Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Chemistry
Volume 2016, Article ID 6874806, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6874806

Research Article
Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of
Regulation of Aeration Depending on the Quantitative
Characteristics of Treated Sewage Water

Myroslav Malovanyy, Vira Shandrovych, Andriy Malovanyy, and Igor Polyuzhyn

Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Stepan Bandera Street, Lviv 79013, Ukraine

Correspondence should be addressed to Myroslav Malovanyy; mmal@lp.edu.ua

Received 21 December 2015; Revised 14 May 2016; Accepted 8 June 2016

Academic Editor: Anuska Mosquera-Corral

Copyright © 2016 Myroslav Malovanyy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Monitoring of work of the aeration tanks of operating town treatment plants is done. Based on the obtained results a conclusion has
been drawn that sewage water is improperly treated from ammonium nitrogen. The velocity of the aeration process, depending on
the concentration of dissolved oxygen and ammonium nitrogen, is investigated. The obtained investigation data became the basis
for modeling the aeration process in industrial conditions depending on the required initial concentration of ammonium nitrogen.

1. Introduction One of the important parameters that significantly influ-

ence the effectiveness of treatment is the aeration system
At present, the most widely used methods for wastewater design and control. At the same time, aeration of wastewater
treatment are based on biological processes. Among different requires significant energy input and is often one of the
configurations of biological treatment technologies the most biggest constituents of the total energy need of a plant. While
applied one is the activated sludge process. Depending on aeration need in systems working at low sludge retention
treatment quality requirements the systems which are based time (SRT) and high organic loading is still rather low at
on activated sludge can be designed to treat wastewater from about 0.5 g O2 /g BOD removed due to higher yield and
either only organic pollutants or both organic pollutants lower mineralization of influent organics, the activated sludge
and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). Activated sludge processes which achieve full nitrification require up to 2 g
process has the following advantages that are especially O2 /g BOD removed [3]. Aeration can consume up to 60% of
revealed in household sewage water treatment: their simple the total energy consumption of a plant.
construction, reliable work (when treating stable, nontoxic, Thus, the inadequate amount of air supplied into the
and moderately polluted sewage water), possibility of use for zone of biological reactions with participation of microbio-
treatment of the sewage water of different composition, and logical associations of active sludge decreases the treatment
so forth [1]. efficiency. The excess of air does increases the effectiveness
The treatment effectiveness in aerated tanks, state, and but causes a significant increase of the power consumption
oxidizing ability of the active sludge are determined by for aeration. To ensure the adequate treatment many plants
certain conditions, namely, composition and properties of are still operated with higher than necessary concentration
sewage water, hydrodynamic stirring conditions, correlation of dissolved oxygen in the activated sludge basins.
of the amount of supplied sewage and viable sludge, aeration Therefore, aeration system optimization can potentially
strategy, temperature and active reaction of environment, result in significant treatment cost reduction. A large number
availability of power supply elements, and presence of acti- of studies were dedicated to improving existing and develop-
vators and inhibitors of the process [2]. ing new aeration strategies.
2 Journal of Chemistry

3
2 7
1
K 5 6

4
Figure 1: Experimental setup: 1: compressor; 2: rheometer; 3: bioreactor, 4: aeration diffuser; 5: pH/ISE/mB/∘ C-meter sensIon 2; 6: oxygen
analyzer sensIon6; 7: electric mixer.

