Scribd
Upload
45 views

Pert 8 Flow An Der or Control

Flow control restricts the amount of data a sender can transmit before receiving an acknowledgment, while error control detects and corrects errors through techniques like automatic repeat request (ARQ). The three main ARQ protocols are: 1) Stop-and-wait ARQ uses numbered frames and acknowledgments to ensure only one frame is outstanding at a time. 2) Go-back-N ARQ allows multiple unacknowledged frames by using a sliding window, but requires resending all frames from the lost/damaged frame. 3) Selective repeat ARQ resends only damaged frames through negative acknowledgments, making it more efficient on noisy links but also more complex.

Uploaded by

aga_galuh17
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
45 views

Pert 8 Flow An Der or Control

Flow control restricts the amount of data a sender can transmit before receiving an acknowledgment, while error control detects and corrects errors through techniques like automatic repeat request (ARQ). The three main ARQ protocols are: 1) Stop-and-wait ARQ uses numbered frames and acknowledgments to ensure only one frame is outstanding at a time. 2) Go-back-N ARQ allows multiple unacknowledged frames by using a sliding window, but requires resending all frames from the lost/damaged frame. 3) Selective repeat ARQ resends only damaged frames through negative acknowledgments, making it more efficient on noisy links but also more complex.

Uploaded by

aga_galuh17
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Flow Control and Error Control

1
Flow Control and Error Control
• Flow Control is a set of procedure to restrict the
amount of data that the sender can send before
waiting for acknowledgment.
• Error Correction is both error detection and error
correction. (Simply : Anytime an error is detected
in an exchange, specified frames are
retransmitted. This process called Automatic
Repeat Request (ARQ).

2
Flow and Error Control Mechanisms

• Stop-and-Wait ARQ
• Go-Back-N-ARQ
• Selective-Repeat ARQ

3
Stop-and-Wait ARQ
• This is the simplest flow and error control mechanism. It has
the following mechanism :
– The sending device keep the copy of the last frame transmitted
until it receives an acknowledgment for that frame.
– For identification purpose, both Data Frame and
Acknowledgment (ACK) frame are numbered alternately 0 and
1. This numbering allow for identification of data frame in case of
duplicate transmission.
A data 0 frame ACK 1
A data 1 frame ACK 0
- A damaged and lost frame is treated in the same manner by the
receiver. (Its simply discards).
- The sender has control variable S, The receiver has control
variable R.
- The sender start a timer when it send a frame.
- The receiver send only positive acknowledgment for frame
received safe and sound.
4
There are four situation in a frame transmission : Normal situation,
the frame is lost, the acknowledgment is lost, or the
acknowledgment is delayed.

Normal situation

5
Lost or Damaged Frame

6
Lost ACK Frame

The receiver
discards the 2nd
copy of Frame 1
7
the acknowledgment is delayed

Numbered ACKs are needed of an acknowledgment is delayed


and the frame is lost. 8
If station A and B both have data to send. Piggybacking is a
method to combine a data frame and an acknowledgment.

9
Go-Back N ARQ
• Go-Back-N ARQ improves the efficiency of Stop and
Wait ARQ in term of using transmission medium.
• It lets more than one frame be outstanding; It can send
up to W frames before worrying about acknowledgment.
• Frame from a sending station are numbered sequentially
with a range from 0 to 2m-1.
• The window slides to includes new unsent frames when
the correct acknowledgments are received (Sliding
Window).

10
Example : Sender Sliding Window

Receiver Sliding
Window

The receiver is always


looking for the specific frame
11
to arrive in a specific order.
Control Variables

S = Variable holds the sequence number of the recently


sent frame.
SF= Holds the sequence number of the first frame.
SL= Holds the sequence number of the last frame.

The size of the window : The receiver only has one


variable “R” that only hold
W = SL – SF+1 the sequence of the frame it
expect to receive 12
• Acknowledgment
– The receiver send positive ACK if a frame has arrived and
sound and in order.
– If frame is damaged or is received out of order, the
receiver is silent and will discard all subsequent frames
until receives the one it is expecting.
– The silent of the receiver causes the timer of
unacknowledged frame to expire.
– It causes the sender to go back and resend all frame,
beginning with the one with expired timer.
• For Example, suppose the sender has already sent
frame 6, but the timer for frame 3 expires. This means
that frame 3 has not been acknowledged, so the
sender goes back and send frame 3, 4, 5, 6 again. (Go-
Back-N ARQ).

13
Go-Back-N ARQ Normal Operation

14
Go-Back-N ARQ; Damaged or Lost Frame

15
Damaged or Lost Acknowledgment …..?
Delayed Acknowledgment …?

16
Sender Window Size

In Go-Back-N ARQ, the size of the sender must be lest


than 2m; the size of the receiver window is always 1
17
Selective Repeat ARQ

• The Go-Back-N protocol is very inefficient


for a noisy link.!!!?
• The Selective Repeat ARQ only resend
one frame is damaged. (More efficient for
noisy link but more complex process at
the receiver).
• The window size at the sender and the
receiver is the same size:
• W = one half of the value 2m

18
Selective Repeat ARQ, Sender and Receiver windows

RF = Receive First
RL = Receive Last

19
Selective Repeat ARQ; Lost Frame

Selective Repeat
ARQ also defines a
negative
acknowledgment
(NAK) that reports
the sequence
number of a
damaged frame
before the timer
expires

20
Selective Repeat ARQ; Lost and
Delayed ACKs and
NAKs……….???

21
Selective Repeat ARQ, Sender and Window Size

22

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy