections on Breadboard

Breadboards have many tiny sockets (called 'holes') arranged on a 0.1" grid. The leads of most
components can be pushed straight into the holes. ICs are inserted across the central gap
with their notch or dot to the left. Wire links can be made with single-core plastic-coated
wire of0.6mm diameter (the standard size). Stranded wire is not suitable because it will
crumple when pushed into a hole and it may damage the board if strands break off. The diagram
shows how the breadboard holes are connected: The top and bottom rows are linked
horizontally all the way across as shown by i, the red and black lines on the diagram. The
power supply is connected to these rows, + at the top and OV (zero volts) at the bottom.
Use upper row ohe bottom pair for OV, then you can use the lower row for the negative
supply with circuits requiring a dual supply (e.g. +9V, OV, -9V).
The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the center as shown by
the blue lines on the diagram. Notices how there are separate blocks of connections to each
pin of ICs.