While change of aeration intensity by maintaining stable kept constant at desired level. For each corresponding value
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration is a standard practice of the dissolved oxygen concentration four batch experiments
nowadays [4], variable DO concentration during different were performed with initial ammonium concentrations of
loading conditions and different DO level along the plug flow about 30, 20, 10, and 5 mg/L. These experiments were carried
activated sludge line are getting more popular due to proven out in order to determine the nitrification activity at different
long-term cost reduction [5]. Adapting of aerated volume ammonium concentration in wastewater treatment system.
based on the load to a plant was also proposed [6]. The air supply rate was measured by the rheometer RDS-
The most advanced aeration strategies make use of one or 6. The air was supplied by the Atman AT-8500 compressor.
several ammonium sensors to predict or verify the aeration The tests on DO influence were done using the same
requirement. In these systems ammonium content in inflow synthetic wastewater as with the tests described above. The
(in feedforward systems) or outflow (in feedback systems) wastewater was aerated to saturation with oxygen. Then acti-
controls the DO set-points in an activated sludge line [7]. vated sludge was added and the decrease of DO concentration
While there were many simulation studies performed aiming in the test bottle mixed with a magnetic mixer was measured.
at predicting energy savings from the ammonium-based The decrease of the DO concentration was recalculated for
control systems [8, 9], most of them used literature-based ammonium consumption and this data was used to calculate
kinetic coefficients to describe the system performance. the activity at different DO concentrations.
This study aims at evaluation of ammonium-based aer-
ation control system by determining the most important
kinetic coefficients of nitrification process using real wastew- 2.2. Investigation of the Aeration Process in Field Conditions.
ater and biomass of Lviv wastewater treatment plant followed The concentration of DO and ammonium was measured at
by a simulation study with a model, which uses the deter- all of the treatment trains of the plant and compared to
mined coefficients. the readings of the stationary treatment plant sensors and
the results of oxygen measuring by Winkler’s method for
certain samples in the outlet of the aeration tank, obtained
2. Materials and Methods in chemical-bacteriological laboratory of the wastewater
treatment plant.
2.1. Batch Experiments on Nitrification Rate Determination. The biological step of the WWTP consists of 6 plug flow
Two types of test were done in this part of the study in order activated sludge basins and secondary clarification basins.
to determine influence of ammonium and dissolved oxygen Every activated sludge basin consists of three passes. DO
(DO) concentration on nitrification activity. measurement is carried out by the Endress+Hauser company
Investigations on ammonium concentration influence equipment, namely, two gauges Oximax COS 41 located at
were made with application of the experimental setup pre- the inlet of the second pass and the aeration tank outlet. The
sented in Figure 1. The change of ammonium concentration gauges were fixed stationarily and immersed at a depth of
was measured during one hour while the DO concentration 50 cm and connected to recording devices Liquisys M COM
kept constant in the reactor. Synthetic wastewater in these 223/253. Except for the dissolved oxygen concentration the
experiments was prepared using tap water supplemented wastewater temperature is measured as well.
with ammonium chloride to reach the desired ammonium
nitrogen concentration.
Activated sludge collected at Lviv wastewater treatment 2.3. Aeration Process Modeling. The obtained dependence of
plant #2 (WWTP 2) was then added to reach a desired mixed nitrification activity at different ammonium and dissolved
liquor suspended solids concentration. All the tests were oxygen concentration was used as a basis for the developed
performed at the MLSS concentration of 2 g/L. After that the mathematical model of the process of ammonium oxidation
concentration of ammonium was measured for 1 hour with in a conventional elemental cell of the wastewater treatment
every 10 min while the concentration of dissolved oxygen was plant.
Journal of Chemistry 3

30 Table 1: Values of constants for calculation of air consumption.

25 Constant Values
𝛼 0.6
NH 4 -N (mg/L)

20
𝛽 0.98
15
Temperature of water and air 25∘ b
10 Theoretical concentration of air saturation 8.2 mg/L
Reactor depth 4m
5
Atmospheric pressure 100 kPa
0 Factor 𝐹 0.9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aerators effectiveness 30%
Time (days)

Figure 2: Variation of the ammonium nitrogen concentration at the

inlet of a wastewater treatment plant assumed in the model (the data
is based on [4]). Aeration process was modeled for three cases: (1) for
high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen; (2) for low
concentrations of ammonium nitrogen; (3) for very low
Dependence of the process velocity on the concentration concentrations of ammonium nitrogen.
of dissolved oxygen was described by the Monod equation In all the cases the modeling process was realized for four
[4]: types of aeration control: with constant value of dissolved
oxygen at 1, 2, and 3 mg/L and variable value of dissolved
[DO] oxygen, depending on the difference between the ammo-
𝑟 = 𝑟max ∗ , (1)
𝐾0 + [DO] nium concentration in the reactor and the set-point. The
DO set-points for the ammonium-based controlled strategy
where 𝑟 is velocity of microorganisms growth; [DO] is were optimized for every of the studied cases separately as
dissolved oxygen concentration; 𝑟max is maximum velocity of described in Section 3.3.
microorganisms growth; 𝐾0 is half-saturation concentration.
In this case the dependence of the process velocity
on ammonium nitrogen concentration was modeled as a 2.4. Analytical Methods. Concentration of dissolved oxygen
first-order dependence with the 𝑘𝑁 coefficient determined (DO) was determined with the portable oxygen analyzer
experimentally: Hach sensIon6. Ammonium (NH4 + ) concentration was mea-
sured by the portable pH/ISE/mV/∘ C-meter Hach sensIon
𝑟 = 𝑘𝑁 ∗ 𝐶 (𝑁) , (2) 2 with the ion-selective electrode ELIS-121 NH4 and the
reference electrode ESr-10103. The meters were calibrated
where 𝐶(𝑁) is concentration of ammonium nitrogen; 𝑘𝑁 is using the same synthetic wastewater which was used in the
experimentally determined coefficient (see Section 3.2). test in order to account for matrix effects.
General equation of the process is written as [4]
𝑑𝑁 N −𝑁 [DO] 3. Results and Discussion
= 𝑄 ⋅ inl − 𝑘𝑁 ⋅ 𝑁 ⋅ ⋅ 𝑋, (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝐾0 + [DO]
3.1. Results of Monitoring. Results of monitoring the oper-
where 𝑋 is concentration of active sludge in the reactor ation of Lviv treatment plant, WWTP 2, are presented in
(assumed to be equal to 3500 mg/L); 𝑄 is the wastewater Table 2. It is clear that the values of the stationary oxygen
inflow rate, which has a variable value for each of the tested analyzer and the portable meter differ and in some cases
conditions; 𝑉 is reactor volume (assumed to be 1 m3 ); 𝑁 is this difference is significant. However, there is a certain
concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the reactor (mg/L); correlation between the DO measured by the gauge of
𝑁inl is concentration of ammonium nitrogen at the reactor the treatment plant and our results obtained in laboratory
inlet. conditions, presented in Figure 3. The best data fit is observed
The ammonium oxidation rate in the described model for potentiodynamic measurements and the results of chemi-
changes, respectively, to the variation of ammonium nitrogen cobacteriological laboratory, in which measurement of DO is
concentration in municipal wastewater during a day. For done by Winkler’s method (Figure 4).
modeling the dependence of ammonium nitrogen concentra- The most probable explanation of this difference is the
tion at the reactor inlet was assumed in the form presented in instability of readings of the treatment plant stationary device
Figure 2. DO due to the following reasons: membranes in the Clark
Modeling of the process according to (3) was carried voltammetric gauges can be polluted with active sludge;
out by the method of numerical differentiation using Excel penetration of air bubbles on the membrane can cause a
program. Calculation step was chosen to be 0.001 days. sudden rise in the value of DO concentration and poor
Calculation of the air consumption was done according to calibration.
generally known relations described in [4], using constants Besides, the poor performance of the meters can be
from Table 1. caused by membrane aging and rupture. In this case it is
4 Journal of Chemistry

Table 2: Concentration of dissolved oxygen in aerated tanks of WWTP 2.

Aerated tanks
Measurement
method Number 1 Number 2 Number 3 Number 4 Number 5 Number 6
2nd pass Outlet 2nd pass Outlet 2nd pass Outlet 2nd pass Outlet 2nd pass Outlet 2nd pass Outlet
Treatment plant 0.18 0.25 9.9 6.04 5.69 0.24 8.55 4.01 6.3 0.29 0.32 0.19
sensor
Oxygen 0.44 0.41 3.67 2.33 3.4 0.54 2.69 1.73 3.15 2.6 0.11 0.37
analyzer data
Laboratory
measurement — 0.96 — 3.12 — 2.24 — 1.68 — 2.56 — 0.37
results

4 0.8
Oxygen analyzer sensІon 6 readings (mg/L)

3.5 0.7

r (mg DO/g sludge∗h)

0.6
3
0.5
2.5
0.4 r = 0.8 ∗ DO/(DO + 0.83)
2 R2 = 0.88
0.3
1.5 0.2

1 0.1
0.0
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 C (DO) (mg/L)
0 5 10 15
Figure 5: Approximation of the nitrification rate, depending on
Readings of treatment plant sensor (mg/L)
dissolved oxygen concentration, using the Monod kinetics.
Figure 3: Correlation of DO concentration measured by treatment
plant sensors and the portable meter.
16
14
3.5
r (mg N/g sludge∗h)

12
3 10
Laboratory data (mg/L)

8
2.5 y = 0.514x
6 R2 = 0.7906
2 4
2
1.5
0
1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C (NH4 -N) (mg/L)
0.5
Figure 6: Approximation of the nitrification rate, depending on
0 ammonium nitrogen concentration, using a linear dependence.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Oxygen analyzer sensІon 6 readings (mg/L)

Figure 4: Correlation of the potentiodynamic measurement by the DO concentration and ammonium nitrogen concentration
stationary probes and results of chemical-bacteriological laboratory. are presented in Figures 5 and 6, respectively.
The dependence on oxygen concentration could be fitted
well with the Monod equation (see (1)). The determined
worth using modern DO optical gauges that have some values of constants are 𝑟max = 0.8 mg/L and 𝐾0 = 0.83 mg/L
advantage to compare with the Clark devices. with the determination coefficient 𝑅2 = 0.88. The obtained
approximation curve is presented in Figure 5.
3.2. Results Obtained in Laboratory Conditions. Results of Concerning the dependence of the process velocity on
laboratory investigations on evaluating the nitrification activ- ammonium nitrogen concentration, in case of a perfect
ity (expressed as mg N/g sludge per hour) with respect to system, it should also follow the Monod kinetics. But in the
Journal of Chemistry 5

Table 3: Change of DO concentration based on ammonium set- 30

points.
25
Ammonium set-point, mg/L 7.5 3.5 1.8
Delta NH4 < DO concentration 20

NH4 -N (mg/L)
−1 3 3 3
−0.75 2.2 2.5 2.5 15
−0.5 1.7 1.9 1.9
−0.25 1.2 1.2 1.2 10

0 0.8 0.8 0.8

5
0.25 0.7 0.7 0.7
0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0
0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 2 4 6 8
1 0.4 0.4 0.4 Time (days)
1 0.3 0.3 0.3 NH4 output
NH4 inlet

Figure 7: Nitrification process at DO concentration equal to 1.

real system with the dissolved oxygen consumption not only
for ammonium ions oxidizing, but also for other oxidizing
processes and with nitrogen concentration gradient in flocs 30
the experimental points decline from the Monod dependence
(see Figure 5). The data could be, however, fit with a linear 25
function (see (2)). The kinetic coefficient 𝑘𝑁 was determined
to be 0.54 L/(g sludge∗h). 20
NH4 -N (mg/L)

15
3.3. Mathematic Modeling
3.3.1. Optimization of Ammonium-Based Control Strategy. In 10
the ammonium-based aeration control the DO was changed
in steps based on the difference between the modeled ammo- 5
nium concentration and ammonium set-point based on the
defined steps as in Table 3. 0
0 2 4 6 8
The DO set-points were optimized for the three cases in
Time (days)
order to get the lowest possible air consumption and at the
same time have the average ammonium concentration in the NH4 output
outlet at approximately the same level as in the strategy with NH4 inlet
the stable DO concentration of 1 mg/L. The obtained DO set- Figure 8: Nitrification process at DO concentration equal to 2.
points for the tree cases are the same for low ad medium
content of ammonium in the bioreactor and are somewhat
lower in the case of higher ammonium content.
30

3.3.2. The Aeration Process Modeling for High Concentrations 25

of Ammonium Nitrogen. Process modeled for high concen-
NH4 -N (mg/L)

trations of ammonium nitrogen is presented in Figures 7–11 20

and in Table 4. The ammonium set-point was set to 7.5 mg/L
15
in the ammonium-based aeration controller.
The simulations showed that the variation in ammonium 10
content is the highest when the DO concentration is high.
Low DO values give lower effluent ammonium variations 5
but also higher average ammonium content in the treated
wastewater. Aeration is more efficient at lower DO content 0
which gives lower specific aeration requirement. 0 2 4 6 8
Time (days)
NH4 output
3.3.3. The Aeration Process Modeling for Low Concentrations
NH4 inlet
of Ammonium Nitrogen. Process modeled for high concen-
trations of ammonium nitrogen is presented in Figures 12–16 Figure 9: Nitrification process at DO concentration equal to 3.
6 Journal of Chemistry

Table 4: Summarized averaged values for high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen.

DO = 1 mg/L DO = 2 mg/L DO = 3 mg/L Ammonium set-point = 7.5 mg/L

Oxidized nitrogen, g N/d 227 255 267 246
Nitrogen at the reactor outlet, g N/d 220 191 180 200
Air consumption, m3 /d 21 27 33 27
Specific air consumption, m3 /kg N 93 106 123 110

Table 5: Summarized averaged values for low concentrations of ammonium nitrogen.

DO = 1 mg/L DO = 2 mg/L DO = 3 mg/L Ammonium set-point = 3.5 mg/L

Oxidized nitrogen, g N/d 90 94 96 90
Nitrogen at the reactor outlet, g N/d 22 18 16 22
Air consumption, m3 /d 8.3 10.0 11.8 8.6
Specific air consumption, m3 /kg N 93 106 123 95

30 30

25 25
NH4 -N (mg/L)
20
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0 0 2 4 6 8
0 2 4 6 8 Time (days)
Time (days) NH4 output
NH4 output NH4 inlet
NH4 inlet Figure 12: Nitrification process for DO concentration equal to 1.
DO

Figure 10: Nitrification process ammonium nitrogen set-point of 30

7.5 mg/L.
25
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20

14 15

12 10

10
NH4 -N (mg/L)

5
8 0
6 0 2 4 6 8
Time (days)
4
NH4 output
2 NH4 inlet
0
Figure 13: Nitrification process for DO concentration equal to 2.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (days)
DO = 1 DO = 3
DO = 2 NH4 control and in Table 5. The ammonium set-point was set to 3.5 mg/L
in the ammonium-based aeration controller.
Figure 11: Summarized results of modeling for high concentrations Similar pattern of ammonium concentration was
of ammonium nitrogen. observed even in this case. Relative variation of ammonium
Journal of Chemistry 7

Table 6: Summarized averaged values for very low concentrations of ammonium nitrogen.

DO = 1 mg/L DO = 2 mg/L DO = 3 mg/L Ammonium set-point = 1.8 mg/L

Oxidized nitrogen, g N/d 6.0 4.8 4.3 6.0
Nitrogen at the reactor outlet, g N/d 50 51 51 50
Air consumption, m3 /d 4.6 5.4 6.3 4.7
Specific air consumption, m3 /kg N 93 106 123 95

30 6

25 5

NH4 -N (mg/L)
4
20
NH4 -N (mg/L)

3
15
2
10
1
5 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0 2 4 6 8 Time (days)
Time (days) DO = 1 DO = 3
DO = 2 NH4 control
NH4 output
NH4 inlet Figure 16: Summarized results of modeling for low concentrations
of ammonium nitrogen.
Figure 14: Nitrification process for DO concentration equal to 3.

30
30
25
25
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20
15
15

10 10

5 5

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (days) Time (days)
NH4 output NH4 output
NH4 inlet NH4 inlet
DO
Figure 17: Nitrification process for DO concentration equal to 1.
Figure 15: Nitrification process ammonium nitrogen set-point of
3.5 mg/L.

The results of this case were similar to the relations

observed for the previous case. It confirmed that the ammo-
concentration was the same as the previous case but the nium control is effective in stabilizing the effluent ammonium
absolute values were lower which is due to lower bacterial concentration at all the required treatment levels.
activity at lower ammonium concentrations.
3.3.5. Aeration Strategies Comparison. The process of ammo-
3.3.4. The Aeration Process Modeling for Very Low Concen- nium oxidation in a conventional cell of activated sludge
trations of Ammonium Nitrogen. Process modeled for very was modeled. The modelling results show that the same
low concentrations of ammonium nitrogen is presented in nitrogen removal is reached with lower air consumption
Figures 17–21 and in Table 6. when a constant value of dissolved oxygen is maintained
The ammonium set-point was set to 1.8 mg/L in the comparing to ammonium-based aeration control. However,
ammonium-based aeration controller. in the control strategy with the stable DO one needs to predict
8 Journal of Chemistry

30 3

25 2.5

NH4 -N (mg/L)
2
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20
1.5
15
1
10
0.5
5
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 2 4 6 8 Time (days)
Time (days) DO = 1 DO = 3
NH4 output DO = 2 NH4 control
NH4 inlet
Figure 21: Summarized results of modeling for very low concentra-
Figure 18: Nitrification process for DO concentration equal to 2. tions of ammonium nitrogen.

30 the incoming load so that the right DO concentration could

be chosen.
25
The results of modeling show that with the ammonium-
based control the fluctuation of the outlet ammonium con-
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20
centration is 2-3 times lower comparing to the stable DO
15 strategy.
The use of ammonium concentration to control aeration
10
allows DO content to change automatically and guarantees
5 not only the required level of treatment but also a stable
nitrogen concentration in the sewage water at the outlet of the
0 aerator. Since even a short-term discharge with the increased
0 2 4 6 8 concentration of ammonium can significantly affect the
Time (days) environment, such type of control provides the improvement
NH4 output of the level of environmental safety.
NH4 inlet

Figure 19: Nitrification process for DO concentration equal to 3.

4. Conclusions
Analysis of the data of aeration tanks effectiveness monitor-
ing at Lviv treatment plant showed that the operation of the
30 aeration tanks at WWTP 2 is not effective enough and needs
improvement. This improvement would include the change
25
of the air supply strategy to the one where the control signal
is formed based on the ammonium ions concentration and
NH4 -N (mg/L)

20
not on the DO concentration.
15 In order to quantify the effects of the new control system
a mathematic model of an activated sludge reactor with
10
nitrification process was developed based on the kinetic
5 coefficients which were obtained experimentally. The model
can predict the performance of a reactor at different inflow
0 rates and incoming ammonium concentrations under dif-
0 2 4 6 8 ferent aeration strategies. The strategies include both stable
Time (days) DO level and stepwise regulation of the DO level based
NH4 output on the ammonium concentration. The developed model
NH4 inlet was tested and the results show that the ammonium-based
DO control is superior to the control strategy with the stable DO
Figure 20: Nitrification process ammonium nitrogen set-point of concentration in terms of ammonium discharge fluctuations
1.8 mg/L. but has higher aeration requirement.
Journal of Chemistry 9

Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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